Sundiata Keita
Mansa Sundiata Keita | |
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Founder and |
Sundiata Keita (Mandinka, Malinke: [sʊndʒæta keɪta]; c. 1217–c. 1255,[9] N'Ko spelling: ߛߏ߲߬ߖߘߊ߬ ߞߋߕߊ߬; also known as Manding Diara, Lion of Mali, Sogolon Djata, son of Sogolon, Nare Maghan and Sogo Sogo Simbon Salaba) was a prince and founder of the Mali Empire. He was also the great-uncle of the Malian ruler Mansa Musa, who is usually regarded as the wealthiest person of all time,[10][11] although there are no reliable ways to accurately calculate his wealth.[12]
Written sources augment the Mande oral histories, with the Moroccan traveller
Epic of Sundiata
The oral traditions relating to Sundiata Keita were passed down generation after generation by the local
The Mandinka epic does not give us dates, but Arab and North African writers who visited the area about a century after the epic's events documented on paper some of the information, including dates and a genealogy. Conversely, the written sources left out other pieces of information that the oral tradition includes.[24]
- Sogolon Djata
- Sundjata Keyita
- Mari Djata or "Mārī-Djāta" (according to Ibn Khaldun in the late 14th century)[25]
- The Lion King[26]
The proper English spelling of Sundiata's name is Sunjata, pronounced soon-jah-ta, approaching the actual pronunciation in the original
Surname (Keita or Konaté?)
Some Bambaras and Mandinkas have proposed that the name Keita actually means inheritor (
Battle of Kirina
Niane has advanced the claim that, the Jolofing Mansa sided with Sumaguru [or Soumaoro] because "like him, he was hostile to Islam." He went on to state that:
- "He [the King of Jolof] confiscated Diata's [Sundiata's] horses and sent him a skin, saying that he should make shoes out of it since he was neither a hunter nor a king worthy to mount a horse."[39]
Religion
In his piece in the General History of Africa, Volume 4, p. 133,
Some Muslim
Imperial Mali
After his victory at Kirina, Mansa Sundiata established his capital at
Death
The generally accepted death year of Mansa Sundiata Keita is c. 1255.
Legacy
A strong army was a major contributor to the success of Imperial Mali during the reign of Mansa Sundiata Keita.[48] Credit to Mali's conquests cannot all be attributed to Sundiata Keita but equally shared among his generals, and in this, Tiramakhan Traore stood out as one of the elite generals and warlords of Sundiata's Imperial Mali.[48] However, in a wider perspective of 13th century West African military history, Sundiata stood out as a great leader who was able to command the loyalties of his generals and army.[48][60]
It was during his reign that Mali first began to become an economic power, a trend continued by his successors and improved on thanks to the ground work set by Sundiata, who controlled the region's trade routes and gold fields.[47] The social and political constitution of Mali were first being codified during the reign of Mansa Sundiata Keita. Known as the Gbara and the Kouroukan Fouga, although not written and even subject to alterations in retelling and when they were first recorded in written form, they were part of the social and political norms of Mali. Many of these laws have been incorporated into the constitution of modern-day Mali.[51]
"By unifying the military force of 12 states, Sundiata becomes an emperor known as the Lion King of Mali, who controls tribes from the Niger River west to the Atlantic Ocean. Walt Disney Studios reprised the story of Sundiata in 1994 as an animated film, The Lion King, with animals substituting for the humans of Mali legend."
Ellen Snodgrass[61]
Sundiata Keita was not merely a conqueror who was able to rule over a large empire with different tribes and languages, but also developed Mali's mechanisms for agriculture, and is reported to have introduced cotton and weaving in Mali.[62] Towards the end of his reign, "absolute security" is reported to have "prevailed throughout his dominion."[62]
From a global perspective, the Epic of Sundiata and the Mali Empire is taught in many schools, colleges and universities, not just in West Africa but in many parts of the World.[15][63][64] Some scholars such as Ellen Snodgrass and others have observed similarities with the 13th-century Epic of Sundiata to Walt Disney's 1994 animated film The Lion King.[61] Disney has maintained that the film was inspired by William Shakespeare's Hamlet.[65]
The 1995 Burkinabe movie Keïta! l'Héritage du griot tells the legend of Sundiata Keita.[66]
The video game
See also
- Guinea Conakry
- History of Guinea-Bissau
- History of Mali
- History of Senegal
- History of the Gambia
- Sosso people
References
Notes
- ISBN 0-06-270012-X.
