Swedish Police Authority

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Swedish Police Service
)
Swedish Police Authority
Polismyndigheten
International logotype for the Swedish Police
International logotype for the Swedish Police
Common namePolisen (The police)
Agency overview
Formed1 January 2015
Preceding agencies
Employees32,000 (2020)[1]
Annual budgetSEK 21 billion (2015)[2]
Legal personalityGovernmental: Government agency
Jurisdictional structure
National agencySweden
Operations jurisdictionSweden
Governing bodyRiksdag
Constituting instruments
General nature
Operational structure
HeadquartersKungsholmen, Stockholm
Minister responsible
Agency executive
Departments
8
  • National Forensics Centre
  • National Operations Department
  • Communications Department
  • Development Department
  • Finance Department
  • Human Resources Department
  • IT Department
  • Legal Department
Police regions
7
  • North Region
  • Central Region
  • Bergslagen Region
  • East Region
  • West Region
  • South Region
  • Stockholm Region
Website
polisen.se/en/

The Swedish Police Authority (

Kingdom of Sweden. The first modern police force in Sweden was established in the mid-19th century, and the police remained in effect under local government control up until 1965, when it was nationalized and became increasingly centralized,[3] to finally organize under one authority January 1, 2015. Concurrent with this change, the Swedish Security Service formed its own agency.[4] The new authority was created to address shortcomings in the division of duties and responsibilities, and to make it easier for the Government to demand greater accountability.[5] The agency is organized into seven police regions and eight national departments.[6] It is one of the largest government agencies in Sweden, with more than 28,500 employees, of which police officers accounted for approximately 75 percent of the personnel in 2014.[7][4] It takes two and a half years to become a police officer in Sweden, including six months of paid workplace practice.[8] Approximately a third of all police students are women, and in 2011 women accounted for 40 percent of all employees.[9][10]

General structuring

The agency is headed by the

constitution.[11][12][a] The agency is governed by general policy instruments and is subject to a number of sanctions and oversight functions, to ensure that the exercise of public authority is in compliance with regulations.[13][14] Police officers typically wear a dark-blue uniform consisting of combat style trousers with a police duty belt, a polo shirt or a long sleeve button shirt, and a side-cap embellished with a metal cap badge.[15] The standard equipment includes a handgun, pepper spray and an extendable baton.[16]

History

Nils Henric Liljensparre, Stockholm Police Commissioner, 1776

The first modern police force in Sweden was established in the mid-1800s.

Gustav III ushered in a fundamental change in how police work was organized in Stockholm, modelled after how law enforcement was organized in Paris at the time. The office of Police Commissioner (polismästare) was created, with the first title holder being Nils Henric Liljensparre, who was given command of the civilian unit responsible for law and order in the city, now partly financed by the State.[17][21][23] The reform was considered a success, as it made the streets safer.[23] However, the system of fire patrolmen and the city guard was still kept intact and administered separately.[17]

Stockholm police arresting a man for rioting, 1917

In the mid-1800s, during a time of widespread social unrest, it became increasingly clear that law enforcement did not function properly. In 1848, the March Unrest broke out on the streets of Stockholm, inspired by a wave of revolutions in Europe. Large crowds vandalized the city, shouting slogans of reform and calling for the abolition of monarchy. King Oscar I responded with military force, resulting in 30 people being killed.[21][24]

In rural areas, local county administrators (länsman) were in charge of law and order, reporting to county governors. The office of länsman was a mixture of police chief, tax official and lower-level prosecutor, who in turn was assisted by a number of part-time police officers (fjärdingsmän).[25] Increasingly, their time was spent on tax matters, instead of doing actual police work. More police officers were duly employed, some dubbed "extra police", devoted much more exclusively to police work.[24] In 1850, a new type of organization was finally launched in Stockholm, where the entire police force was placed under one agency. The title of Police Constable (poliskonstapel) was used for the first time in Sweden, and the police were also given their own uniforms and were armed with batons and sabers. The police also began to specialize. In 1853, for example, four constables were put in charge of criminal investigations, thus creating the first detective bureau in Sweden.[21]

