Sultanate of Zanzibar
Sultanate of Zanzibar
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1856–1964 | |||||||||
Anthem: Sultan | | ||||||||
• 1856–1870 | Majid bin Said (first) | ||||||||
• 1963–1964 | Jamshid bin Abdullah Al Said (last) | ||||||||
Chief Minister | |||||||||
• 1961 | Geoffrey Lawrence | ||||||||
• 1961–1964 | Muhammad Hamadi | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
19 October 1856 | |||||||||
1 July 1890 | |||||||||
27 August 1896 | |||||||||
12 January 1964 | |||||||||
Population | |||||||||
• 1964[2] | 300,000 | ||||||||
Currency | Zanzibari ryal[3] (1882–1908) Zanzibari rupee (1908–1935) East African shilling (1935–1964) Indian rupee and Maria Theresa thaler also circulated | ||||||||
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Today part of |
History of Tanzania |
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Timeline |
Pre-colonial period |
Colonial period |
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Modern history |
Tanzania portal |
The Sultanate of Zanzibar (
Under an agreement reached on 8 October 1963, the Sultan of Zanzibar relinquished sovereignty over his remaining territory on the mainland, and on 12 December 1963, Kenya officially obtained independence from the British. On 12 January 1964, Jamshid bin Abdullah, the last sultan, was deposed and lost sovereignty over the last of his dominions, Zanzibar, marking the end of the Sultanate.
History
Founding
According to the 16th-century explorer
In 1698, Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of
Context for the Sultan's loss of control over his dominions
Until 1884, the Sultans of Zanzibar controlled a substantial portion of the
In 1886, the British and Germans secretly met and discussed their aims of expansion in the African Great Lakes, with spheres of influence already agreed upon the year before, with the British to take what would become the East Africa Protectorate (now Kenya) and the Germans to take present-day Tanzania. Both powers leased coastal territory from Zanzibar and established trading stations and outposts. Over the next few years, all of the mainland possessions of Zanzibar came to be administered by European imperial powers, beginning in 1888 when the Imperial British East Africa Company took over administration of Mombasa.[14]
The same year the German East Africa Company acquired formal direct rule over the coastal area previously submitted to German protection. This resulted in a native uprising, the Abushiri revolt, which was suppressed by the Kaiserliche Marine and heralded the end of Zanzibar's influence on the mainland.
Establishment of the Zanzibar Protectorate
With the signing of the
That "Zanzibar" for these purposes included the 16 km (10 mi) coastal strip of Kenya that would later become the Protectorate of Kenya was a matter recorded in the parliamentary debates at the time.[17]
Establishment of the East Africa Protectorate
In 1886, the British government encouraged William Mackinnon, who already had an agreement with the Sultan and whose shipping company traded extensively in the African Great Lakes, to increase British influence in the region. He formed a British East Africa Association which led to the Imperial British East Africa Company being chartered in 1888 and given the original grant to administer the territory. It administered about 240 km (150 mi) of coastline stretching from the River Jubba via Mombasa to German East Africa which were leased from the Sultan. The British "sphere of influence", agreed at the Berlin Conference of 1885, extended up the coast and inland across the future Kenya and after 1890 included Uganda as well. Mombasa was the administrative centre at this time.[14]
However, the company began to fail, and on 1 July 1895 the British government proclaimed a
Loss of sovereignty over Kenya
On 23 July 1920, the inland areas of the East Africa Protectorate were annexed as British dominions by Order in Council.
