Sultanate of Sulu

Moumin's descendants the son of Tuan Mashā′ikha populated Sulu.^[clarification needed] After some time, a certain Timway Orangkaya Su'il was mentioned by the second page of tarsila; he received four Bisaya slaves (people from the Kedatuan of Madja-as) from Manila (presumably Kingdom of Maynila) as a sign of friendship between the two countries. The descendants of Su'il also inherited the title Timway, which means "chief". On tarsila's third page, it accounts the fact that the slaves were the ancestors of the inhabitants in the island to Parang, Lati, Gi'tung, and Lu'uk respectively.

The fourth page then narrates the coming of the Buranun (addressed in the tarsila as "the Maimbung people"), Tagimaha, Baklaya, and finally the drifted Bajau immigrants from Johor.^[44] The condition of Sulu before the arrival of Islam can be summarised as such: The island was inhabited by several cultures, and was reigned over by three independent kingdoms ruled by the Buranun, Tagimaha, and Baklaya peoples. Likewise, the socio-political systems of these kingdoms were characterised by several distinct institutions: rajahship, datuship, tuanship and timwayship. The arrival of Tuan Mashā′ikha afterwards established a core Islamic community in the island.

Islamisation and establishment

The Sulu Archipelago was an

The Sulu sultanate became notorious for its so-called "Moro Raids" or acts of piracy on Spanish settlements in the Visayan areas with the aim of capturing slaves and other goods from these coastal towns. Tausug pirates used boats known collectively by Europeans as

In the 18th century, Sulu's dominion covered most of northeastern part of Borneo. However areas like Tempasuk and Abai had never really shown much allegiance to its earlier ruler, Brunei, subsequently similar treatment was given to Sulu. Alexander Dalrymple, who made a treaty of allegiance in 1761 with Sulu, had to make a similar agreement with the rulers of Tempasuk and Abai on the north Borneo coast in 1762.^[60] The Sultanate of Sulu totally gave up its domain over Palawan to Spain in 1705 and Basilan to Spain in 1762. The territory ceded to Sulu by Brunei initially stretched south to Tapean Durian (now Tanjong Mangkalihat) (another source mentioned a southernmost boundary at Dumaring),^[61] near the Straits of Macassar (now Kalimantan). From 1726 to 1733, the Sulu sultanate restarted their tributary relationship with China, now the Qing Empire, about 300 years after it had ended.^[62]

By 1800–1850, the areas gained from Brunei had been effectively controlled by the sultanate of Bulungan in Kalimantan, reducing the boundary of Sulu to a cape named Batu Tinagat and the Tawau River.^[63]

In 1848 and 1851, the Spanish launched

On 22 April 1903, Sultan Jamalul Kiram II signed a document known as "Confirmation of cession of certain islands", in which he granted and ceded additional islands in the neighbourhood of the mainland of North Borneo from Banggi Island to Sibuku Bay to the British North Borneo Company. The confirmatory deed of 1903 makes it known and understood between the two parties that the islands mentioned were included in the cession of the districts and islands mentioned on 22 January 1878 agreement. Additional cession money was set at 300 dollars a year with arrears due for past occupation of 3,200 dollars. The originally agreed 5,000 dollars increased to 5,300 dollars per year payable annually.^{[69][70][71][note 7]}

Madrid Protocol

The Sulu sultanate later came under the control of Spain in Manila. In 1885, Great Britain, Germany, and Spain signed the Madrid Protocol to cement Spanish influence over the islands of the Philippines. In the same agreement, Spain relinquished all claim to North Borneo which had belonged to the sultanate in the past to the British government.^[72]

The Spanish Government renounces, as far as regards the British Government, all claims of sovereignty over the territories of the continent of Borneo, which belong, or which have belonged in the past to the Sultan of Sulu (Jolo), and which comprise the neighbouring islands of Balambangan, Banguey, and Malawali, as well as all those comprised within a zone of three maritime leagues from the coast, and which form part of the territories administered by the Company styled the "British North Borneo Company".