- ISBN 1-4381-1906-2.
- ^ NIANE, Djibril Tamsir. “Histoire et Tradition Historique Du Manding.” Présence Africaine, no. 89, Présence Africaine Editions, 1974, pp. 59–74, http://www.jstor.org/stable/24349706 Archived 7 January 2022 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ ISBN 0-521-20981-1.
- ^ ISBN 0-7734-5535-3.
- ^ ISBN 0-521-86746-0.
- ^ ""Sundiata", Encyclopædia Britannica Online". Archived from the original on 28 March 2013. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ^ Niane p. 41.
- ^ The years of Sundiata Keita's birth and death are estimates based on the epic and the historical events surrounding that period, as well as other scholarly works based on Arab and North African writings. Scholars such as Snodgrass gave a date range of 1217–1255. See Snodgrass (2009), p. 77.
- ^ a b Cox, George O. African Empires and Civilizations: ancient and medieval, African Heritage Studies Publishers, 1974, p. 160.
- ^ King, Noel (2005). Ibn Battuta in Black Africa. Markus Wiener Publishers. pp. 45–46.
- from the original on 15 April 2022. Retrieved 12 November 2023 – via cambridge.org.
- ^ ISBN 1-4381-0319-0.
- ^ UNESCO, "Manden Charter, proclaimed in Kurukan Fuga", 2009. Access here Archived 12 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine. A translation of it can be found in pp. 75-77 of this publication Archived 13 July 2021 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ ISBN 1-85109-769-4.
- ^ Ed. Senghor, Léopold Sédar, Éthiopiques, Issues 21-24, Grande Imprimerie Africaine, 1980, p. 79.
- ISBN 0-87220-697-1.
- ISBN 978-1-4258-0102-1
- ISBN 0-415-34473-5
- JSTOR 221083. On page 256, Jan Jansen writes: "Mansa is generally translated as 'king,' 'ruler' or 'ancestor.' The Griaulians, however, often translate mansa as 'God,' 'the divine principle' or 'priest king,' although they never argue the choice for this translation, which has an enormous impact on their analysis of the Kamabolon ceremony."
- ^ A Grammar of the Mandingo Language: With Vocabularies Archived 12 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine, by Robert Maxwell Macbrair, London 1873, p. 5.
- ISBN 978-0-618-47139-3
- ^ Maurice Delafosse, La langue mandingue et ses dialects (Malinké, Bambara, Dioula), Paris 1929, p. 612. There, the author brings down the French word "roi" (English: king), and brings its Mandingo equivalent, mã-nsa, mã-sa, mā-sa, ma-nsa-kye.
- ^ Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, p. 55.
- S2CID 162413528
- ^ "Sammis, Kathy, Focus on World History: The Era of Expanding Global Connections --1000-1500, p. 66". Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ ISBN 0-87220-697-1.
- ^ Conrad, David C., Empires of Medieval West Africa, p. 35.
- ^ BBC World Service, see: See: BBC World Service, The Story of Africa, West African Kingdoms (under Origins). Archived 19 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Conrad, David C. (2005), Empires of Medieval West Africa, p. 44.
- ^ (in French) See vols. 1-3 Delafosse, Maurice, Haut-Sénégal-Niger (Soudan Français), le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues, l'Histoire, les Civilisations (vols. 1-3)(in Gallica). Archived 29 March 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ (in French) Delafosse, Maurice, Traditions historiques et légendaires du Soudan occidental, Traduites d'un manscrit arabe inédit par Maurice Delafosse (in Gallica). Archived 1 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Delafosse merely linked different legends (i.e. the Tautain story etc.) and prescribed Diara Kanté (1180) as the father of Soumaoro, in order to link the Sossos to the Diarisso Dynasty of Kaniaga (Jarisso). He also failed to give sources as to how he arrived to that conclusion and the genealogy he created. Monteil describes his work as "unacceptable". The African Studies Association describe it as "...too creative to be useful to historians". See:
- African Studies Association, History in Africa, Vol. 11, African Studies Association, 1984, University of Michigan, pp. 42-51.
- Monteil, Charles, "Fin de siècle à Médine (1898-1899)", Bulletin de l'lFAN, vol. 28, série B, n° 1-2, 1966, p. 166.
