Suriyani Malayalam
Suriyāni Malayalam | |
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Geographic distribution | Malayalam languages
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Suriyāni Malayalam alphabet | ||
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Script type | ||
Languages | Unicode range |
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Suriyani Malayalam (സുറിയാനി മലയാളം, ܣܘܪܝܢܝ ܡܠܝܠܡ), also known as Karshoni, Syro-Malabarica or Syriac Malayalam, is a dialect of Malayalam written in a variant form of the Syriac alphabet which was popular among the Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Syrian Christians or Nasranis) of Kerala in India.[1][2][3][4] It uses Malayalam grammar, the Maḏnḥāyā or "Eastern" Syriac script with special orthographic features, and vocabulary from Malayalam and East Syriac. This originated in the South Indian region of the Malabar Coast (modern-day Kerala). Until the 19th century, the script was widely used by Syrian Christians in Kerala.
Writing system
There were numerous problems in writing Malayalam using the
ܕ | ܓ | ܒ | ܐ |
ദ് | ഗ് | ബ്, വ് | അ |
---|---|---|---|
ܚ | ܙ | ܘ | ܗ |
ഹ് | സ് | വ് | ഹ് |
ܠ | ܟ | ܝ | ܛ |
ല് | ക്, ക്ക് | യ് | ത് |
ܥ | ܣ | ܢ | ܡ |
അ | സ് | ന് | മ് |
ܪ | ܩ | ܨ | ܦ |
റ് | ഖ് | സ് | പ്, വ് |
ܬ | ܫ | ||
ത്, സ് | ശ് |
Augmented letters from Malayalam script
ട് | ഞ് | ജ് | ങ് |
---|---|---|---|
ര് | ഭ് | ഩ* | ണ് |
ഷ് | ഴ് | ള് |
* Malayalam alveolar nasal encoded as U+0D29 for scholarly purposes.
Vowels
ܘ݁ | ܹ | ܸ | ܘ݂ | ܝ݂ | ܵ | ܲ |
ഒ, ഓ | ഏ | എ | ഉ, ഊ | ഇ, ഈ | ആ | അ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ܟܘ݁ | ܟܹ | ܟܸ | ܟܘ݂ | ܟܝ݂ | ܟܵ | ܟܲ |
കൊ, കോ | കേ | കെ | കു, കൂ | കി, കീ | കാ | ക |
Unicode
The Syriac alphabet was added to the Unicode Standard in September, 1999 with the release of version 3.0. Additional letters for Suriyani Malayalam were added in June, 2017 with the release of version 10.0.
Blocks
The Unicode block for Syriac is U+0700–U+074F:
Syriac[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+070x | ܀ | ܁ | ܂ | ܃ | ܄ | ܅ | ܆ | ܇ | ܈ | ܉ | ܊ | ܋ | ܌ | ܍ | SAM | |
U+071x | ܐ | ܑ | ܒ | ܓ | ܔ | ܕ | ܖ | ܗ | ܘ | ܙ | ܚ | ܛ | ܜ | ܝ | ܞ | ܟ |
U+072x | ܠ | ܡ | ܢ | ܣ | ܤ | ܥ | ܦ | ܧ | ܨ | ܩ | ܪ | ܫ | ܬ | ܭ | ܮ | ܯ |
U+073x | ܰ | ܱ | ܲ | ܳ | ܴ | ܵ | ܶ | ܷ | ܸ | ܹ | ܺ | ܻ | ܼ | ܽ | ܾ | ܿ |
U+074x | ݀ | ݁ | ݂ | ݃ | ݄ | ݅ | ݆ | ݇ | ݈ | ݉ | ݊ | ݍ | ݎ | ݏ | ||
Notes |
The Syriac Abbreviation (a type of overline) can be represented with a special control character called the Syriac Abbreviation Mark (U+070F).
The Unicode block for Suriyani Malayalam specific letters is called the Syriac Supplement block and is U+0860–U+086F:
Syriac Supplement[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+086x | ࡠ | ࡡ | ࡢ | ࡣ | ࡤ | ࡥ | ࡦ | ࡧ | ࡨ | ࡩ | ࡪ | |||||
Notes |
Loanwords
Over the centuries, Malayalam borrowed Eastern Syriac words. A few of them are given below:
Original Syriac | Suriyani Malayalam | Meaning |
---|---|---|
Immā[1][6] | Umma or Amma | Mother |
Avā | Appan, Aavan or Bava | Father |
Ar’ā | Aram | Earth, foundation |
‘almāyā | Almayar, Almayan | Laity |
Nāṣrāyā | Nasrani | Follower of Nazareth Christ |
Kna'nāyā | Knānāya | Canaanite |
Piṣḥā[4] | Pesaha | Passover |
Petturta | Pethurtha | First Sunday of Great Lent |
Mala’ḵā[3] | Malakha | Angel |
Maḏbḥā | Madbaha | Altar |
Metran | Metran | Metropolitan |
Malpānā | Malpan | Teacher (ecclesiastical) |
Quddāšā[3] | Kudasha | Sacrament |
Qaddīšā | Qandisha, Qandishan | The Holy one |
Rabban | Ramban, Rambachan | Monk |
Mšammšānā/Šammāšā | Shammashan, Shammachan | Deacon |
Ma’mōḏīṯā[3][4] | Mamodisa | Baptism |
Sāhḏā | Shahada | Martyr |
Ṣlīvā | Sliva, Siluva, Sleeba | Cross |
Īšō'[3] | Isho | Jesus |
Qurbānā[3]
|
Qurbana | Sacrifice/Peace Offering |
Mšīḥā[3][4] | Mishiha | Anointed, Christ |
Duḵrānā | Dukrana | Remembrance |
Qaššīšā | Kathanar/Kasnar | Syrian priest |
Mār | Mar | Lord, Saint |
Rūḥā | Ruha | Holy Spirit |
Yaldā | Eldho, Yeldho | Nativity |
Šlīḥā | Shliha | Apostle |
Literature
Vedatharkam written by
See also
References
- ^ a b "City Youth Learn Dying Language, Preserve It". The New Indian Express. May 9, 2016. Archived from the original on May 9, 2016. Retrieved May 9, 2016.
- ^ a b c "The Effect of Coronavirus on the Casino Industry | Nasrani Foundation". Retrieved 2022-07-16.
- ^ a b c d e f g "The Hindu : Kerala / Kochi News : A sacred language is vanishing from State". 2008-08-16. Archived from the original on 16 August 2008. Retrieved 2022-07-16.
- ^ a b c d Radhakrishnan, M. G. (August 4, 1997). "Tiny village in Kerala one of the last bastions of Syriac in the world". India Today. Retrieved 2022-07-16.
- ^ "Proposal to Encode Syriac Letters for Garshuni Malayalam" (PDF).
- ^ Mar Thomma Margam by Fr. Varghese Pathikulangara
- ^ Perczel (2014), 266-8.
- ^ Perczel (2014).
Further reading
- Koonammakkal, Thomas (2002). "An Introduction to Malayalam Karshon". The Harp. XV.
- .
- S2CID 212688844.
- Koonammakkal, Thomas (2016). "Karshon: Malayalam in Syriac characters". The Harp. XXX.