— Article III, Madrid Protocol of 1885

Decline

The sultanate's political power was relinquished in March 1915 after American commanders negotiated with Sultan Jamalul Kiram II on behalf of Governor-General Francis Burton Harrison. An agreement was subsequently signed, called the "Carpenter Agreement". By this agreement, the sultan relinquished all political power over territory within the Philippines (except for certain specific land granted to Sultan Jamalul Kiram II and his heirs), with the religious authority as head of Islam in Sulu.^[18][79]

Legacy

Status within the Philippines

In 1962, the Philippine government under the administration of President

After the death of Mahakuttah A. Kiram, the Philippine national government has not formally recognised a new sultan. Mahakutta's crown prince Muedzul Lail Kiram, the heir to the throne according to the line of succession as recognised by the Philippine governments from 1915 to 1986, was 20 years old upon his father's death.[84] Due to his young age, he failed to claim the throne in a time of political instability in the Philippines that led to the peaceful revolution and subsequent removal of President Marcos. The gap in the sultanate leadership was filled by claimants of rival branches. Therefore, the succeeding claimants to the sultanship were not crowned with the support of the Philippine government nor received formal recognition from the national government as their predecessors had until 1986. However, the Philippine national government decided to deal with one or more of the sultan claimants regarding issues concerning the sultanate’s affairs.^{[citation needed]}

Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram claims that he is the legitimate successor as the 35th sultan of Sulu based on Memorandum Order 427 of 1974, in which former Philippine President Ferdinand Marcos recognised his father, Mahakuttah A. Kiram, as the sultan of Sulu.^[85][86]

North Borneo dispute

The dispute is based on a territorial claim by the

Republic Act 5446 in the Philippines, which took effect on 18 September 1968, regards Sabah as a territory "over which the Republic of the Philippines has acquired dominion and sovereignty".[97] On 16 July 2011, the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that the Philippine claim over Sabah is retained and may be pursued in the future.^[98] As of 10 May 2018^[update], Malaysia maintains that their Sabah claim is a non-issue and non-negotiable, thereby rejecting any calls from the Philippines to resolve the matter in the International Court of Justice. Sabah authorities sees the claim made by the Philippines' Moro leader Nur Misuari to take Sabah to International Court of Justice as a non-issue and thus dismissed the claim.^[99]

In February 2022, an international court ruled that Malaysia had violated a treaty signed in 1878 of annual cession payment and would have to pay at least US$14.92 billion (RM62.59 billion) to the descendants of the Sulu sultan, which Malaysia ceased payment in 2013 as it deemed that the Sulu counterpart had first violated the treaty through the 2013 Sabah incursion. The award was reportedly issued in an arbitration court in Paris, France by Spanish arbitrator Gonzalo Stampa.^[100] In March 2022, Malaysia filed an application to annul the final award over claims by Sulu sultan’s heirs since the appointment of Stampa had itself been annulled by Madrid High Court in June 2021, rendering any decisions by him to be invalid including the 2022 award.^[101] Lawyers for the heirs indicated that they will seek the award’s recognition and execution, citing a 1958 U.N. Convention on Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards.^[102][103] In July 2022, court bailiffs in Luxembourg served Petronas Azerbaijan (Shah Denis) and Petronas South Caucus with a "saiseie-arret," or a size order or behalf of descendants of the Sulu sultan. Petronas said it would defend its legal position.^[104]

In June 2023, the Paris Court of Appeal ruled in favour of the Malaysian Government's appeal against the French arbitration court's 2022 decision to award US$15 billion to the claimants to the Sultanate of Sulu. The Court of Appeal also ruled that Stampa and the arbitration tribunal did not have jurisdiction over the case. In addition, the Court of Appeal annulled the US$15.9 billion award. The decision was welcomed by Malaysian law minister Datuk Seri

On 27 June 2023, a Dutch court of appeal dismissed a bid by the claimants to the Sultanate to enforce the US$15 billion arbitration award against the Malaysian Government. While the Malaysian Government welcomed the court's ruling, the Sulu heirs' lawyer Paul Cohen expressed disappointment.^[108] On 9 November 2023, the Paris Court of Appeal dismissed legal attempts by the Sultanate's claimants to seize Malaysian diplomatic properties in Paris.^[109] On 10 November, the Madrid Court filed criminal charges against Stampa over his role in handing the US$14.92 billion arbitration award to the eight Sulu claimants.^[110] On 5 January 2024, Stampa was convicted for contempt of court.^[111] He was sentenced to six months in prison and banned from acting as an arbitrator for one year for “knowingly disobeying rulings and orders from the Madrid High Court of Justice”.^[112] According to Law360, the Spanish courts’ decision to move ahead with criminal proceedings against Stampa marked a significant “victory for the Malaysian government”.^[113]