In the early 1900s, the Swedish police had yet to uniformly organize or become regulated in legislation. The system of "extra police" did not work well, partly because it was often a

labor dispute, killing five. In rural areas, the detective work were also often rudimentary. Accordingly, the Swedish State Police (statspolisen) was established in 1932, which would complement the municipal police.[30]

Nationalization

The Swedish police continued to be organized under local government control for more than 30 years. The lack of co-ordination made police work difficult on a national level, and ineffective in an increasingly mobile world, which prompted the nationalization of the Swedish police in 1965.[3] The police became more centralized and now organized under the Ministry of Justice in three levels. The National Police Board (Rikspolisstyrelsen) was the central administrative authority, primarily tasked with coordinating and supporting the local police. The local police was reduced to 119 districts, led by a District Police Commissioner, answering to a Chief Commissioner at the County Administrative Board.[31] In 1998, the number of police districts was further reduced and divided along county lines into 21 local police authorities.[32] On 1 January 2015, the police reorganized again into a unified agency, with the Swedish Security Service becoming a fully independent agency; the biggest overhaul of the Swedish police since it was nationalized in 1965.[4] The new authority was created to address shortcomings in the organization of the division of duties and responsibilities, to reduce differences between police regions, ease governance and increase accountability.[5] The reorganization is expected to last several years.[33]

Tasks and objectives

The role of the police is described in the Police Act of 1984. The Act states that the police should prevent crime, monitor public order and safety, carry out criminal investigations, provide protection, information and other assistance to the public, along with other responsibilities as prescribed under special provisions.[34] This is supplemented with the annual "appropriation directions" (regleringsbrev) issued by the Government, which specify the agency's main tasks and goals for the year.[35] The Swedish police also carry out a number of administrative functions, such as the issuing of passports, national identity cards and various kinds of permits and licenses. A permit is for example required when arranging a protest march or holding a public event, such as a concert. Permits are also required for using public space to sell goods, serve food or beverages.[36] Individuals also have the right to request extracts from their criminal records, which is asked for by a growing number of prospective employers and is required by law prior to employment at schools or daycare centers.[37]

Policing a rally, 2014

In 2014, close to 230,000 criminal record extracts were ordered by the public — almost double that of 2009.[37] The Swedish police also reviewed about 68,000 applications for firearms licenses that same year, which was an increase from the previous year by over 20 percent. Approximately 1.5 million passports and over 200,000 ID cards were issued, and more than 23,000 applications to use public space were received. There were more than 6,000 applications for demonstrations or public gatherings in 2014 (up from 2,700 in 2013).[38] The number of cases reported to the police have stayed about the same during 2010–2015, with 980,502 crimes reported in 2014.[39] In recent years, about 38 percent of the total amount of resource time for the investigation and prosecution of crimes fell within the category of violent crimes, even though it only accounted for approximately 10 percent of all cases.[40] The largest number of reported cases fall within the category of vandalism and various kinds of theft offenses. This category also has the lowest proportion of crimes investigated.[41] In a study made by Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention in 2014, the number of legal proceedings per 1,000 inhabitants was about the same level in Sweden as in other comparable European countries.[42]

Organization

Organizational structure

Swedish government authorities enjoy a high degree of independence. Under the

Swedish Police Union with about 20,500 active members.[48]

Swedish Police Authority organizational chart [b]
National
Police
Commissioner
Public
Council
Internal
auditing
Commissioner's
Office
West
Region
Nat. Operations
Department
Human Resources
Department
South
Region
Communications
Dept
Special Investigations
East RegionNat. Forensic CentreIT
Department
Stockholm RegionFinance
Dept
Bergslagen RegionDevelopment DeptLegal
Department
Central
Region
North
Region

