Survivalism
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Survivalism is a
Survivalism emphasises self-reliance, stockpiling supplies, and gaining survival knowledge and skills. The stockpiling of supplies is itself a wide spectrum, from survival kits (ready bags, bug-out bags) to entire bunkers in extreme cases.
Survivalists often acquire
Use of the term survivalist dates from the early 1980s.[3]
History
1930s to 1950s
The origins of the modern survivalist movement in the United Kingdom and the United States include government policies, threats of nuclear warfare, religious beliefs, and writers who warned of social or economic collapse in both non-fiction and apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction.[citation needed]
The Cold War era civil defense programs promoted public atomic bomb shelters, personal fallout shelters, and training for children, such as the Duck and Cover films. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) has long directed its members to store a year's worth of food for themselves and their families in preparation for such possibilities,[4] and the current teaching advises beginning with at least a three-month supply.[4]
The Great Depression that followed the Wall Street Crash of 1929 is cited by survivalists as an example of the need to be prepared.[5][6]
1960s
The increased inflation rate in the 1960s, the US monetary
Articles on the subject appeared in small-distribution libertarian publications such as The Innovator and Atlantis Quarterly. It was during this period that Robert D. Kephart began publishing Inflation Survival Letter[7] (later renamed Personal Finance). For several years the newsletter included a continuing section on personal preparedness written by Stephens. It promoted expensive seminars around the US on similar cautionary topics. Stephens participated, along with James McKeever and other defensive investing, "hard money" advocates.
1970s
In the next decade
Firearms instructor and survivalist Colonel Jeff Cooper wrote on hardening retreats against
Bruce D. Clayton and Joel Skousen have both written extensively on integrating fallout shelters into retreat homes, but they put less emphasis on ballistic protection and exterior perimeter security than Cooper and Rawles.
Other newsletters and books followed in the wake of Ruff's first publication. In 1975,
In the previous decade, preparedness consultant, survival bookseller, and California-based author Don Stephens popularized the term retreater to describe those in the movement, referring to preparations to leave cities for remote havens or survival retreats should society break down. In 1976, before moving to the
For a time in the 1970s, the terms survivalist and retreater were used interchangeably. While the term retreater eventually fell into disuse, many who subscribed to it saw retreating as the more rational approach to conflict-avoidance and remote "invisibility". Survivalism, on the other hand, tended to take on a more media-sensationalized, combative, "shoot-it-out-with-the-looters" image.[9]
One newsletter deemed by some to be one of the most important on survivalism and survivalist retreats in the 1970s was the Personal Survival ("P.S.") Letter (circa 1977–1982). Published by
In 1980, John Pugsley published the book The Alpha Strategy. It was on The New York Times Best Seller list for nine weeks in 1981.[11][12] After 28 years in circulation, The Alpha Strategy remains popular with survivalists, and is considered a standard reference on stocking food and household supplies as a hedge against inflation and future shortages.[13][14]
In addition to hardcopy newsletters, in the 1970s survivalists established their first online presence with BBS[15][16] and Usenet forums dedicated to survivalism and survival retreats.
1980s
Further interest in the survivalist movement peaked in the early 1980s, with Howard Ruff's book How to Prosper During the Coming Bad Years and the publication in 1980 of Life After Doomsday by Bruce D. Clayton. Clayton's book, coinciding with a renewed arms race between the United States and Soviet Union, marked a shift in emphasis in preparations made by survivalists away from economic collapse, famine, and energy shortages—which were concerns in the 1970s—to nuclear war. In the early 1980s, science fiction writer Jerry Pournelle was an editor and columnist for Survive, a survivalist magazine, and was influential in the survivalist movement.[17] Ragnar Benson's 1982 book Live Off The Land In The City And Country suggested rural survival retreats as both a preparedness measure and conscious lifestyle change.
1990s
Interest in the movement picked up during the
2000s
Another wave of survivalism began after the
Many books were published in the wake of the
In both his book Rawles on Retreats and Relocation and in his survivalist novel,
Economic troubles emerging from the credit collapse triggered by the 2007 US subprime mortgage lending crisis and global grain shortages[22][23][24][20] prompted a wider cross-section of the populace to prepare.[24][25]
The advent of
These developments led Gerald Celente, founder of the Trends Research Institute, to identify a trend that he calls "neo-survivalism". He explained this phenomenon in a radio interview with Jim Puplava on December 18, 2009:[27]
When you go back to the last depressing days when we were in a survival mode, the last one the Y2K of course, before the 1970s, what had happened was you only saw this one element of survivalist, you know, the caricature, the guy with the AK-47 heading to the hills with enough ammunition and pork and beans to ride out the storm. This is a very different one from that: you're seeing average people taking smart moves and moving in intelligent directions to prepare for the worst. (...) So survivalism in every way possible. Growing your own, self-sustaining, doing as much as you can to make it as best as you can on your own and it can happen in urban area, sub-urban area or the ex-urbans. And it also means becoming more and more tightly committed to your neighbors, your neighborhood, working together and understanding that we're all in this together and that when we help each other out that's going to be the best way forward.
