Sustainable packaging
Sustainable packaging is the development and use of
Sustainable packaging is a relatively new addition to the environmental considerations for packaging (see
Companies have long been reusing and recycling packaging when economically viable. Using minimal packaging has also been a common goal to help reduce costs. Recent years have accelerated these efforts based on social movements, consumer pressure, and regulation. All phases of packaging, distribution, and logistics are included.[11]
Sustainable packaging is not focused on just recycling. Just as packaging is not the only eco target, although it is still top of mind for many. Right or wrong, the packaging is frequently scrutinized and used as the measure of a company's overall sustainability, even though it may contribute only a small percentage to the total eco-impact compared to other things, such as transportation, and water and energy use.
Environmental Impacts
Impacts of packaging originate from three main stages including feedstock sourcing, production of polymers and packaging, and the end of life treatment of the packaging. Emissions from each stage contribute to climate change, air pollution, acidification, and other environmental issues. Food waste is another prominent issue as one third of food meant for human consumption is lost. Sustainable packaging aims to address properties of food, for example chemical and microbiological properties, in order to limit packaging and food waste.[12]
Criteria
The criteria for ranking and comparing packaging based on their sustainability is an active area of development. General guidance, metrics, checklists, and scorecards are being published by several groups.
Government,[13] standards organizations, consumers, retailers,[14] and packagers are considering several types of criteria.[15][16][17][18]
Each organization words the goals and targets a little differently. In general, the broad goals of sustainable packaging are:
- Functional[19] – product protection, safety, regulatory compliance, etc.
- Cost effective – if it is too expensive, it is unlikely to be used
- Support long-term human and ecological health
Specific factors for sustainable design of packaging may include:
- Use of minimal materials – reduced packaging, reduced layers of packaging, lower mass (product to packaging ratio), lower volume, etc.[20]
- Energy efficiency, total energy content and usage, use of renewable energy, use of clean energy, etc.
- Recycled content – as available and functional. For food contact materials, there are special safety considerations, particularly for use of recycled plastics and paper. Regulations are published by each country or region.[21][22]
- Recyclability – recovery value, use of materials which are frequently and easily recycled, reduction of materials which hinder recyclability of major components, etc.
- Reusable packaging – repeated reuse of package, reuse for other purposes, etc.
- Use of
- Avoid the use of materials toxic to humans or the environment
- Effects on atmosphere/climate – ozone layer, greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide and methane), volatile organic compounds, etc.
- Water use, reuse, treatment, waste, etc.
- Worker impact: occupational health, safety, clean technology, etc.
The chosen criteria are often used best as a basis of comparison for two or more similar packaging designs; not as an absolute success or failure.[26] Such a multi-variable comparison is often presented as a radar chart (spider chart, star chart, etc.).[27]
Benefits
Some aspects of environmentally sound packaging are required by regulators while others are decisions made by individual packagers. Investors, employees, management, and customers can influence corporate decisions and help set policies. When investors seek to purchase stock, companies known for their positive environmental policy can be attractive.[28] Potential stockholders and investors see this as a solid decision: lower environmental risks lead to more capital at cheaper rates. Companies that highlight their environmental status to consumers can boost sales as well as product reputation. Going green is often a sound investment that can pay off.[29]
Alongside the environmental benefits of adopting sustainable packaging, eco-friendly packaging can increase sales, reduce packaging cost, and increase the image of a company's brand alongside the rising awareness spread regarding environmental impact. There has also been found a direct correlation between a company's implementation of sustainable packaging and a more sustainable supply chain management.[30] Alternatives such as bio-based plastics that are abundant, low cost, and biodegradable, offer a possibility of reducing use of petroleum resources and carbon dioxide emissions.[31]
Alternatives to conventional plastics
Plastic packages or plastic components are sometimes part of a valid environmental solution. Other times, alternatives to petroleum and natural gas based plastic are desirable.
Materials have been developed or used for packaging without plastics, especially for use-cases in which packaging can't be phased-out – such as with policies for national grocery store requirements – for being needed for preserving food products or other purposes.
A plant proteins-based
Researchers at the
Sustainable packaging policy cannot be individualized by a specific product. Effective legislation would need to include alternatives to many products, not just a select few; otherwise, the positive impacts of sustainable packing will not be as effective as they need in order to propel a significant reduction of plastic packaging. Finding alternatives can reduce greenhouse gas emissions from unsustainable packaging production and reduce dangerous chemical by-products of unsustainable packaging practices.[35]
Another alternative to commonly used petroleum plastics are bio-based plastics. Examples of bio-based plastics include natural biopolymers and polymers synthesized from natural feedstock monomers, which can be extracted from plants, animals, or microorganisms. A polymer that is bio-based and used to make plastic materials is not necessarily compostable or bio-degradable. Natural biopolymers can be often biodegraded in the natural environment while only a few bio-based monomer bio-based plastics can be. Bio-based plastics are a more sustainable option in comparison to their petroleum based counterparts, yet they only account for 1% of plastics produced annually as of 2020.[12]
Costs
The process of engineering more environmentally acceptable packages can include consideration of the costs.[36] Some companies claim that their environmental packaging program is cost effective.[37] Some alternative materials that are recycled/recyclable and/or less damaging to the environment can lead to companies incurring increased costs. Though this is common when any product begins to carry the true cost of its production (producer pays, producer responsibility laws, take-back laws). There may be an expensive and lengthy process before the new forms of packaging are deemed safe to the public, and approval may take up to two years.[38] It is important to note here, that for most of the developed world, tightening legislation, and changes in major retailer demand (Walmart's Sustainable Packaging Scorecard for example) the question is no longer "if" products and packaging should become more sustainable, but how-to and how-soon to do it.[5]
ISO standards
The
- ISO 18601:2013 Packaging and the environment - General requirements for the use of ISO standards in the field of packaging and the environment
- ISO 18602:2013 Packaging and the environment - Optimization of the packaging system
- ISO 18603:2013 Packaging and the environment - Reuse
- ISO 18604:2013 Packaging and the environment - Material recycling
- ISO 18605:2013 Packaging and the environment - Energy recovery
- ISO 18606:2013 Packaging and the environment - Organic recycling
Criticism
Efforts toward “greener” packaging are supported in the sustainability community; however, these are often viewed only as incremental steps and not as an end. Some people foresee a true sustainable
See also
- Biopolymer
- Cradle to cradle
- Design for the Environment
- Sustainability metric and indices
- Edible packaging
- Ecodesign
- Reusable shopping bag
- Sustainable Design
- Life Cycle Assessment
References
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- ^ Franklin (April 2004). "Life Cycle Inventory of Packaging Options for Shipment of Retail Mail-Order Soft Goods" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on December 17, 2008. Retrieved December 15, 2008.