      Management       Support       Core activity

Public council

The Government also appoints a 15-member non-executive council, alongside the Commissioner, to satisfy the need for transparency and citizen participation. The commissioner serves as chairman of the council and has an obligation to keep the council informed of the activities of the police, especially on matters concerning professional misconduct. The council should in turn monitor and give counsel to the police. It is required to meet six times per year and must be composed of at least one member from each party serving the Riksdag, and should beyond that proportionally reflect the election results. Police regions are also similarly mandated to have a public council, but are instead led by a Regional Police Chief.[49][43][50]

National Operations Department

The National Operations Department (Nationella operativa avdelningen) is tasked with assisting the local police regions and is in charge of international police cooperation and all national operations. The department has the power to allocate extra resources, if needed, and has a mandate to initiate nationwide operations and activities. It is also responsible for investigating crimes as prescribed by law to be conducted at the national level, such as

computer crimes, the bomb disposal units and some criminal intelligence operations (regarding e.g. serious organized crime).[51][52][53]

Police regions and subdivisions

The agency is organized into seven police regions, based on the geographical boundaries of several

murder) and other cases where it may be inappropriate for the local police to handle investigations, for example sex crimes or cases involving domestic violence.[56] At the bottom of the organizational ladder there are 85-90 local police areas, forming the bulk of the police. Local police areas are based on the boundaries of one or more municipalities, or in the case of larger metropolitan areas, several boroughs. The local police is responsible for the majority of all police interventions, general crime prevention, the traffic police, as well as basic criminal investigation duties. There are between 50 and 180 employees in a typical local police area, or at least one local police officer per 5,000 inhabitants in disadvantaged areas. In 2014, a government report expected that the local police would account for about 50 per cent of all police interventions, post-reorganization.[57][58]

Police headquarters in Stockholm, 2011

Police regions
   North – Västernorrland, Jämtland, Västerbotten and Norrbotten with offices in Umeå
   Central – Uppsala, Västmanland and Gävleborg with offices in Uppsala
   Bergslagen – Värmland, Örebro and Dalarna with offices in Örebro
   East – Södermanland, Östergötland and Jönköping with offices in Linköping
   West – Halland and Västra Götaland with offices in Gothenburg
   South – Kronoberg, Kalmar, Blekinge and Skåne with offices in Malmö
   Stockholm – Stockholm and Gotland with offices in Stockholm

Specialists

The Swedish police have a number of specially trained police officers equipped to deal with many different tasks, either organized under the National Operations Department or under a police region.

Tactical units

Plasan Sand Cat, previously used by Piketen
.
Operators from the National Task Force during the 2017 Stockholm truck attack.

In 2015 the Police reorganized its tactical capabilities under an umbrella known as NIK (Swedish: Nationella Insatskonceptet, lit.'National Intervention Concept'). NIK established a framework for the existing regional units (then known as Piketen) and the National Task Force, it also added regional intervention teams in the non-metropolitan units.

The main tactical units today are the Reinforced Regional Task Forces (formerly known as Piketen, from the

crisis negotiator.[61][60]

The National Task Force (Nationella insatsstyrkan) is a national counter terrorism/high-risk intervention unit under the command of the National Operations Department. It was originally formed in 1991 solely as a

counter-terrorist task force in the wake of the assassination of Prime Minister Olof Palme, on the recommendations put forward by a 1988 Government inquiry.[62][63] It has evolved into a national police resource deployed in extremely dangerous situations, e.g. high-risk interventions, search and surveillance operations, hostage situations, tactical negotiations and various kinds of underwater operations.[64]

Other notable units and specialists

Marine police

CB90-class police boat, 2012

The Swedish Marine Police (sjöpolisen) have around 12 boats in total at their disposal. Most common types are high-performance

