Swedification
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Swedification refers to the spread and/or imposition of the
Swedification of Scania
As part of the
In 1662, Sweden aligned taxes and regulations in Scania with other parts of Sweden. Some of the new rules were very different from previous Danish practice; for example, the lilla tullen ("the small customs"), which charged a tax for all goods brought into cities. Other changes required each city council to have least two Swedish-born members. At the same time, inhabitants of Scania received representation in the Riksdag, unlike other areas that had been conquered by the Swedish Empire.[2]
When Charles X Gustav landed in Helsingborg in 1658, he met Bishop
About two decades after the Treaty of Roskilde, Sweden sought to more fully implement Scania, including enforcing changes to the church and local language.[3] In 1681, local priests aligned with the Church of Sweden and court documents and ecclesiastical correspondence increasingly adopted more standard Swedish grammatical features.[3]
During the Scanian War in the late 1670s, pro-Danish Snapphane fighters aided the Danish invasion. This led to a campaign to capture, torture and execute those who would not swear allegiance to the Swedish king. The policy was effective and by 1709 when Denmark again moved to invade Scania after the Battle of Poltava local militias resisted the effort.[4]
When the Scanian War began in 1675, some 180,000 people lived in Scania. By 1718, only 132,800 were left. Some snapphane fled to Denmark; some 30,000 Scanian boys were sent to the Swedish army, many of whom were relocated to the Baltics. At the same time, Swedes were encouraged to take over Scanian farms and marry Scanian women.[5]
Swedification of Sámi and Finns
Beginning in 1846, Sweden adopted policies designed to define and control its northern region, and to integrate its Sámi and Finnish populations with the Swedish nation. Although censuses began delineating among Sámi, Finns, and Swedes as early as 1805, throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, these definitions changed based on language, occupation, religion, paternal line, and name.[6]
For
These Swedification policies ended in the late 1970s as Sweden officially recognized Sámi as an indigenous people of Sweden. In 2009, the Riksdag passed the Language Law ("Språklag" SFS 2009:600), which recognized Sámi languages and Meänkieli as official minority languages of Sweden, ensuring the right to use these languages in education and administrative proceedings.[11]
In 2020, Sweden funded the establishment of an independent truth commission to examine and document past abuse of Sámi by the Swedish state.[12] A parallel commission to examine past treatment of Tornedalians was also established.[13]
See also
References
- ^ Gustafsson, Harald (26 February 2008). "Att göra svenskar av skåningar". Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ "Danske Lov 1683. Digital udgave". Bjoerna.dk. 2007-02-28. Retrieved 2010-07-25.
- ^ a b Larsdotter, Anna (2010). "Skåningarna bytte aldrig språk" [Scania never changed language]. Språktidningen (in Swedish). Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Alm, Martin (10 May 2012). "Snaphaner". DanmarksHistorienDK (in Danish). Aarhus Universitet. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Lindqvist, Herman (9 March 2011). "Brutal etnisk rensning när Skåne blev svenskt" [Brutal ethnic clensing when Scania became Swedish]. Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Stockholm, Sweden. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- .
- ^ Cocq, Coppélie (2008). Revoicing Sámi narratives. North Sámi storytelling at the turn of the 20th century (PhD). Umeå University. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-78738-172-8. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Gignac, Julien (14 September 2016). "Sami Blood addresses the assimilation of indigenous children in Scandinavia". The Globe and Mail. Toronto, Ontario. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ Smith, Andrea (2009). Indigenous Peoples and Boarding Schools: A comparative study (PDF) (Report). United Nations Permanent Forum on Indigenous Issues. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ "Språklag" [Language Law]. 2009:600, Law of 28 May 2009 (in Swedish). Sveriges Riksdag.
- ^ "Sweden's Sami People to Set up Commission on Discrimination". U.S. News & World Report. Washington, D.C. Associated Press. 12 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.
- ^ AFP-JIJI (20 March 2020). "Sweden panel to examine past crimes against speakers of Meankieli language". The Japan Times. Tokyo, Japan. Archived from the original on 16 June 2020. Retrieved 16 June 2020.