- ^ ISBN 978-0-470-24669-6
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- ^ World Packaging Organization (17 April 2008). "Position Paper on Sustainable Packaging" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2009.
- ^ "What is Sustainable Packaging? Our Vision". EUROPEN, European Organization for Packaging and the Environment. May 2009. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
- ^ Amcor (2014). Sustainability Review 2014. (http://www.amcor.com/sustainability/ Archived 2015-02-02 at the Wayback Machine). Retrieved 10 January 2015.
- ^ "Environmental Claims". Federal Trade Commission. 2008-11-17. Retrieved 17 November 2008.
- ^ Fecourt, Adrien; Li, F. (2013), "Report No. E2013:015" (PDF), Improving transport packaging sustainability – a case study in a production logistics company, Gothenburg, Sweden: CHALMERS UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, Department of Technology Management and Economics, retrieved 28 February 2014
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- ^ "Packaging, Product Stewarship". US Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved 2008-12-18.
- ^ "Wal-Mart Unveils Packaging Scorecard to Suppliers". Wal-Mart. November 2, 2008. Retrieved 2008-04-29.
- ^ "Sustainable Packaging Metrics and Indicators Framework". Sustainable Packaging Coalition. December 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-10-06. Retrieved 14 December 2009.
- ^ "COMPASS, Metrics for Rating Packages" (PDF). Sustainable Packaging Coalition. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 November 2011. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
- ^ "Towards Sustainable Packaging" (PDF). Sustainable Packaging Alliance. October 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
- ^ "PRINCIPLES, STRATEGIES & KPIs FOR PACKAGING SUSTAINABILITY" (PDF). Sustainable Packaging Alliance. July 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2012. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- ^ anon: "Packaging Matters", Institute of Packaging Professionals, 1993
- ^ Jason DeRusha. "The Incredible Shrinking Package". 16 July 2007. WCCO.
- ^ Guidance for Industry: Use of Recycled Plastics in Food Packaging: Chemistry Considerations, Contract, US Food and Drug Administration, 2006, retrieved 22 February 2015
- ^ Title 21, Code of Federal Regulations, Section 176.260 (Pulp from reclaimed fiber) (PDF), US Government, 2009, retrieved 22 February 2015
- . Retrieved 12 September 2023.
- ^ ASTM D6400, Standard Specification for Labeling of Plastics Designed to be Aerobically Composted in Municipal or Industrial Facilities
- . Retrieved September 21, 2018.
- ^ Al-Kindi (2021). "Green packaging for durable engineering products in Iraqi markets". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
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{{cite journal}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link - ^ "Benefits For Being Green". Archived from the original on 2008-11-07. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
- ^ "More Benefits For Green Companies". Archived from the original on 2008-09-07. Retrieved 2008-12-12.
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- ^ "'Vegan spider silk' provides sustainable alternative to single-use plastics". phys.org. Retrieved 11 July 2021.
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- ^ "Potential of Dairy-based Wraps Outlined". USDA Agricultural Research Service. January 22, 2010.
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- ^ Seidel, Manuel; Shabazpour, Tedford (2007). "Sustainability in Practice, a case of environmental packaging for ready to assemble furniture" (PDF). Talking and Walking Sustainability. Auckland, New Zealand: The New Zealand Society for Sustainability Engineering and Science. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ "Packaging - Global Citizenship". H-P. Archived from the original on July 20, 2008. Retrieved 23 December 2008.
- ^ Is Going Green Worth It
- ^ Standards New Zealand, ISO Standards for packaging and the environment Archived 2021-01-22 at the Wayback Machine, Touchstone, published 7 March 2013, accessed 3 November 2020
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{{cite book}}
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Further reading
- Azzato, Maureen, "Facilitating the Use of Recycled Content in Packaging"
- Jedlicka, W, "Packaging Sustainability: Tools, Systems and Strategies for Innovative Package Design", (Wiley, 2008), ISBN 978-0-470-24669-6
- Selke, S, "Packaging and the Environment", 1994, ISBN 1-56676-104-2
- Soroka, W, "Fundamentals of Packaging Technology", IoPP, 2002, ISBN 1-930268-25-4
- S., Sterling, "Field Guide to Sustainable Packaging", 2008
- Stillwell, E. J, "Packaging for the Environment", A. D. Little, 1991, ISBN 0-8144-5074-1
- Yam, K. L., "Encyclopedia of Packaging Technology", John Wiley & Sons, 2009, ISBN 978-0-470-08704-6
- ISO 18601-18606 Packaging and the Environment series of Standards