Surya
Surya | |
---|---|
God of the Sun[1] Ruler of the Planets | |
Member of Navagraha | |
Other names | Aditya, Surājā, Bhaskara, Bhanu, Divakara, Suryanarayana, Ravi, Kathiravan, Prabhakara, Vivasvan, Savitr |
Affiliation | Deva, Adityas, Navagraha |
Abode | Suryaloka |
Planet | Sun |
Mantra |
|
Weapon | , and
Sehul |
Egyptian equivalent | Ra[5] |
Part of a series on |
Hinduism |
---|
Surya (
The iconography of Surya is often depicted riding a chariot harnessed by horses, often seven in number[2] which represent the seven colours of visible light, and the seven days of the week.[9][12] During the medieval period, Surya was worshipped in tandem with Brahma during the day, Shiva at noon, and Vishnu in the evening.[9][13] In some ancient texts and art, Surya is presented syncretically with Indra, Ganesha, and others.[9][12] Surya as a deity is also found in the arts and literature of Buddhism and Jainism. In the Mahabharata and Ramayana, Surya is represented as the spiritual father of Rama and Karna (protagonists of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, respectively). Surya was a primary deity in veneration by the characters of the Mahabharata and Ramayana, along with Shiva.[14][15]
Surya is depicted with a Chakra, also interpreted as
He is particularly venerated in the Saura and Smarta traditions found in Indian states such as Rajasthan, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Odisha.
Having survived as a primary deity in Hinduism longer than any most of the original Vedic deities, the worship of Surya declined greatly around the 13th century, perhaps as a result of the Muslim destruction of Sun temples in North India. New Sun temples virtually ceased to be built, and some were later repurposed to a different deity. A number of important Surya temples remain, but most are no longer in worship. In certain aspects, Surya has tended to be merged with the prominent deities of Vishnu or Shiva, or seen as subsidiary to them.[20]
Texts and history
Vedic
The Sun and the Earth
The Sun causes day and night on the earth,
because of revolution,
when there is night here, it is day on the other side,
the sun does not really rise or sink.
—Aitareya Brahmana III.44 (Rigveda)[21][22]
The oldest surviving Vedic hymns, such as the hymn 1.115 of the Rigveda, mention Sūrya with particular reverence for the "rising sun" and its symbolism as dispeller of darkness, one who empowers knowledge, the good and all life.[23][24] However, the usage is context specific. In some hymns, the word Surya simply means Sun as an inanimate object, a stone or a gem in the sky (Rigvedic hymns 5.47, 6.51 and 7.63); while in others it refers to a personified deity.[25][24] Surya is prominently associated with the dawn goddess Ushas and sometimes, he is mentioned as her son or her husband.[26]
Surya's origin differs heavily in the Rigveda, with him being stated to have been born, risen, or established by a number of deities, including the
The Vedas assert Sun (Surya) to be the creator of the material universe (
In the
Conflation with other solar deities
Surya in Indian literature is referred to by various names, which typically represent different aspects or phenomenological characteristics of the Sun. The figure of Surya as we know him today is an amalgamation of various different Rigvedic deities.[37] Thus, Savitr refers to one that rises and sets, Aditya means one with splendor, Mitra refers to Sun as "the great luminous friend of all mankind",[38] while Pushan refers to Sun as illuminator that helped the Devas win over Asuras who use darkness.[39] Arka, Mitra, Vivasvat, Aditya, Tapan, Ravi and Surya have different characteristics in early mythologies, but by the time of the epics they are synonymous.[39]
The term "Arka" is found more commonly in temple names of north India and in the eastern parts of India. The 11th century
Vivasvat, also known as Vivasvant,
Epics
As per the Ramayana's Yuddha Kanda, Rama was taught the Ādityahṛdayam stotra before his war against Ravana, the king of the rakshasas. The stotra was composed in Anushtup Chanda in praise of Surya, who is described as the embodiment of all gods and the origin of everything in the universe.