- Monteil, Charles, "La légende officielle de Soundiata, fondateur de l'empire manding", Bulletin du Comité d 'Etudes historiques et scientifiques de l 'AOF, VIII, n° 2, 1924.
- Robert Cornevin, Histoire de l'Afrique, Tome I: des origines au XVIe siècle (Paris, 1962), 347-48 (ref. to Delafosse in Haut-Sénégal-Niger vol. 1, pp. 256-257).
- Crowder, Michael, West Africa: an introduction to its history, Longman, 1977, p. 31 (based on Delafosse's work).
- Marie François Joseph Clozel).
- ^ Stride, G. T., & Caroline Ifeka, Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in history, 1000-1800, Africana Pub. Corp., 1971, p. 49.
- ^ Fyle, Magbaily, Introduction to the History of African Civilization: Precolonial Africa, p. 61.
- ISBN 9987-9322-2-3.
- ISBN 0-253-21248-0.
- ISBN 9987-9322-2-3.
- ^ ISBN 0-435-94810-5.
- ^ Stride, G. T., & Caroline Ifeka, Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in history, 1000-1800, Africana Pub. Corp., 1971, pp. 51-53.
- ISBN 0-521-22422-5
- ^ D.T. Niane, Soundjata ou L’Épopée Mandigue, Paris 1961, p. 15 note 2 (French)
- ^ a b Austen, Ralph. Trans-Saharan Africa in World History, Oxford University Press, 2010, p. 98.
- ^ Johnson, G. Wesley, The emergence of Black politics in Senegal: the struggle for power in the four communes, 1900-1920, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace (1971), p.10
- ^ Research in African literatures, Volume 37. University of Texas at Austin. African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas at Austin, Published by African and Afro-American Studies and Research Center, University of Texas (at Austin) (2006). p.8.
- ISBN 0-7172-0108-2.
- ^ ISBN 0-7619-2762-X.
- ^ a b c d e Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, pp. 55-56.
- Université de Dakar, 1987.
- ^ "Djibril Tamsir Niane, Histoire des Mandingues de l'Ouest: le royaume du Gabou, p. 22". Archived from the original on 15 June 2023. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ a b Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, p. 56.
- ^ Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, pp. 55-57.
- ^ Fage, J. D., & Oliver, Roland Anthony, The Cambridge History of Africa, p. 381. Cambridge University Press, 1975.
- ^ Snodgrass (2009), Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, p. 77.
- ^ a b c Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, pp. 57-58.
- ^ See also: Mamadou Kouyate quoted in BBC World Service, The Story of Africa, "West African Kingdoms" (under Origins). Archived 19 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ ISBN 0-582-64502-6.
- ^ Ki-Zerbo (1998), UNESCO General History of Africa, Vol. IV, pp. 57-58. See also Delafosse, Maurice, Haut-Sénégal-Niger: Le Pays, les Peuples, les Langues; l'Histoire; les Civilizations, vols. 1-3, Paris: Émile Larose (1912) (eds Marie François Joseph Clozel).
- ISBN 1-55876-015-6.
- ISBN 0-7146-1799-7.
- ^ a b "Ellen Snodgrass, Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, p. 78". Archived from the original on 12 April 2024. Retrieved 16 March 2023.
- ^ a b Great Britain. Naval Intelligence Division, French West Africa: The Federation, HMSO, 1943, p. 171.
- ^ Ronica Roth, "Mali's Boy-King: A Thirteenth-Century African Epic Becomes Digital" Archived 2 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine (in NEH): Humanities, July/August 1998, Vol. 19/Number 4.
- ^ University of Timbuktu: [1] Archived 19 April 2012 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Trey McElveen, Mrs. Rohlfs, "Hamlet and The Lion King: Shakespearean Influences on Modern Entertainment", British Literature, 17 April 1998 (in lionking.org)". Archived from the original on 12 May 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2012.
- OCLC 52520253
Bibliography
- Austen, Ralph A. "The Historical Transformation of Genres: Sunjata as Panegyric, Folktale, Epic, and Novel." Ralph A Austen (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature, and Performance (1999): 69–87.
- Belcher, Stephen. Sinimogo, 'Man for tomorrow': Sunjata on the fringes of the Mande world. .Ralph A Austen (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature, and Performance (1999): 89-110.
- Camara, Seydou. "The epic of Sunjata: structure, preservation and transmission." Ralph A Austen (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature and Performance (1999): 59–68.