Police aviation

The Swedish Police Air Support Unit (polisflyget)—organized the National Operations Department—employs approximately 60 personnel, currently operating seven Bell 429 helicopters[67] from five different bases; ranging from Boden in the far north to Östersund, Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmö in the south.[68][69] Until 2015-2016 the fleet consisted of six Eurocopter EC135. The helicopter units are fully manned 24 hours a day, often tasked with providing aerial surveillance, assisting in vehicle pursuits and in search and rescue operations. The helicopters are also used for transport, to reduce time to target during critical interventions by bomb technicians and officers of the National Task Force.[70][71][72] In 2018, the police purchased two additional Bell 429 helicopters increasing their fleet to nine.[73] The two Bell 429s will reinforce the police's aviation and counter terrorism capabilities with one to be based in Stockholm alongside the National Task Force and the other one in Skåne.[74] Black Hawk helicopters, operated by the Armed Forces and on 24-hour stand-by, are also available to the National Task Force, EOD and Regional Task Forces at their requests.[75]

Mounted police and police dogs

There are about 400

Belgian Malinois (20%).[76][66] There are also mounted police forces in the counties of Stockholm, Västra Götaland and Skåne, with approximately 60 horses in total or twenty horses in each mounted unit, which can be dispatched to other counties. Operations are planned and carried out locally, according to a joint national concept developed by Police Region Stockholm.[77][66]

Oversight

A number of sanctions and oversight functions exist to ensure that the application of legislation and the exercise of public authority are in compliance with regulations. The most serious cases of professional misconduct may be prosecuted under the Swedish Penal Code as misuse of office/dereliction of duty (tjänstefel), carrying a maximum penalty of six years imprisonment. Other provisions may also apply. Less serious cases of misconduct or negligent performance of duties may lead to disciplinary action in the form of a warning, wage deduction or ultimately dismissal.[47][14][c] A common misconception about police misconduct in Sweden is that investigations are carried out by colleagues, which is not the case.[78] The Swedish police is subject to oversight by several external authorities:[79]

  • Chancellor of Justice – Provides a general oversight function on behalf of the Government, designed to ensure that officials are in compliance with regulations.
  • Commission on Security and Integrity Protection – Monitors the use of secret surveillance techniques, assumed identities and other associated activities, as well as the processing of personal data.
  • Data Protection Authority
    – Monitors the use of registers and the processing of personal data.
  • National Audit Office – Responsible for efficiency audits of the police.
  • Parliamentary Ombudsman – Ensures compliance with laws and other statutes governing authorities on behalf of the Riksdag, with particular attention to abuses of authority vis-a-vis individuals.
  • Work Environment Authority – Responsible for issues relating to the working environment.

Additionally, internal review and control is managed by the Special Investigations Division (Avdelningen för särskilda utredningar), an independent division within the Swedish Police Authority. The division is responsible for investigating crimes committed by police employees, including civilian employees and off-duty officers, and complaints filed against prosecutors, judges and police students.[47][80] The head of the division is appointed by the Government and operations are funded as a separate appropriation item. Officers work closely with a special chamber of prosecutors reporting directly to the Prosecutor-General of Sweden, tasked with leading investigations and deciding which cases should be processed. The division is also obliged to provide support to other external supervisory authorities.[78][81] In 2013, the police received 6,212 complaints of misconduct, of which the most common complaint was misuse of office. Other common complaints were assault and theft. The prosecutor decided not to initiate an investigation in 71 per cent of the cases.[82] The matter of supervision of the police have been the subject of several Government inquiries,[78] most recently by a parliamentary committee in June 2015, which recommended the creation of a new supervisory body. As of August 2015, the recommendation is under consideration by various referral bodies.[83]

Police training

In 1870, the police in Stockholm introduced a one-year practice-oriented education. Before this, new recruits studied laws and regulations on their own, while they got a very elementary introduction to the job by their colleagues and some lectures by officers, lasting in total only a few weeks.[84] The country's first police academy was established in Uppsala in 1910, partly financed by local government. Similar schools were established at later dates in the rest of the country.[85] In 1925, with the establishment of the Police Act, the Government took over the Police School in Stockholm, established eight years prior. This school later became the National Police Academy (Polishögskolan), located at a former military base in Solna, under the stewardship of the National Police Board.[86] In the early 1970s the education consisted of 40 weeks of theoretical and practical training, followed by two years of field training.[32] In 1998, the Government launched a new police education programme lasting two years, followed by six months of paid workplace practice at a local police authority, which made you qualified to apply for the position as a Police Constable.[87]