The Mahabharata epic opens its chapter on Surya that reverentially calls him as the "eye of the universe, soul of all existence, origin of all life, goal of the Samkhyas and Yogis, and symbolism for freedom and spiritual emancipation.[24]
In the
Iconography
Buddhism and Jainism
Earliest representations of Surya riding a chariot occur in the Buddhist railings of the
The iconography of Surya has varied over time. In some ancient arts, particularly from the early centuries of the common era, his iconography is similar to those found in Persia and Greece suggesting likely adoption of Greek, Iranian and Scythian influences.[48][24] After the Greek and Kushan influences arrived in ancient India, some Surya icons of the period that followed show him wearing a cloak and high boots.[49] [50] In some Buddhist artwork, his chariot is shown as being pulled by four horses.[14] The doors of Buddhist monasteries of Nepal show him, along with the Chandra (moon god), symbolically with Surya depicted as a red circle with rays.[51]
Hinduism
In Hindu context, the sun-god only appears at a later period, as in the Virūpākṣa temple in Paṭṭadakal (8th century CE).[45] The iconography of Surya in Hinduism varies with its texts. He is typically shown as a resplendent standing person holding a lotus flower in both hands, riding a chariot pulled by one or more horses typically seven.[52] The seven horses are named after the seven meters of Sanskrit prosody: Gayatri, Brihati, Ushnih, Jagati, Trishtubha, Anushtubha and Pankti.
The
Aniconic symbols of Surya include the Swastika and the ring-stone.
Astronomy
Surya as an important heavenly body appears in various Indian astronomical texts in Sanskrit, such as the 5th century Aryabhatiya by Aryabhata, the 6th century Romaka by Latadeva and Panca Siddhantika by Varahamihira, the 7th century Khandakhadyaka by Brahmagupta and the 8th century Sisyadhivrddida by Lalla.[58] These texts present Surya and various planets and estimate the characteristics of the respective planetary motion.[58] Other texts such as Surya Siddhanta dated to have been complete sometime between the 5th century and 10th century present their chapters on various planets with deity mythologies.[58]
The manuscripts of these texts exist in slightly different versions, present Surya- and planets-based calculation and its relative motion to earth. These vary in their data, suggesting that the text were open and revised over their lives.[59][58][60] For example, the 10th century BCE Hindu scholars had estimated the sidereal length of a year as follows, from their astronomical studies, with slightly different results:[61]
Hindu text | Estimated length of the sidereal year[61] |
Surya Siddhanta | 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 36.56 seconds |
Paulica Siddhanta | 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 36 seconds |
Paracara Siddhanta | 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 31.50 seconds |
Arya Siddhanta | 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 30.84 seconds |
Laghu Arya Siddhanta | 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 30 seconds |
Siddhanta Shiromani | 365 days, 6 hours, 12 minutes, 9 seconds |
The oldest of these is likely to be the Surya Siddhanta, while the most accurate is the Siddhanta Shiromani.[61]
Zodiac and astrology
Surya's synonym Ravi is the root of the word 'Ravivara' or Sunday in the Hindu calendar.[62] In both Indian and Greek-Roman nomenclature for days of the week, the Sunday is dedicated to the Sun.
Surya is a part of the Navagraha in Hindu zodiac system. The role and importance of the Navagraha developed over time with various influences. Deifying the sun and its astrological significance occurred as early as the Vedic period and was recorded in the Vedas. The earliest work of astrology recorded in India is the Vedanga Jyotisha which began to be compiled in the 14th century BCE. It was possibly based on works from the Indus Valley Civilization as well as various foreign influences.[63] Babylonian astrology was the first to develop astrology and the calendar, and was adopted by multiple civilizations including India.[64][65]
The Navagraha developed from early works of astrology over time. The Sun and various
Additionally the contributions by the Saka people would be the basis of the Indian national calendar, which is also called the Saka calendar.
The Hindu calendar is a Lunisolar calendar which records both lunar and solar cycles. Like the Navagraha, it was developed with the successive contributions of various works.
Temples and worship
Surya temples are found in many parts of India. More common than Surya temples are artwork related to Surya, which are found in all types of temples of various traditions within Hinduism, such as the Hindu temples related to Shiva, Vishnu, Ganesha, and Shakti.[68] Reliefs on temple walls, forts and artwork above doorways of many Hindu monasteries feature Surya.[69][68]
Many of the temples that contain Surya icons and artwork are dated to the second half of the 1st millennium BCE and early centuries of the 2nd millennium. The 11th-century Vaishnava temple at Kadwaha in Madhya Pradesh, for example, features a Surya artwork along with many other gods and goddesses at its doorway.[68] The 8th and 9th century goddess (Shaktism) temples of central India, similarly engrave Surya along with other Hindu gods within the temple.[68] The six century Shiva temple at Gangadhar in Rajasthan includes Surya.[70] Similar mentions are found in stone inscriptions found near Hindu temples, such as the 5th century Mandasor inscription.[71] These temples, states Michael Meister, do not glorify one god or goddess over the other, but present them independently and with equal emphasis in a complex iconography.[68]
Cave temples of India, similarly, dedicated to different gods and goddesses feature Surya.