This last aspect is highlighted in The Trends Research Journal: "Communal spirit intelligently deployed is the core value of Neo-Survivalism".[28]
2010s
Television shows such as the
After the 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting, the "prepper" community worried they would face public scrutiny after it was revealed the perpetrator's mother was a survivalist.[30] Earlier that year, a double homicide was committed by survivalist Peter Keller, who admitted to killing his wife and daughter in a video diary. He killed himself while evading capture in a bunker he built in Rattlesnake Ridge in King County, Washington.[31][32] Both were cited by The Christian Science Monitor as examples of survivalism being tied to violence.[32]
2020s
During the ongoing
Outline of scenarios and outlooks
Survivalism is approached by its adherents in different ways, depending on their circumstances, mindsets, and particular concerns for the future.[39] The following are characterizations, although most (if not all) survivalists fit into more than one category:
- Safety-preparedness-oriented
While some survivalists believe in long-term viability of Western civilization, they learn principles and techniques needed for surviving life-threatening situations that can occur at any time and place. They prepare for such calamities that could result in physical harm or requiring immediate attention or defense from threats. These disasters could be biotic or abiotic. Survivalists combat disasters by attempting to prevent and mitigate damage caused by these factors.[40][41]
- Wilderness survival emphasis
This group stresses being able to stay alive for indefinite periods in life-threatening wilderness scenarios, including plane crashes, shipwrecks, and being lost in the woods. Concerns are: thirst, hunger, climate, terrain, health, stress, and fear.[40] The rule of 3 is often emphasized as common practice for wilderness survival. The rule states that a human can survive: 3 minutes without air, 3 hours without shelter, 3 days without water, 3 weeks without food.[42]
- Self-defense-driven
This group focuses on surviving brief encounters of violent activity, including personal protection and its legal ramifications, danger awareness, John Boyd's cycle (also known as the OODA loop—observe, orient, decide and act), Combatives, martial arts, unarmed combat, Melee weapons, self-defense tactics and tools (both lethal and non-lethal). These survivalist tactics are often firearm-oriented, in order to ensure a method of defense against attackers or home invasion.
- Natural disaster, brief
This group consists of people who live in tornado, hurricane, flood, wildfire, earthquake or heavy snowfall-prone areas and want to be prepared for possible emergencies.[43] They invest in material for fortifying structures and tools for rebuilding and constructing temporary shelters. While assuming the long-term continuity of society, some may have invested in a custom-built shelter, food, water, medicine, and enough supplies to get by until contact with the rest of the world resumes following a natural emergency.[40]
- Natural disaster, prolonged
This group is concerned with weather cycles of 2–10 years, which have happened historically and can cause crop failures.[23] They might stock several tons of food per family member and have a heavy-duty greenhouse with canned non-hybrid seeds.[44]
- Natural disaster, indefinite/multi-generational
This group considers an end to society as it exists today under possible scenarios including
- Bio-chem scenario
This group is concerned with the spread of fatal diseases, biological agents, and nerve gases, including
- Monetary disaster investors
Monetary disaster investors believe the Federal Reserve system is fundamentally flawed. Newsletters suggest hard assets of gold and silver bullion, coins, and other precious-metal-oriented investments such as mining shares. Survivalists prepare for paper money to become worthless through hyperinflation. As of late 2009 this is a popular scenario.[46][47][48] Many will stockpile bullion in preparation for a market crash that would destroy the value of global currencies.
