Susenyos I
Susenyos I ሱስንዮስ | |||||||||
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Negusa Nagast | |||||||||
Emperor of Ethiopia | |||||||||
Reign | 1607–1632 | ||||||||
Coronation | 18 March 1608[1] | ||||||||
Predecessor | Yaqob | ||||||||
Successor | Fasilides | ||||||||
Born | 1571,[2] 1572,[3] or 1575[4] Gojjam, Ethiopian Empire | ||||||||
Died | 17 September 1632 Dangaz, Ethiopian Empire[5] | (aged 59–60)||||||||
Burial | Church of Ganata Iyasus, Azazo[5] | ||||||||
Consort | Waled Sa'ala[6] | ||||||||
Issue | Kanafra Krestos[6] Fasilides[6] Claudius[6] Markos[6] Wangelawit[6] Malakotawit[6] Galilawit[6] | ||||||||
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Dynasty | House of Solomon | ||||||||
Religion |
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Susenyos I (
He was the son of
The life of Susenyos is known through his chronicle, written by several official writers (sehafe te’ezaz). The Jesuits, who were closely associated with Susenyos’s reign, also left numerous documents on their mission in Ethiopia.[4]
Ancestry
Of
Susenyos was the youngest of his mother's five sons. His brothers Se'ela Krestos, Make'd Krestos, Yamana Krestos and Afa Krestos held the most important posts during his reign.[10][3]
Early life
As a boy, a group of marauding
Upon his rescue, Susenyos was entrusted to the care of Dowager Empress (Queen mother)
Struggle for the throne
After the death of Emperor
His one-time ally and cousin, Emperor Za Dengel, led a large army against Susenyos and his Oromo supporters in Walaqa. Susenyos fled with his Oromo warriors and Za-Dengel had to be content with the large amounts of loot he took from them. Once the Emperor returned to Gojjam, Susenyos followed him. While crossing the Abay Susenyos met the Liban Oromo from among whom about 400 cavalry joined him on his march on Gojjam. After the death of Emperor Za Dengel on December 13 1604, Susenyos was proclaimed Emperor on December 14 1604 by a faction led by Ras Atnatewos, however Za Selasse's faction restored his cousin Yaqob to the throne.[2][10]
Reign
Susenyos became Emperor following the defeat of first Za Selasse, then on 10 March 1607
In 1608, a rebel appeared near
Meanwhile, Emperor Susenyos was preoccupied with raiding parties of the Oromo. An initial encounter with the
Sennar War
The hostilities between the two kingdoms increased when the governor of the Mazaga, Aleko, who was a servant of Emperor Susenyos, fled to Sennar with a number of the Emperor's horses and kettledrums.[19] Susenyos complained of this to Badi, who refused to reply; further insulting him.
In 1615, Susenyos, this time allied with the Nail Weld Ageeb,
According to his Royal Chronicle, Susenyos hence made his power felt along his western frontier from Fazogli, north to Suakin.[22]
Catholicism
Susenyos' reign is perhaps best known as the brief period in Ethiopian history when
In 1613, Susenyos sent a mission heading for Madrid and Rome, led by Jesuit priest António Fernandes. The plan was to head south, in an attempt to reach Malindi, a port on the Indian Ocean in what is Kenya today, hoping to break through the effective blockade that the Ottoman conquests had created around the Ethiopian Empire by sailing all the way around the southern tip of Africa. However, they failed to reach Malindi, due to delays caused by local Christians hostile to the mission.
In addition to the strategic logic behind Susenyos's conversion, some historians point out that the Oromo crisis had undermined the legitimacy of the traditional Ethiopian social order based on feudalism and religious orthodoxy. The monk Bahrey, who wrote a treatise on the Oromo in 1593, attributed their success to the failures of feudalism which had produced too many privileged classes and not enough warriors.[24] Susenyos in his court showed a willingness to break with social as well as tradition. Critics claimed he debased the imperial mystique after abandoning practices such as remaining behind a curtain to protect the emperor from the gaze of commoners and requiring his subjects to prostrate themselves before him. He withdrew privileges given to the sons of nobility and favored Jesuit-educated boys from outlying regions.[25]
Susenyos at last publicly converted to Catholicism in 1622, and separated himself from all of his wives and concubines except for his first wife, Wäld Śäʿala. However, the tolerant and sensitive
More revolts followed, some led by champions of the traditional
Susenyos attempted one more campaign against the rebels, only to find his men mutinous. They saw no end to unrewarding expeditions to Lasta, and when at home confronted by the executions used to enforce Catholicism on Ethiopia. While expressing some skepticism at the matter, Bruce states the Royal Chronicle reports his son told the troops that if they were victorious in Lasta, the Emperor would restore the traditional Ethiopian practices. However, as they marched behind Susenyos to Lasta, his scouts reported that Melka Krestos had descended from Lasta with 25,000 men, and were at hand. On 26 July 1631 the armies clashed; 8,000 of the rebels were dead and Melka Krestos had fled the field. Upon viewing the field of battle, Susenyos' son Fasilides is reported to have said,
These men, whom you see slaughtered on the ground, were neither Pagans nor Mahometans, at whose death we should rejoice—they were Christians, lately your subjects and your countrymen, some of them your relations. This is not victory, which is gained over ourselves. In killing these, you drive the sword into your own entrails. How many men have you slaughtered? How many more have you to kill? We have become a proverb, even among the Pagans and Moors, for carrying on this war, and apostatizing, as they say, from the faith of our ancestors.[31]
Less than a year afterwards, on 14 June 1632 Susenyos made a declaration that those who would follow the Catholic faith were allowed to do so, but no one would be forced to do so any further. At this point, all Patriarch Mendes could do in response was to confirm that this was, indeed, the actual will of the Emperor, his protector. Catholic Ethiopia had come to an end.[32]
Succession
In 1630, after years of rebellion, Sarsa Krestos, Viceroy of Begemder, proclaimed Susenyos' son, Fasilides, as emperor; Sarsa Krestos was promptly captured and hanged. Despite this, father and son stayed on good terms.[33] After announcing his act of toleration, Susenyos abdicated in favor of Fasilides. He was buried at the church of Genneta Iyasus.