The Protectorate of Kenya was governed as part of the
The Colony of Kenya and the Protectorate of Kenya each came to an end on 12 December 1963. The United Kingdom ceded sovereignty over the Colony of Kenya and, under an agreement dated 8 October 1963, the Sultan agreed that simultaneously with independence for Kenya, the Sultan would cease to have sovereignty over the Protectorate of Kenya.[19]: 762 [26] In this way, Kenya became an independent country under the Kenya Independence Act 1963. Exactly 12 months later on 12 December 1964, Kenya became a republic under the name "Republic of Kenya".[19]: 762
End of the Zanzibar Protectorate and deposition of the Sultan
On 10 December 1963, the Protectorate that had existed over Zanzibar since 1890 was terminated by the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom did not grant Zanzibar independence, as such, because the UK never had sovereignty over Zanzibar. Rather, by the Zanzibar Act 1963 of the United Kingdom,
Demographics
By 1964, the country was a
See also
References
- ^ a b Gascoigne, Bamber (2001). "History of Zanzibar". HistoryWorld. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- ^ a b c Speller 2007, p. 4
- ^ "Coins of Zanzibar". Numista. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
- JSTOR j.ctt22727nc.7.
- ^ Africanus, Leo (1526). The History and Description of Africa. Hakluyt Society. pp. 51–54. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- Ogot, Bethwell A.(1974). Zamani: A Survey of East African History. East African Publishing House. p. 104.
- ^ Ingrams 1967, p. 162
- ^ a b Appiah & Gates 1999, p. 2045
- ^ Ingrams 1967, p. 163
- ^ "Background Note: Oman". U.S. Department of State - Diplomacy in Action.
- ^ Ingrams 1967, pp. 163–164
- ^ Michler 2007, p. 37
- ^ Ingrams 1967, p. 172
- ^ a b c "British East Africa". www.heliograph.com.
- ^ Ingrams 1967, pp. 172–173
- ^ Michler 2007, p. 31
- ^ "BRITISH EAST AFRICA. (Hansard, 13 June 1895)". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). 13 June 1895.
- ^ "The Harem and Tower Harbour of Zanzibar". Chronicles of the London Missionary Society. 1890. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Roberts-Wray, Sir Kenneth (1966). Commonwealth and Colonial Law. F.A. Praeger.
- ^ East Africa Order in Council, 1902, S.R.O. 1902 No. 661, S.R.O. ^ S.I. Rev. 246
- ^ Kenya (Annexation) Order in Council, 1920, S.R.O. 1902 No. 661, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. 246.
- ^ Agreement of 14 June 1890: State pp. vol. 82. p. 653
- ^ Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920 S.R.O. 1920 No. 2343, S.R.O. & S.I. Rev. VIII, 258, State Pp., Vol. 87 p. 968
- ^ Kenya Protectorate Order in Council, 1920, S.R.O. 1920 No. 2343 & S.I. Rev. VIII, 258, State Pp., Vol. 87, p.968.
- ^ "Kenya Gazette". 7 September 1921 – via Google Books.
- ^ HC Deb 22 November 1963 vol 684 cc1329-400 wherein the UK Under-Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations and for the Colonies stated" "An agreement was then signed on 8 October 1963, providing that on the date when Kenya became independent the territories composing the Kenya Coastal Strip would become part of Kenya proper."
- ^ Zanzibar Act 1963: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1963/55/contents/
- ^ United States Department of State 1975, p. 986
- ^ Ayany 1970, p. 122
- ^ a b c d Shillington 2005, p. 1716
- ^ Parsons 2003, p. 106
Bibliography
- OCLC 41649745
- Ingrams, William H. (1967), Zanzibar: Its History and Its People, OCLC 186237036
- Ayany, Samuel G. (1970), A History of Zanzibar: A Study in Constitutional Development, 1934–1964, OCLC 201465
- Michler, Ian (2007), Zanzibar: The Insider's Guide (2nd ed.), Cape Town: Struik Publishers, OCLC 165410708
- Parsons, Timothy (2003), The 1964 Army Mutinies and the Making of Modern East Africa, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0-325-07068-7.
- Shillington, Kevin (2005), Encyclopedia of African History, CRC Press, ISBN 1-57958-245-1.
- Speller, Ian (2007), "An African Cuba? Britain and the Zanzibar Revolution, 1964.", Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 35 (2): 1–35, S2CID 159656717.
- OCLC 1492755
External links
- Official website of the Zanzibar Royal Family
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. .