- Biblical eschatologist
These individuals study
- Peak-oil doomers
This group believes that peak oil is a near term threat to Western civilization,[49] and take appropriate measures,[50] usually involving relocation to an agriculturally self-sufficient survival retreat.[51]
- Rawlesian
Followers of James Wesley Rawles[52] often prepare for multiple scenarios with fortified and well-equipped rural survival retreats.[53] This group anticipates a near-term crisis and seek to be well-armed and ready to dispense charity in the event of a disaster.[50] Most take a "deep larder" approach and store food to last years, and a central tenet is geographic seclusion in the northern US intermountain region.[54] They emphasize practical self-sufficiency and homesteading skills.[54]
- Legal-continuity-oriented
This group has a primary concern with maintaining some form of legal system and social cohesion after a breakdown in the technical infrastructure of society. They are interested in works like The Postman by David Brin,[55] Lewis Dartnell's The Knowledge: How to Rebuild Our World from Scratch,[56] or Marcus B. Hatfield's The American Common Law: The Customary Law of the American Nation.[57]
Common preparations
Common preparations include the creation of a clandestine or defensible retreat, haven, or
A bag of gear, often referred to as a "
Changing concerns and preparations
Survivalists' concerns and preparations have changed over the years. During the 1970s, fears were economic collapse, hyperinflation, and famine. Preparations included food storage and survival retreats in the country which could be farmed. Some survivalists stockpiled precious metals and barterable goods (such as common-caliber ammunition) because they assumed that paper currency would become worthless. During the early 1980s, nuclear war became a common fear, and some survivalists constructed fallout shelters.
In 1999, many people purchased electric generators, water purifiers, and several months' or years' worth of food in anticipation of widespread power outages because of the Y2K computer-bug. Between 2013 and 2019, many people purchased those same items in anticipation of widespread chaos following the 2016 election and the events leading up to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Instead of moving or making such preparations at home, many people also make plans to remain in their current locations until an actual breakdown occurs, when they will—in survivalist parlance—"bug out" or "get out of Dodge" to a safer location.
Religious beliefs
Other survivalists have more specialized concerns, often related to an adherence to apocalyptic religious beliefs.
Some
Similarly, some Catholics are preppers, based on
Mainstream emergency preparations
People who are not part of survivalist groups or apolitically oriented religious groups also make preparations for emergencies. This can include (depending on the location) preparing for earthquakes,
Mainstream economist and financial adviser
For
Survivalist terminology
Survivalists maintain their group identity and subculture by using specialized terminology/slang etc not generally understood outside their circles. They often use government/military/paramilitary acronyms such as
- 7 S's: Shape, Skyline, Silhouette, Speed, Shine, Sound, Shade
- 10 essentials:
- Ad hoc: A usually improvised/temporary stand-in.
- Alert state: Level of danger/threat etc.
- Alpha strategy: The practice of storing extra consumable items, as a hedge against inflation, and for use in barter and charity. Coined by John Pugsley.[63][64]
- Ballistic wampum: Ammunition stored for barter purposes. Coined by Jeff Cooper.[63][65]
- Blockhouse: A type of fortified house/shelter.
- BOB: Bug-out bag. A pack containing everything needed to leave your home and get to a safe location until able to return safely to your home or residence. Whether heading to a BOL, Retreat, MAG, MAC or Redoubt.[63][66]
- BOL: Bug-out location/bunker/
- BOV:
- CBRN: Chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear.
- Code name/Handle: For CB radio/Walkie talkie usage. Used with simplex communications.
- Critical infrastructure:
- Dead drop: A dead drop or dead letter box is a method of espionage tradecraft used to pass items or information between two individuals using a secret location. By avoiding direct meetings, individuals can maintain operational security. This method stands in contrast to the live drop, so-called because two persons meet to exchange items or information.
- Escape and evasion/SERE: Survival, Evasion, Resistance and Escape.
- EDC: Everyday carry. What one carries at all times in case disaster strikes while one is out and about. Also refers to the normal carrying of a pistol for self-defense, or (as a noun) the pistol which is carried.
- EOTW: End of the world[70]
- EROL: Excessive rule of law. Describes a situation where a government becomes oppressive and uses its powers and laws to control citizens. Sometimes this is used interchangeably with Martial Law[71]
- Ersatz: A "better than nothing" substitute.
- Fieldcraft
- Front organization: An entity set up by and controlled by another organization.