Since 2015, the National Police Academy is entirely outsourced by the Swedish Police Authority and training is carried out at five universities:

law degree. This requirement was dropped to allow for broader hiring practices and in an effort to expand the expertise within the police.[91] Roughly 40 percent of 200 police chiefs surveyed in 2013 had a law degree.[92]

Women police

Women police in Stockholm, 1958

In 1908, the first group of women were employed by the police in Stockholm. They worked mainly with women and children, and were often experienced nurses serving as jail guards. Some were tasked with surveillance of public places, arresting women and children caught stealing.[93] In the subsequent fifty years more women were employed, but remained few overall.[94] It was not until 1957 that the opportunity to become a police constable on patrol duty opened up for women, with the first uniformed police women patrolling the streets of Täby and Vaxholm.[95][96] In the following year, women started to patrol the streets of Stockholm in a pilot project. The project caused a lot of debate, with some resistance within the police union, and recruitment slowed down in the 1960s. In 1968, the National Police Board decided that all women should be placed in investigation units or on other duties excluding them from patrols and recruitment picked up speed again.[97] This arrangement remained in place until 1971, when a formal decision was made that all men and women should serve on equal terms.[98]

Other notable events for women:[99]

  • 1981 – First woman police chief, Karin Värmefjord, was appointed Police Commissioner of Ludvika
  • 1990 – First woman forensic police officer
  • 1994 – First woman county police chief, Ann-Charlotte Norrås, was appointed Chief Commissioner of Gothenburg County Police
  • 1994 – First woman to serve at a tactical unit
  • 2005 – First woman to serve as a helicopter pilot
  • 2023- First woman to become National Police Commissioner Petra Lundh[100]

In 2011, women accounted for 40 per cent of all employees and 28 per cent of all officers, with 24 per cent women in management.[10] Today, physical requirements are the same for men and women in cardiovascular fitness, but different in terms of body strength. The minimum requirement is equivalent to average-level muscle strength and fitness in men and women.[101][102]

Equipment

Ground vehicles

Volvo V90 police car with Battenburg markings, 2017
Police at the scene, after the 2017 terrorist attack in Stockholm, Sweden
Mercedes Sprinter public order van, 2007

Swedish

Piketen, and public order vans.[107][108] The traffic police share approximately 150 police motorcycles.[109]In the northern parts of Sweden police commonly use snowmobiles and works along with Customs and the Swedish Mountain Rescue Services (Fjällräddningen). Other police vehicles used by Swedish law enforcement includes bicycles in heavy populated areas and near city centers.[110]

Weapons

The standard equipment for Swedish police officers includes a handgun, which officers are required to carry whenever they are "on patrol duty" (Swedish: i yttre tjänst, lit.'in external service'). They are also allowed to carry during "office duty" (Swedish: inre tjänst, lit.'internal service') when it is for safety reasons (e.g. premises where the public has access or during guard duty).[111]

Swedish police officers are issued with the

accidental firearms discharge in a dangerous situation.[115]

Police officers also routinely carry

expandable batons and pepper spray.[116][117][118] A trial of electroshock weapons (TASER X2) took place between 2018 and 2019, with 700 officers trained to use the device. Their use has been continued in the regions where the trials took place.[119] Officers may also, in addition, be assigned the Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun under special circumstances or in a particularly dangerous situation.[120][121]

The Swedish police are also allowed, yet rarely use, tear gas against individuals or in crowd control situations.[122][123][124] The National Task Force, the RRTF and regional task forces also have the LWRC M6 assault rifle, shotguns and stun grenades in their armoury.[124][125]