Other

Outside the North Borneo dispute, the heirs and claimants of the Sulu sultanate have been involved in contemporary Philippine politics such as the lobbying for the creation of a constituent state called Zambasulta within the Philippines under a federal form of government.^[115]

Economy

Weapons and slave trade

Chinese who lived in Sulu ran guns across a Spanish blockade to supply the Moro datus and sultanates with weapons to fight the Spanish, who were engaging in a campaign to subjugate the Moro sultanates on Mindanao. A trade involving the Moros selling slaves and other goods in exchange for guns developed. The Chinese had entered the economy of the sultanate, taking almost total control of the sultanate's economies in Mindanao and dominating the markets. Though the sultans did not like one group of people exercising exclusive control over the economy, they did business with them.

The Chinese set up a trading network between

After the destruction of the pirate haunts of

The two main social classes of the sultanate were:^[118]

• royal house of Sulu
  held this title and style "His Royal Highness (HRH)". Their spouses automatically held the title of dayang dayang (princess of the first degree). Adopted members of the royal house of Sulu were styled "His Highness (HH)" and their spouses would also hold the title of dayang dayang (princess of the first degree) and the style: "Her Highness".
• Datu sadja, which may be acquired through confirming the titles (gullal) on the middleman of the sultan. The gullal is made if a commoner has achieved outstanding feats or services in line of duty through display of bravery, heroism, etc. Datu sadja is a life title of nobility and the title holders hold the style "His Excellency" and their spouses should hold the title of dayang the style "Her Excellency".

Commoners or maharlika do not trace their descent from royalty. The Wakil Kesultan's, Panglimas, Parkasa's and Laksaman's who are commoners hold responsible positions involving administrative matters.

• Wakil Kesultanan – region representative outside the Sulu sultanate
• Panglima – region representative inside the Sulu sultanate
• Parkasa – aide-de-camp of region representative inside the Sulu sultanate
• Laksaman– sub region representative inside the Sulu sultanate

The males who hold the offices above are addressed by the title of nobility tuan (the title is directly attached to the office), followed by the rank of the office they hold, their given name, surname and region. The females who hold offices above shall be addressed by the title of nobility Sitti (the title is directly attached to the office), followed by the rank of the office they hold, their given name, surname and region.

A very large part of the Sulu society, as well as in the

Bugis slavers in the Dutch East Indies.^[119][120]

Visual arts

Main article: Okir

The Sultanate of Sulu, along with the rest of Mindanao, has a long tradition of decorative arts known as okir or ukkil. Ukkil is the Tausug word for "wood carving" or "engraving". The Tausug and

barong blades have finely decorated handles as well as blades covered in floral patterns and the like.^[121] Bronze lantaka

also bear some ukkil patterns.

Gallery

A yellow-colored flag was used in Sulu by the Chinese.[122]

• 
  Flag of the Sultanate of Sulu according to Pierre Sonnerat^[123]
• 
  Merchant flag of the Chinese community in the Sultanate of Sulu
• 
  A war flag of the Sultanate of Sulu at the end of the 19th century
• 
  The official flag of the Sultanate of Sulu under the guidance of Ampun Sultan Muedzul Lail Tan Kiram of Sulu.

See also

• 2013 Lahad Datu standoff
• List of Sunni Muslim dynasties
• Sultanate of Malacca
• Sultanate of Maguindanao
• John C. Bates
• Manila Accord
• Monarchy abolishment
• Hinduism in the Philippines
• History of the Philippines (Before 1521)
• Kiram-Bates Treaty

