Surrender and regrant

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Main article:
Ireland (1536–1691)

During the

Brehon law system. This strategy was the primary non-violent method for Crown officials in the Dublin Castle administration
to subjugate Irish clan leaders during the conquest. It was an unanticipated consequence to be required to pay fealty in currency instead of trade labor or commodities. The process of "surrender and regrant" thus created new, unfamiliar debt structures among the Irish, and these debts had social and political consequences.

Policy

The policy of surrender and regrant was led by

Irish clans remained autonomous and outside the control of his administration in Dublin
.

Anglican Church
.

In return they would be protected from attack and could organise local courts and enter the Parliament of Ireland.

The initiative of "surrender and regrant" was launched in the 1540s under the new English Governor of Ireland, Anthony St. Leger. Essentially St. Leger's idea was to transform and assimilate the more autonomous leaders of Gaelic Ireland into something akin to the political and constitutional system of England, where everyone was theoretically equal at law under the monarch.

First steps

It had begun successfully in the late 1530s, according to the Rev. James MacCaffrey, writing in 1914:

"Three years later (1537)
Ossory promised faithfully to abolish the usurped jurisdiction of the Pope, to have the English language spoken in his territories, and to send his son to be brought up with a knowledge of the English language and customs. In return for this he received a royal grant of his land and possessions, was created Baron of Colthill and Castleton, and was promised a seat in the House of Lords, a favour which he obtained in 1543, when he was appointed a peer with the title of Baron of Upper Ossory. Brian O'Conor Faly of Offaly and his rival Cahir, Baron of Ballyane made their submission in March 1538. They renounced the jurisdiction of the Pope, agreed to hold their lands from the king, and to abandon all claims to tribute or black rent from their neighbours of the Pale. Brian O'Connor was created Baron of Offaly. He was followed in his submission by the Earl of Desmond (1541), MacWilliam Burke, O'Brien of Thomond, Manus O'Donnell (August 1541) and finally by Con O'Neill (1542). All these, together with a host of minor chieftains and dependents, renounced the authority of the Pope, accepted re-grants of their lands from the king, begged for English titles, and did not think it beneath their dignity to accept gifts of money and robes. Con O'Neill became Earl of Tyrone, his son Matthew Baron of Dungannon, O'Brien Earl of Thomond, his nephew Donogh Baron of Ibricken, MacWilliam Burke Earl of Clanrickard, while knighthoods were distributed freely among the lesser nobles."[1]

Clan chiefs who took part

In the late 1530s and early 1540s, a number of leading Gaelic families saw the political value of accepting this new Tudor policy. In 1541,

Roman Catholic after the death of Queen Mary in 1558, which, after the final split between England and Rome
in 1570, meant that their new legal status was still rather tangential in the eyes of conformist officials.

In 1543 the O'Briens of Thomond were created

Clanricarde Burke
took the title of earl in 1543.

The O'Shaughnessys of Gort and the O'Driscolls of Corcu Loígde also became knights.

Ruairí Caoch Ó Mórdha (Rory O'More; the father of Rory O'More) of Laois surrendered and was regranted in 1542–43 but died in 1545. His clan was out of favour by 1550; in 1556 Laois was shired as the "Queen's County".[4]

Other clans such as the MacMahons of County Monaghan did not take part in the new system.

Gráinne O'Malley, remained outside the system until 1593; he was knighted in 1604 and was created the first Viscount Mayo in 1627.[5] Gráinne herself accepted the system in 1576, in respect of her own lands, though she managed her lands with a high degree of autonomy over the next two decades.[6]
Donnel O'Donovan, chief of the largest sept of the
O'Donovans of County Cork offered a surrender of their sept lands in 1592 (with similar offers by Conoghor O’Kallaghane, Conoghor O’Mahoney and Teig M’Owen Carty), to personally receive back the sept lands by patent. The surrender to Queen Elizabeth was not effected until 1608, to James I; Donnel O'Donovan received the sept lands as his personal estate in 1615, but did not receive an English title.[7]
The overlord in the
Maguire clan of Fermanagh was created Baron Maguire in 1628.[9] In 1631 Sir Terence Dempsey was created Viscount Clanmalier.[10]

Randal MacDonnell was knighted in 1602, was granted estates in 1603 and was created Earl of Antrim in 1620.

Effect on Irish heraldry

Because of the number of new lords in the

coats of arms were granted in or after 1552, and are supervised now by the Chief Herald of Ireland
.

Conflict with Gaelic law

The Gaelic

Gaelic law clashed with surrender and regrant, as male relations as distantly related as great-grandsons of a former chief or king were eligible to vote and to be elected to succeed as chief. Often, that meant that several dozen men were eligible to be elected clan chief. This inevitably led to problems since under the new policy, it was possible for those individuals to become tenants of their chiefly cousin who had adopted surrender and regrant. Often the latter had an elected tánaiste, or deputy chief, who was pushed aside as the next chief by the son of the chief under the system of primogeniture. That caused internal feuding, which was often exploited by English officials based in Dublin
, seeking to limit a clan's power or to take some or all of its lands.

That was a major cause of the ultimate failure in many cases of the policy of surrender and regrant. The tensions within clans and the new religious division between Catholics and Protestants from 1570, intrusions by grasping royal officials and the lack of royal protection from continuing raids by other clans that had not accepted the new system all made the policy frequently unworkable. Given the wars of 1595–1603, 1641–53 and 1689–91, few of the surviving clans emerged with their lands intact by 1700. In other cases, such as the Inchiquin dynasty, it clearly worked. It was an inclusive and imaginative attempt to stabilise the new Kingdom of Ireland and a tool for the English to destabilize and supplant Gaelic society, culture and customs with an English one, further weakening native Irish power.

See also

References

  1. ^ MacCaffrey, James (1914). "8". HISTORY OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH From the Renaissance to the French Revolution. Vol. 2.
  2. JSTOR 20478623
    .
  3. ^ "The History and Topography of the County of Clare by James Frost: Chapter 8 - Ui Donghaile. Family of O'Grady; Deed of Assignment made by O'Grady to the Earl of Thomond". www.clarelibrary.ie.
  4. ^ Indenture dated 13 May, 34 Henry VIII (1543): terms of the O'More surrender and regrant, citing the Carew Manuscripts 1515–74
  5. ISBN 978-1-901658-65-1
  6. ^ Chambers, Anne: Ireland's Pirate Queen: The True Story of Grace O'Malley, p 138. New York: MJF, 2003.
  7. ^ CALENDAR OP THE STATE PAPERS, RELATING TO I R E L A N D, OF THE REIGNS OF ELIZABETH, 1592, October 1596, June. PRESERVED IN THE PUBLIC RECORD OFFICE. EDITED BY HANS CLAUDE HAMILTON, ESQ., P.S.A., LONDON:PRINTED FOR HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY EYRE AND SPOTTISWOODE, PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY, item 68, 1592.
  8. ^ "MacCarthy Mor (No.1) family genealogy - Irish Pedigrees". www.libraryireland.com.
  9. ^ Debrett's Peerage, 22nd edition, 1839, p.768
  10. ^ "Dempsey (No.2) family genealogy - Irish Pedigrees". www.libraryireland.com.
  11. ^ "History of the Office of the Chief Herald". www.nli.ie.
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