The National Task Force is the only unit within the Swedish police allowed to use sniper rifles.[126] In 2013, members of the task force were pictured with a Sako TRG M10 rifle, on a rooftop overlooking the arrival of U.S. President Barack Obama to the Stockholm airport.[127]

Radio

The Swedish police uses a TETRA-based radio communications system, named RAKEL, managed by the Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency. It's also used by other law enforcement agencies and organizations with a responsibility for public safety, replacing more than 200 analogue systems. The system covers 99.84% of Sweden's population and 95% of the territory, and became the standard radio system for the police in 2011.[128][129]

Uniform and rank structure

Uniform

Police Inspector, 2010
Police Inspector, 2010
Swedish Police equipment belt

The everyday working uniform consists of

jackets designed for different tasks and weather situations, most of them in dark-blue. According to the regulations, officers should typically wear hi-visibility vests, unless it is detrimental to the task at hand.[133] Officers may also wear a light-blue long sleeve dress shirt with a dark-blue tie, usually paired with a dark-blue or white peaked cap, and sometimes worn with dark-blue suit jackets and trousers.[132] There is also a light-blue short sleeve dress shirt that may be worn open-necked.[134] White dress shirts are primarily reserved for more formal occasions.[135]

Ranks

Starting 2015, the Swedish police will begin to reorganize, a project which is expected to continue for several years.[33][needs update] The Swedish police will implement a new hierarchical structure composed of six major levels,[136][137] with the National Police Commissioner at the top; followed by a Regional Police Chief or Head of Department (with the rank of Police Director), a District Police Chief or Head of Division (Police Commissioner), a Local Police Chief or Head of Section (Superintendent), and a Head of Group (Inspector) along with the rest of the personnel at the bottom of the pyramid.[138]

Police Trainee, 2006
Police Trainee, 2006
Swedish police rank structure and insignia[d]
National
Police
Commissioner
Police
Director
Deputy
Police
Director
Police
Commissioner
Deputy
Police
Commissioner
Chief
Superintendent
Assistant
Police
Commissioner
Superintendent Chief
Inspector
Inspector Sergeant Senior
Police
Officer
Police
Officer
Police
Trainee

See also

Swedish police in fiction:

  • The Bridge – a Scandinavian crime drama about a Danish and Swedish police duo
  • Johan Falk – a fictional Swedish police officer, based on the reported actions of the Special Operations Unit
  • Kurt Wallander – a fictional Swedish police detective, created by crime writer Henning Mankell
  • Sjöwall and Wahlöö
  • E-HURB - a fictional branch of the Swedish Police Authority in a near future alternate history Sweden, whose role is to police the production and use of advanced androids
    known as Hubots.
  • Thin Blue Line - a TV drama about the difficult life of six police officers in Malmö, Sweden, written by Cilla Jackert

Notes

  1. ^
    Ministerstyre and the official translation of the constitution at the Riksdag website: 1974 Instrument of Government
    , Chapter 12, Art. 2
  2. ^ Based on an organizational chart published by the Swedish Police Authority in 2015
  3. ^ See also the official translation at the Government of Sweden website of the Swedish Penal Code (1 May 1999), Chapter 20, Section 1
  4. ^ Official titles in English from Utrikes namnbok, 9th edition, issued by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs and a booklet issued by the Stockholm County Police