- Ganbaru: To slog on tenaciously through hard times
- Goblin: A criminal miscreant, coined (in the survivalist context) by Jeff Cooper.[63][72]
- Golden/Zombie horde: The anticipated large mixed horde of refugees and looters that will pour out of the metropolitan regions when SHTF. Coined (in the survivalist context) by James Wesley, Rawles.[63][73]
- G.O.O.D.: Get out of Dodge (city). Fleeing urban areas in the event of a disaster. Coined by James Wesley Rawles.[63][74]
- G.O.O.D. kit: Get out of Dodge kit. Synonymous with bug-out bag (BOB). Sometimes referred to as Go Bag. [63][75]
- Grey man/woman: A person who blends in with the crowd/surroundings etc and less likely to draw attention to him/herself.[76]
- Hidesite: A hidden shelter for concealment used for surveillance etc.[citation needed]
- INCH pack: I'm Never Coming Home pack (a sub-type of Bug Out Bag, often used by experts in the preparedness field). A pack containing everything needed to walk out into the woods and never return to society. It is an often heavy pack loaded with the gear needed to accomplish any wilderness task, from building shelter to gaining food, designed to allow someone to survive indefinitely in the woods. This requires skills and proper selection of equipment, as one can only carry so much. For example, instead of carrying food, one carries seeds, steel traps, a longbow, reel spinners and other fishing gear. Often INCH bag gear is designed to be more sustainable and durable, and include tools to fix gear. Common examples of this include files and Arkansas stones, or whetstones to sharpen knives, machetes, axes, and other blades. This is due to the idea that when using an INCH bag, materials and resupply will be rare, if not nonexistent, and as such tools need to be durable and self sustainable.
- MYOG: Make Your Own Gear. An advanced specialist form of Improvising/Manufacturing clothing/kit/equipment etc from scratch or modify existing examples. MYOG kit/equipment etc differs from improvising from surrounding leftovers found on spot during a survival operation.
- Operator: An individual tasked with a survival mission operation.
- Outpost: A shelter, often used as an observation post/checkpoint on behalf of a larger area used as a substitute in a sparse outback area.
- PAW: Post-Apocalyptic World[77]
- Pollyanna or Polly: Someone who is in denial about the disruption that might be caused by the advent of a large-scale disaster.[63][78]
- Prepper:[1] A term often used as a synonym for survivalist that came into common usage during the early 2000s. Refers to one who is prepared or making preparations, such as by stockpiling food and ammunition. Can be contrasted slightly with survivalist, which emphasizes outdoor survival skills and self-sufficiency.
- Recce/Recon: Information gathering and surveillance on behalf of a survivalist group operation.
- RV point: A rendezvous/meet up point.
- Situation room: A room containing CB radios, maps/charts etc for survival planning etc.
- Sheep: A person who trusts the government, institutions, or popular culture blindly. A similar term to Pollyanna.
- SHTF: Shit hit/hits/hitting the fan[73]
- Splinter group: a smaller division, cell, group etc that (for various reasons) has split off from a larger organization or movement.
- Staging area: A room/area used for rigging up equipment etc for a survival operation.
- Strategic reserve: A reserve of supplies/items/resources etc that is held back from normal use by governments, organisations, or businesses in pursuance of a particular strategy or to cope with unexpected events.
- Tradecraft: Refers to the techniques, methods, and technologies used in modern espionage (spying) and generally as part of the activity of intelligence assessment.
- TEOTWAWKI: The end of the world as we know it. The expression is in use since at least the early 1960s (tagline to television film Threads (1984)).[63][79][80] However, others claim the acronym may have been coined in 1987 by REM in their song "It's The End Of The World As We Know It" or 1996, in the Usenet newsgroup misc.survivalism.[81][82]
- Uncivilization: A generic term for a great catastrophe.[83]
- WROL: Without rule of law. Describes a potential lawless state of society.[84]
- YOYO: You're on your own. Coined (in the survivalist context) by David Weed.[63][85]
- Zombie: Unprepared, incidental survivors of a prepped-for disaster, "who feed on the preparations of others”[86]
- Zombie apocalypse: Used by some preppers as a tongue-in-cheek metaphor[86][2] for any natural or man-made disaster[87] and "a clever way of drawing people's attention to disaster preparedness".[86] The premise of the Zombie Squad is that "if you are prepared for a scenario where the walking corpses of your family and neighbors are trying to eat you alive, you will be prepared for almost anything."[88] Though "there are some... who are seriously preparing for a zombie attack".[89]
Media portrayal
Despite a lull following the end of the Cold War, survivalism has gained greater attention in recent years, resulting in increased popularity of the survivalist lifestyle, and increased scrutiny.