Notes

1. Malays.^[4]
2. Jumada al-awwal, 808 AH).^[7][8]
3. ^ Mashā′ikha is an Arabic term which originated from mashā′ikh, which means "an intelligent or pious man".
4. ^ The generally accepted date for the coming of Tuan Mashā′ikha is 1280 CE, however, other Muslim scholars dated his coming only as second half of the 13th century".^[29]
5. ^ Also Karimul Makhdum, Karimal Makdum or Makhdum Karim among others. Makhdum came from the Arabic word makhdūmīn, which means "master".
6. ^ Another uncertain date in Philippine Islamic history is the year of arrival of Karim ul-Makhdum. Though other Muslim scholars place the date as simply "the end of 14th century", Saleeby calculated the year as 1380 AD corresponding to the description of the tarsilas, in which Karim ul-Makhdum's coming is ten years before Rajah Baguinda's. The 1380 reference originated from the event in Islamic history when a huge number of makhdūmīn started to travel to Southeast Asia from India. See Ibrahim's "Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia."
7. ^ The Confirmatory Deed of 1903 must be viewed in the light of the 1878 Agreement. The British North Borneo Company entered into a Confirmatory Deed with the Sultanate of Sulu in 1903, thereby confirming and ratifying what was done in 1878.

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General

• History for Brunei Darussalam: Sharing our Past. Curriculum Development Department, Ministry of Education. 2009.
  ISBN 978-99917-2-372-3
  .
• Abinales, P. N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and Society in the Philippines.
  ISBN 978-0-7425-1024-1
  .
• Ang, Josiah C., Historical Timeline of the Royal Sultanate of Sulu Including Related Events of Neighboring Peoples, Southeast Asian Studies, Northern Illinois University, archived from the original on 29 April 2012, retrieved 21 December 2010
• Campbell, Lawrence Dundas (2007), The Asiatic Annual Register: or, A View of the History of Hindustan, and of the Politics, Commerce and Literature of Asia, vol. 6, University of Michigan
• Cavendish, Marshall (2007), World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, vol. 9, Marshall Cavendish Corporation,
  ISBN 978-0-7614-7642-9
• Decasa, George C. (1999), The Qur'ānic Concept of Umma and its Function in Philippine Muslim Society,
  ISBN 978-88-7652-812-5
• Donoso, Isaac (2022). "The Qur'an in the Spanish Philippines". In García-Arenal, Mercedes; Wiegers, Gerard (eds.). The Iberian Qur'an: From the Middle Ages to Modern Times.
  ISBN 978-3-11-077884-7
  .
• Gonda, Jan (1975), Religionen: Handbuch der Orientalistik: Indonesien, Malaysia und die Philippinen unter Einschluss der Kap-Malaien in Südafrika, vol. 2, E.J. Brill,
  ISBN 978-90-04-04330-5
• Gunn, Geoffrey C. (2011). History Without Borders: The Making of an Asian World Region, 1000–1800.
  ISBN 9789888083343
  .
• Ibrahim, Ahmad; Siddique, Sharon; Hussain, Yasmin (1985), Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies,
  ISBN 978-9971-988-08-1
• ISBN 978-1-4400-7547-6
• Larousse, William (2001), A Local Church Living for Dialogue: Muslim-Christian Relations in Mindanao-Sulu, Philippines : 1965–2000,
  ISBN 978-88-7652-879-8
• Majul, César Adib (1973), Muslims in the Philippines,
  ISBN 9789715421881
• Saleeby, Najeeb Mitry (1908), The History of Sulu, Bureau of Printing
• Saunders, Graham E. (2002), A History of Brunei,
  ISBN 978-0-7007-1698-2
• ISBN 978-971-550-135-4
• Tan, Samuel K. (2009), A History of the Philippines,
  ISBN 978-971-542-568-1
• Tan, Samuel K. (2010), The Muslim South and Beyond,
  ISBN 978-971-542-632-9
• United Nations Publications (2002), Case concerning sovereignty over Palau Ligitan and Palau Sipidan (Indonesia/Malaysia). Judgment of 17 December 2002. International Court of Justice Series. Issue 858 of Recueil des arrêts, avis consultatifs et ordonnances. Reports of judgments, advisory opinions and orders, United Nations Publications,
  ISBN 978-92-1-070964-4^{[permanent dead link}
  ]

External links

Media related to Sultanate of Sulu at Wikimedia Commons

• Line of succession of the Sultans of Sulu of the Modern Era as published in the Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines
• Philippine Provincial Government of Sulu – The official list of Sultans
• Sultanate of Sulu on WorldStatesMen.org

6°03′07″N 121°00′07″E / 6.05194°N 121.00194°E / 6.05194; 121.00194