Family
Spouse
Susenyos had one official marriage, with Wald Saala, a princess from the ancient Christian family of the rulers of Walaqa and Mahrabete. [5]
Descendants
Despite his marriage to Wald Saala, the monarch sired over twenty sons (who were all put to death by Fasilides) and several daughters by several concubines. Seven of his descendants are mentioned by name in the sources.[5]
- Kanafra Krestos (born before 1602) was Susenyos's eldest son by a concubine, he died young in 1615/1616 many years before his father.[5]
- Fasilides was the successor to Susenyos's throne. He was the second son of Susenyos and the eldest by Wald Saala. He reigned as Emperor for over thirty five year.
- Gelawdewos was his third son. He was the governor of Begemder. In 1640, he was first imprisoned at house arrest then transferred to Wehni after rebelling against his brother Fasilides. He would have 2 sons and 1 daughter, when his daughter died at childbirth he was enraged and had an argument with his brother Fasilides where he exposed his plans uprising against his brother. His future generations that continued governing Begemder until the Zemene Mesfanit where their power was reduced, his current ancestor Ato Abenazer Aberra live a modest private life in Maida Vale, London.
- Markos was his fourth son, Markos died young before Susenyos in 1626.[5]
- Wangelawit was Susenyos's eldest daughter. She was married several times, her first marriage was dissolved and she was betrothed to the Bela Krestos, one of her father's retainers. Her third marriage was with nobleman Takla Giyorgis, who was executed in 1628. Wangelawit died in 1652, leaving behind her descendants.[5]
- Malakotawit was his second daughter. She was the wife Ras Yolyos, once an influential retainer turned rebel. Died leaving behind her descendants.[5]
- Galilawit was his third daughter. She was married to Takla Giyorgis (who was at one point also married to her older sister Wangelawit). Died with no Children.[5]
References
- ^ Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume 2). London: Methuen & Co. p. 385.
- ^ ISBN 9780917256011.
- ^ OCLC 874381390.
- ^ ISBN 9780195382075.
- ^ OCLC 1015115240.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Budge, E. A. Wallis (1928). A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia (Volume 2). London: Methuen & Co. p. 384.
- ^ Beckingham, C.F., and G.W.B. Huntingford. 1954. Some Records of Ethiopia, 1593–1646. London: Hakluyt Society, p. 189. Beckingham and Huntingford gloss capelhar as a "kind of short mantle of Moorish origin."
- ^ "Shime, Amhara Region, Ethiopia". mindat.org.
- ISBN 9781317464006.
- ^ OCLC 38767663.
- ^ ISBN 9781847011176.
- ^ ISBN 9789004335585.
- ISBN 081081448X.
- ^ "The Oromo of Ethiopia 1500–1800" (PDF).
- ^ a b c d James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile, vol. 2.
- ^ a b c d e f g James Bruce, Travels to Discover the Source of the Nile (1805 ed.), vol. 3.
- ^ Hassen, Mohammed. Oromo of Ethiopia (PDF). University of London. p. 335.
- ^ H. Weld Blundell, The Royal chronicle of Abyssinia, 1769–1840 (Cambridge: University Press, 1922), p. 530
- ^ Sir Harold Alfred MacMichael, A History of the Arabs in the Sudan and Some Account of the People who Preceded Them and of the Tribes Inhabiting Darfur (Cambridge, 1922), p. 436
- ^ a b Spaulding, Jay. 1974. "The Fate of Alodia". Meroitic Newsletter (15):20–30. Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
- ^ McMichael, A History of the Arabs, pp. 437–438
- Richard Pankhurst, The Ethiopian Borderlands (Lawrenceville: Red Sea Press, 1997), p. 369
- ^ Bruce, p. 287
- ISBN 0-520-08121-8.
- ISBN 0-8108-2663-1.
- ^ Pankhurst, The Ethiopians: A History (Oxford: Blackwell, 2001), p. 107
- ^ Bruce, pp. 344–350
- ^ Bruce, pp. 381–384
- ^ Bruce, pp. 390ff
- ^ Bruce, p. 398
- ^ Bruce, pp. 402ff
- ^ Bruce, pp. 403ff
- ^ Paul B. Henze, Layers of Time (New York: Palgrave, 2000), pp. 98ff
Notes
- ^ Other sources give differing year of birth such as 1571,[2] 1572[3] 1575[4]
- ^ Susenyos had the throne names Seltān Sagad and Malak Sagad, each having practically the same meaning.[3]
- ^ Shime is located in modern day South Gondar Zone, near Nefas Mewcha then part of Begemder.[8]
- ^ Atnatewos[4] is also spelled in different sources as Atenatewos,[2] Athanasius[3]
- ^ Keflawahd[11] is also spelled in different sources as Kəfəlä Wahəd[12]
- ^ Za Selasse is also spelled in various sources as Za-Selasse[2] and Zä Śəllase[12]
Further reading
- Richard K. P. Pankhurst. The Ethiopian Royal Chronicles. Addis Ababa: Oxford University Press, 1967.
- E. A. Wallis Budge. A History of Ethiopia: Nubia and Abyssinia, 1928. Oosterhout, the Netherlands: Anthropological Publications, 1970.