Gerald Celente, founder of the Trends Research Institute, noted how many modern survivalists deviate from the classic archetype, terming this new style "neo-survivalism"; "you know, the caricature, the guy with the AK-47 heading to the hills with enough ammunition and pork and beans to ride out the storm. This [neo-survivalist] is a very different one from that".[28]
Nick Rushing, author of How to Survive on a Deserted Island Better than your Friends made guest appearances on Doomsday Preppers as the foremost expert on island survival. He taught episode 48 guest "Melia" that running a sub-six minute mile is essential to apple foraging.[citation needed]
Perceived extremism
In popular culture, survivalism has been associated with
is one proponent of this approach to armed survivalism.The potential for social collapse is often cited as motivation for being well-armed.[94] Thus, some non-militaristic survivalists have developed an unintended quasi-militaristic image.
The U.S.
The Missouri Information Analysis Center (MIAC) issued on February 20, 2009, a report intended for law enforcement personnel only entitled "The Modern Militia Movement," which described common symbols and media, including political bumper stickers, associated with militia members and domestic terrorists. The report appeared March 13, 2009 on WikiLeaks and a controversy ensued. It was claimed that the report was derived purely from publicly available trend data on militias.[98] However, because the report included political profiling, on March 23, 2009, an apology letter was issued, explaining that the report would be edited to remove the inclusion of certain components.[99]
Worldwide groups and organizations
Individual survivalist preparedness and survivalist groups and forums—both formal and informal—are popular worldwide, most visibly in Australia,[100][101] Austria (ÖWSGV),[102] Belgium, Canada,[103] Spain,[104] France,[105][106] Germany[107] (often organized under the guise of "adventuresport" clubs),[108] Italy,[109] the Netherlands,[110] Sweden,[111][112][113] Switzerland,[114] the United Kingdom,[115] South Africa[116] and the United States.[24]
Adherents of the
In popular culture
Survivalism and survivalist themes have been fictionalized in print, film, and electronic media.
The 1983 film The Survivors starring Walter Matthau, Robin Williams and Jerry Reed, used survivalism as part of its plot. Michael Gross and Reba McEntire played a survivalist married couple in the 1990 film Tremors and its sequels. Both of these films were comedies. The 1988 film Distant Thunder, starring John Lithgow, concerned Vietnam War veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder who, similarly to some survivalists, withdrew to the wilderness.
Several television shows such as are based on the concept of survivalism.
See also
- Concepts
- Alternative food
- Alternative lifestyle
- American Redoubt
- CD3WD library
- Ersatz good
- Intentional community
- Living off the land
- New Tribalism
- Off-the-grid
- Resilience (organizational)
- Risks to civilization, humans, and planet Earth
- Survival skills
- Shanty town
- Tent city
- Urban farms
- Urban resilience
- Communication & navigation
- Tools, technologies and equipment etc
- Air-raid shelter
- Bug-out bag
- Wilderness first aid
- Gasifier
- HHO generator
- Microturbine
- Night-vision device
- Pulsejet
- Standby generator
- Thermal imager
- Vehicles, aircraft, watercraft, transport etc
- Bug-out vehicle
- Rogallo wing
- Homebuilt aircraft
- Jetboat
- Personal water craft
- Pontoon boat
- River barge
- Rhino ferry
- Rigid buoyant boat
- Inflatable dinghy
- Homebuilt gyrocopter
- Norry
- Authors & publishers
- Jerry Ahern
- Bruce Clayton
- Claire Wolfe
- Clint Emerson
- Hans von Dach
- William R. Forstchen
- Pat Frank
- Dean Ing
- Primitive technology
- Cody Lundin
- Ion Idriess
- Jerry Pournelle
- James Wesley Rawles
- Joel Skousen
- Joost Meerloo
- Les Hiddins
- Natori Masatake
- Paladin Press
- Rex Applegate
- Robert K. Brown
- Robert Rogers
- William E. Fairbairn
- S. M. Stirling
- Mel Tappan
- Lofty Wiseman
- Media
- Manuals etc
- Organizations
- Civiele Bescherming
- B-FAST
- Civil defense
- Clandestine cell system
- Operation Gladio
- Projekt-26
- SDRA8 and STC/Mob
- State Emergency Service
- Stay-behind
- The American Civil Defense Association
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External links
- Fallout Protection (1961). Read at the Space and Electronic Warfare Lexicon.
- Nuclear War Survival Skills by Cresson Kearny (1979, updated 1987 version). Read at the Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine.
- The Alpha Strategy by John Pugsley (1980). Download.
- archive of articles, that circulated online during the BBS era, includes several Kurt Saxon articles from his old newsletter. Textfiles.com.