Sunifiram
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| Other names | DM-235 |
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Sunifiram (developmental code name DM-235) is an
antiamnesic effects in animal studies and with significantly higher potency than piracetam.[1] Sunifiram is a molecular simplification of unifiram (DM-232).[2] Another analogue is sapunifiram (MN-19).[3] As of 2016, sunifiram had not been subjected to toxicology testing, nor to any human clinical trials, and is not approved for use anywhere in the world.[1]
Pharmacology
The
serotonin, dopamine, adrenergic, histamine, acetylcholine, or opioid receptors at concentrations of up to 1 μM.[1][3] In addition, the drugs were tested on recombinant AMPA receptors and showed no potentiation of the receptors, indicating that they do not act as AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators.[1] However, they were able to prevent the amnesia induced by the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX in the passive avoidance test, suggesting that indirect/downstream AMPA receptor activation may be involved in their memory-enhancing effects.[3] It is reported that sunifiram stimulates CaMKII and PKCα pathways, and that this action depends on the activation of glycine site of NMDA receptors.[4][5]
Sunifiram, as well as other nootropics such as piracetam,
erythrocytes in vitro (Ki = 26.0 uM for sunifiram), and this action has been found to correlate with their potency in reversing scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice.[3] However, this action has been regarded as very unlikely to represent the main mechanism of action of sunifiram.[1]