Hindu temples predominantly have their primary entrance facing east, and their square principle based architecture is reverentially aligned the direction of the rising Surya.[76][77] This alignment towards the sunrise is also found in most Buddhist and Jaina temples in and outside of India.[78][79]
Dedicated temples
A prominent temple dedicated to Surya can be found in
Other most worshiped Surya temple is the Deo Surya Mandir. Sun Temple of Deo is one of the most remarkable, major crowd-puller and notable temple and religious place in Deo, Bihar, India for chhath puja. Deo Sun Temple Built in during the 8th century.
In Tamil Nadu, Navagraha temples are world famous. Suryanar kovil situated in Tanjore district of Tamil Nadu is one among the Navagraha temples and it is dedicated to Surya. Here lord Surya is called as Sivasurya Perumal. It is the first among the Navagraha temples of Tamil Nadu.[80]
The most famous Surya temple is the
There are sun temples in many parts of India, such as Modhera, Gujarat.[83] It was sponsored by King Bhimdev of the Chaulukya dynasty. Other major Surya temples are found in Kanakaditya Temple in Kasheli (Dist ratnagiri) – Maharashtra, near the famous Galtaji's temple in Jaipur, Rajasthan and Assam.
Adithyapuram Sun Temple is a Hindu temple located in Iravimangalam near Kaduthuruthy in Kottayam district in the Indian state of Kerala dedicated to Surya. It is noted as the only Surya shrine in the Kerala state.[84][85]
The
The Gurjars were essentially sun worshipers and some of the sun temples were erected by them during the medieval period.[87] The sun temple known as Jayaditya was constructed by Gurjar king of Nandipuri, Jayabhatta II. This temple is situated at Kotipura near Kapika in the Bharukachha district.[88] The Surya temple of Bhinmal known as Jagaswami Surya temple was also erected during this period.[89]
Surya temples outside India
The
While Shiva and Vishnu are more common in 1st millennium southeast Asian artwork such as those found in Cambodia and Thailand, archaeological evidence suggest god Surya were among the pantheon of ideas adopted early in these regions and retained after Buddhism became the dominant tradition.[95]
In Kabul Khair Khāna, there is a Hindu temple dedicated to Surya,[96] of two distinct periods. The first period consisted of a mud-brick temple with possible human sacrifice remains dedicating it. This was then superseded by three distinct sanctuaries built of schist slabs, surrounded by subsidiary buildings of diaper masonry construction and an open-air altar in a semi-circular enclosure. The most important finds were two marble statues of Surya, the first example found during the original excavations (1934, Delegation Archaeologique Française Afghanistan), the second example found by accident in 1980.
In Nepal, many Surya temples and artworks trace to the medieval era, such as the 11th-century Thapahiti and Saugal-tol, and 12th century Naksal stone sculptures.[97]
Artifacts discovered at the Sanxingdui culture founded c. 1600 BCE, about 40 km from present day Chengdu, capital city of Sichuan province China reveal an ancient worship of sun-deity, similar to Surya. The artifacts include a gold sheet with design of four birds flying around the sun deity, and a bronze sculpture of the surya-chakra.[98]
In cultures, arts and other religions
Festivals
Various festivals mark deity Surya and these vary regionally in India.
The second day of the Pongal harvest festival is dedicated to Surya in Tamil Nadu, and is called the "Surya Pongal".[19] Another festival named Kartik Puja marks Surya, along with Shiva, Vishnu, Lakshmi, Radha, Krishna and Tulsi. It is observed by Hindu women, typically with visit to rivers such as the Ganges, socialization and group singing.[103]
Dances
The repertoire of classical Indian dances such as the Bharatanatyam include poses that signify rays of light beaming towards all of the universe, as a form of homage to Surya.[104]
Yoga
The Gayatri Mantra is associated with Surya (Savitr). The mantra's earliest appearance is in the hymn 3.62.10 of the Rigveda.[108]
- Might we make our own that desirable effulgence
- of god Savitar, who will rouse forth our insights.