References

Citations

  1. ^ Swedish Police 2020, 'Antal anställda'.
  2. ^ Swedish National Financial Management Authority 2015.
  3. ^ a b Furuhagen 2009, p. 43.
  4. ^ a b c d Swedish Ministry of Justice 2015.
  5. ^ a b Magnusson 2012.
  6. ^ a b c Swedish Police 2015, 'Organisation'.
  7. ^ a b Swedish Police 2015, 'Antal anställda'.
  8. ^ a b Södertörn University 2015.
  9. ^ a b Swedish Police 2014, 'Statistik'.
  10. ^ a b Swedish National Police Board 2011, 'Personalstatistik'.
  11. ^ a b US State Dept 2012.
  12. ^ Beckman, Olsson & Wockelberg 2003.
  13. ^ a b Beckman, Olsson & Wockelberg 2003, pp. 19–20.
  14. ^ a b SOU 2007:5, p. 133.
  15. ^ a b Swedish Police Museum 2015.
  16. ^ Etiska rådet 2005.
  17. ^ a b c Furuhagen 2009, p. 22.
  18. ^ Furuhagen 2009, pp. 13–14.
  19. ^ Furuhagen 2009, p. 20.
  20. ^ Furuhagen 2009, p. 21.
  21. ^ a b c d Bergsten & Furuhagen 2002.
  22. ^ Furuhagen 2009, pp. 21–22.
  23. ^ a b Sahlberg 1981.
  24. ^ a b Furuhagen 2009, p. 16.
  25. ^ Furuhagen 2009, pp. 14–15.
  26. ^ Furuhagen 2009, p. 28.
  27. ^ Mann 1999.
  28. ^ Furuhagen 2009, p. 33.
  29. ^ Furuhagen 2009, pp. 33–34.
  30. ^ Furuhagen 2009, p. 36.
  31. ^ Furuhagen 2009, p. 44.
  32. ^ a b Furuhagen 2009.
  33. ^ a b Sveriges Radio 2015, 'Intern kritik'.
  34. ^ SFS 1984:387, section 2.
  35. ^ Swedish Ministry of Justice 2015, p. 5.
  36. ^ Swedish National Police Board 2011, pp. 31–34.
  37. ^ a b Dagens Eko 2015.
  38. ^ Police Annual Report 2014, pp. 38–39.
  39. ^ Police Interim Report 2015, pp. 6–7, 26.
  40. ^ Police Interim Report 2015, p. 12.
  41. ^ Police Interim Report 2015, p. 10.
  42. ^ Police Interim Report 2015, p. 5.
  43. ^ a b Genomförandekommittén 2014, memo.
  44. ^ SFS 2007:515, section 9.
  45. ^ a b Swedish Police 2015, 'Faktablad'.
  46. ^ a b Genomförandekommittén 2014.
  47. ^ a b c Swedish Police 2015, 'Särskilda utredningar'.
  48. ^ Swedish Police Union 2015.
  49. ^ Genomförandekommittén 2014, pp. 6, 63.
  50. ^ Swedish Police 2015, 'Polismyndighetens insynsråd'.
  51. ^ Swedish Police 2015, 'Faktablad', p. 6.
  52. ^ Genomförandekommittén 2014, Chapter 3.
  53. ^ Kuutti 2014.
  54. ^ Genomförandekommittén 2014, pp. 17–19.
  55. ^ Genomförandekommittén 2013, p. 14.
  56. ^ Genomförandekommittén 2014, pp. 21–22.
  57. ^ Swedish Police 2015, 'Faktablad', p. 4.
  58. ^ Genomförandekommittén 2014, pp. 15, 23–25.
  59. ^ Språktidningen 2009.
  60. ^ a b Swedish Police 2015, 'Piketen'.
  61. ^ Sveriges Radio 2012.
  62. ^ SOU 1988:18.
  63. ^ Werkelius 1997, p. 9.
  64. ^ Swedish Police 2015, 'Nationella insatsstyrkan'.
  65. ^ Swedish Police 2015, 'Sjöpolisen'.
  66. ^ a b c Genomförandekommittén 2014, p. 58.
  67. ^ "Polisens nya helikoptermodell mer högljudd än någonsin". www.stockholmdirekt.se (in Swedish). Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  68. ^ Sveriges Radio 2015.
  69. ^ Bianco 2014.