- Johnson, John William. "The dichotomy of power and authority in Mande society and in the epic of Sunjata." Ralph A Austen (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature and Performance (1999): 9-24.
- McGuire, James R. 1999. Butchering Heroism?: Sunjata and the Negotiation of Postcolonial Mande Identity in Diabate's Le Boucher de Kouta. In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature and Performance, ed. by Ralph Austen, pp. 253–274. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
- Conrad, David C. (1992), "Searching for History in the Sunjata Epic: The Case of Fakoli", History in Africa, 19: 147–200, S2CID 161404193.
- Jansen, Jan (2001), "The Sunjata Epic: The Ultimate Version", Research in African Literatures, 32 (1): 14–46, S2CID 162077125.
- Snodgrass, Mary Ellen, Encyclopedia of the Literature of Empire, p. 77, Infobase Publishing, 2009, ISBN 1-4381-1906-2.
- Niane, D. T. (1965), Sundiata: an epic of old Mali, London: Longmans.
- Wilks, Ivor. "The History of the Sunjata Epic: A Review of the Evidence." Ralph A Austen (ed.), In Search of Sunjata: The Mande Oral Epic as History, Literature and Performance (1999): 25–58.
Further reading
- Biebuyck, Daniel P. (1976), "The African Heroic Epic", Journal of the Folklore Institute, 13 (1): 5–36, S2CID 165250246.
- Bulman, Stephen (2004), "A school for epic? The école William Ponty and the evolution of the Sunjata epic, 1913-c. 1960", in Jansen, Jan; Mair, Henk M. J. (eds.), Epic Adventures: Heroic Narrative in the Oral Performance Traditions of Four Continents, Münster: Lit Verlag, pp. 34–45, ISBN 3-8258-6758-7.
- Conrad, David C. (1984), "Oral sources on links between great states: Sumanguru, Servile Lineage, the Jariso, and Kaniaga", History in Africa, 11: 35–55, S2CID 161226607.
- Davidson, Basil (1995), Africa in History: Themes and Outlines, New York: Simon & Schuster, ISBN 0-684-82667-4.
- Gilbert, E.; Reynolds, J.T. (2004), Africa in World History: from prehistory to the present, Pearson Education, ISBN 0-13-092907-7.
- OCLC 956182402. (on the Kings of Mali)
- Janson, Marloes (2004), "The narration of the Sunjata epic as gendered activity", in Jansen, Jan; Mair, Henk M.J. (eds.), Epic Adventures: Heroic Narrative in the Oral Performance Traditions of Four Continents, Münster: Lit Verlag, pp. 81–88, ISBN 3-8258-6758-7.
- Johnson, John William. 1992. The Epic of Son-Jara: A West African Tradition. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
- McKissack, Patricia; McKissack, Fredrick (1995), The Royal Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali and Songhay: Life in Medieval Africa, Sagebrush, ISBN 0-8050-4259-8.
- Newton, Robert C. 2006. Of Dangerous Energy and Transformations: Nyamakalaya and the Sunjata Phenomenon. Research in African Literatures Vol. 37, No. 2: 15–33.
- Quiquandon, F. (1892), "Histoire de la puissance mandinque d' après la légende et la tradition", Bulletin de la Société de géographie commerciale de Bordeaux (in French), 15: 305–318. One of the first publications presenting a version of the Sundiata Epic.
- Tsaaior, James Tar (2010), "Webbed Words: masked meanings: proverbiality and narrative/discursive strategies in D. T. Niane's Sundiata: An Epic of Mali", Proverbium, 27: 339–362.
- Waliński, Grzegorz (1991), "The image of the ruler as presented in the tradition about Sunjata", in Piłaszewicz, S.; Rzewuski, E. (eds.), Unwritten Testimonies of the African Past. Proceedings of the International Symposium held in Ojrzanów n. Warsaw on 07-08 November 1989 (PDF), Orientalia Varsoviensia 2, Warsaw: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego, archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2012.
- Published translations of the epic include D. T. Niane's prose version, Sundiata: An Epic of Old Mali (Harlow: Longman, 2006, 1994, c.1965: diglotdramatized version Soundjata, Le Leon/Sunjata, The Lion (Denver: Outskirts Press and Paris: Les Editions l'Harmattan, 2010).
External links
- The True Lion King of Africa: The Epic History of Sundiata, King of Old Mali
- Background information on Sundiata Sections include Geography, Religion, Society & Politics