Buddhism
Surya is celebrated as a deity in Buddhist works of art, such as the ancient works attributed to
In Chinese Buddhism, Surya (日天, Rìtiān) is regarded as one of the Twenty-Four Devas (二十四諸天, Èrshísì zhūtiān) who are guardian protective deities of Buddhism.[111] His statue is usually enshrined in the Mahavira Hall of Chinese Buddhist temples, along with the other devas.[112]
In Japanese Buddhism, Surya is one of the twelve Devas, as guardian deities, who are found in or around Buddhist shrines (十二天, Jūni-ten).[113] In Japan, he has been called "Nit-ten".[114][115][116]
On the
Outside the Indian subcontinent
Indonesia
In
Batara Surya was hit when Anoman blamed Batara Surya for what happened to his mother, Dewi Anjani and her grandmother, who had been cursed by her husband. Anoman feels Batara Surya must be responsible so Anoman with his magic collects clouds from all over the world to cover the natural world so that the rays of the sun cannot reach the earth. Fortunately, this incident can be resolved amicably so that Anoman voluntarily removes the clouds again so that the natural world is exposed to the sun again. Surya has three queens namely Saranyu (also called Saraniya, Saranya, Sanjna, or Sangya), Ragyi, and Prabha. Saranyu is the mother of Vaiwaswata Manu (seventh Manu, the present day), and twins
In the Ramayana, Surya is mentioned as the father of King Sugriva, who helped Rama and Lakshmana in defeating King Ravana. He also trains Hanoman as his teacher. In the Mahabharata, Kunti receives a mantra from a sage, Durvasa; if spoken, he will be able to summon every god and bear children by him. Believing in the power of this spell, Kunti unwittingly has summoned Surya, but when Surya appears, she gets scared and demands him to return. However, Surya has an obligation to fulfill the spell before returning. Surya miraculously made Dewi Kunti to give birth to a child, while maintaining her virginity so that she, as an unmarried princess, would not have to face any shame or be the target of questions from society. Kunti feels compelled to leave behind her son, Karna, who grows up to be one of the central characters in the great war of Kurukshetra.
Worshiping Shiva Raditya in Bali
In the
In the concept of Gama Bali there is a Pelinggih named Pelinggih Surya or Padmasana, which is a place to worship Lord Shiva who manifests as Shiva Raditya or the sun god. In the Yayur Veda there are several special rituals for the Sulinggih who worship God in the morning in its manifestation as the Surya Batara, namely those that come from Surya Sewana or Surya Namaskar which means worshiping the Surya Batara. In the Panca Sembah mantra, there is also a special mantra aimed at Shiva Raditya. According to the general view, Batara Surya is worshiped because he is a witness to life and he is the best student of Lord Shiva, so he was given the title Hyang Siwa Raditya ("Surya student of Lord Shiva"). The importance of Dewa Surya in Bali can be seen from the existence of Sanggah Surya, which must always be present at every Yadnya ceremony in Bali. and this is poured in several Balinese literary manuscripts, one of which is the Bhama Kertih Lontar.[118]
Gallery
-
8th century ceiling carving of Surya at Pattadakal Virupaksha Hindu temple.[45]
-
Surya statue from India
-
Surya with consorts Sanjna and Chhaya
-
Pongal in Tamil Nadu
-
Surya festival Makar Sankranti
-
Surya with his attendants, statue at National Gallery in New Delhi
-
Basalt statue of Surya.
See also
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Further reading
- Pingree, David (1973). "The Mesopotamian origin of early Indian mathematical astronomy". Journal for the History of Astronomy. 4 (1). SAGE: 1–12. S2CID 125228353.
- Pingree, David (1981). Jyotihśāstra : Astral and Mathematical Literature. Otto Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3447021654.
- Ohashi, Yukio (1999). Johannes Andersen (ed.). Highlights of Astronomy. Vol. 11‑B. Springer Science. ISBN 978-0-7923-5556-4.
External links
- "An ancient hymn to Surya". Hymns from the Rig Veda.
- Sahu, R.K. (2012). "Sun worship in Odisha" (PDF). Orissa Review. Government of the State of Odisha, India.
- Sahu, R.K. (2011). "Iconography of Surya in the temple art of Orissa" (PDF). Orissa Review. Government of the State of Odisha, India.