  70. ^ Genomförandekommittén 2014, p. 28.
  71. ^ Swedish Police 2015, 'Polisflyget'.
  72. ^ Swedish National Police Board 2011.
  73. ^ "Bell 429 celebrates over 330,000 hours of operation". Bell Textron Inc. (Press release). 16 July 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2021.
  74. ^ Rochette, Jennifer (2018-05-22). "Helikoptrar köps in för terrorbekämpning". Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Retrieved 2018-07-31.
  75. ^ Svedin 2014.
  76. ^ Swedish Police 2015, 'Hundförare'.
  77. ^ Swedish Police 2015, 'Polisrytteriet'.
  78. ^ a b c Åhlund 2014.
  79. ^ SOU 2013:42, p. 18.
  80. ^ SFS 1984:387, section 2b.
  81. ^ Genomförandekommittén 2014, OP-9.
  82. ^ Swedish National Police Board 2013.
  83. ^ Harju 2015.
  84. ^ Furuhagen 2009, p. 24.
  85. ^ Dahlgren 2007, p. 30.
  86. ^ Furuhagen 2009, p. 34.
  87. ^ SOU 2007:39.
  88. ^ Schoultz 2013.
  89. ^ Swedish Police 2014, 'Bli polis'.
  90. ^ Swedish Police 2014, 'Chefs- och ledarutveckling'.
  91. ^ 1998/99:JuU18.
  92. ^ Wahlberg 2013.
  93. ^ Dahlgren 2007, pp. 37–38, 42.
  94. ^ Dahlgren 2007, p. 39.
  95. ^ Furuhagen 2009, p. 41.
  96. ^ Dahlgren 2007, p. 52.
  97. ^ Dahlgren 2007, pp. 85, 87.
  98. ^ Dahlgren 2007, pp. 169–171.
  99. ^ Hjorth 2007.
  100. ^ "Regeringen utser Petra Lundh till ny rikspolischef". 17 November 2023.
  101. ^ Swedish Police 2015, 'Antagningskrav'.
  102. ^ Swedish Police 2015, 'Skilda styrkekrav'.
  103. ^ Swedish Police 2015, 'Aktuella upphandlingar'.
  104. ^ Orre 2013, pp. 26–27.
  105. ^ Rabe 2013.
  106. ^ Rabe 2011.
  107. ^ Efendić 2008.
  108. ^ JO Dnr 2449-2013.
  109. ^ Ahlberg 2008.
  110. ^ Törngren, Kristin (October 18, 2017). "Så ska cykelpolisen ta fler gärningsmän". Sveriges Television (Svt). Retrieved August 11, 2019.
  111. ^ FAP 104-2, section 9.
  112. ^ Sannemalm 2010.
  113. ^ Lunneborg 2013.
  114. ^ Hjorth 2014.
  115. ^ TT 2012.
  116. ^ Etiska rådet 2005, pp. 15–16.
  117. ^ FAP 200-7.
  118. ^ FAP 104-4.
  119. ^ "Elchockvapen - polisens arbete | Polismyndigheten". Archived from the original on 2018-11-22. Retrieved 2020-12-19.
  120. ^ Etiska rådet 2005, p. 20.
  121. ^ FAP 104-2.
  122. ^ Holmqvist 2012.
  123. ^ FAP 104-3.
  124. ^ a b Utvecklingsavdelningen 2015.
  125. ^ Stenberg 2013.
  126. ^ Dagens Eko 2008.
  127. ^ Eisenträger 2013.
  128. ^ Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency 2009.
  129. ^ Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency 2011.
  130. ^ a b c FAP 798-1, p. 2.
  131. ^ Blåljus 2007.
  132. ^ a b FAP 798-1, p. 36.
  133. ^ FAP 798-1, Chapter 4, Section 20.
  134. ^ FAP 798-1, Chapter 4, Section 13.
  135. ^ FAP 798-1, p. 42.
  136. ^ Genomförandekommittén 2014, p. 14.
  137. ^ Genomförandekommittén 2014, 'Slutredovisning', p. 921.
  138. ^ Genomförandekommittén 2014, 'Slutredovisning', pp. 2109–2110.

Bibliography

External links