Swedish Pomerania
Swedish Pomerania | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1630–1815 | |||||||||
Charles XIII (last) | |||||||||
Governor-General | |||||||||
• 1633–1641 | Sten Svantesson Bielke (first) | ||||||||
• 1800–1809 | Hans Henric von Essen (last) | ||||||||
• 1809–1815 | Direct rule | ||||||||
History | |||||||||
• Treaty of Stockholm | 21 January 1720 | ||||||||
14 January 1814 | |||||||||
4/7 June 1815 | |||||||||
• Hand-over to Prussia | 23 October 1815 | ||||||||
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Swedish Pomerania (
Sweden, which had been present in Pomerania with a
In 1679, Sweden lost most of its Pomeranian possessions east of the
Geography
The largest cities in Swedish Pomerania were
Acquisition during the Thirty Years' War
Pomerania became involved in the
As a consequence, Pomerania lapsed into a state of anarchy, thereby forcing the Swedes to act. From 1641, the administration was led by a council ("Concilium status") from
Constitution and administration
The nobility of Pomerania was firmly established and held extensive privileges, as opposed to the other end of the spectrum which was populated by a class of numerous serfs. Even by the end of the 18th century, the serfs made up two-thirds of the population of the countryside. The estates owned by the nobility were divided into districts and the royal domains, which covered about a quarter of the country, were divided into amts.
One fourth of the "knightly" estates (Rittergut) in Swedish Pomerania were held by Swedish nobles.
The position of Pomerania in the Swedish Realm came to depend on the talks that were opened between the
The Royal Government of Pomerania (die königliche Landesregierung) was composed of the
The Estates, which had exercised great authority under the Pomeranian dukes, were unable to exert any significant influence on Sweden, even though the Constitution of 1663 had provided them with a veto in as far as Pomerania was affected. Their rights of petition were however not limited, and by the privileges of King Frederick I of Sweden in 1720 they also had an explicit right to participate in legislation and taxation.
The towns of
Legal system
The legal system in Pomerania was in a state of great confusion, due to the lack of a consistent legislation or even the most basic collection of laws and instead consisting of a disparate collection of legal principles. The Swedish rule brought, if nothing else, at least the rule of law into the court system. Starting in 1655, cases could be appealed from the first instance courts to the appellate court in
Second Northern and Scanian Wars
From 1657 to 1659 during the Second Northern War, Polish, Austrian, and Brandenburger troops ravaged the country. The territory was occupied by Denmark and Brandenburg from 1675 to 1679 during the Scanian War, whereby Denmark claimed Rügen and Brandenburg the rest of Pomerania.[5] Both campaigns were in vain for the winners when Swedish Pomerania was restored to Sweden in the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye in 1679, except for Gollnow and the strip of land on the east side of the Oder, which were held by Brandenburg as a pawn in exchange for reparations, until these were paid in 1693.[6]
Because Pomerania had been hit hard by the Thirty Years' War already and found it hard to recover during the following years, the Swedish government in 1669 and 1689 issued decrees (Freiheitspatente) freeing anyone of taxes who built or rebuilt a house. These decrees were in force, though frequently modified, until 1824.[7]
Territorial changes during the Great Northern War
The first years of the
Danish Pomerania was since April 1716 governed by a governmental commission seated in
By the
Denmark returned its Pomeranian territories to Swedish administration on 17 January 1721. The administrative records from the Danish period were transferred to Copenhagen and are available at the Danish National Archives (rigsarkivet).[9]
Seven Years' War
A feeble Swedish attempt to regain the lost territories in the Pomeranian campaigns of the Seven Years' War (1757–1762, "Pomeranian War") failed. Swedish troops struggled to co-ordinate with their French and Russian allies, and what had begun as a Swedish invasion of Prussian Pomerania soon led to the Prussians occupying much of Swedish Pomerania and threatening Stralsund. When Russia made peace with Prussia in 1762, Sweden also dropped out of the war with a return to the status quo ante bellum. Sweden's disappointing performance in the war further hurt its international prestige.
Integration in the eleventh hour
By royal proclamation on 26 June 1806, the Constitution of Pomerania was declared to have been suspended and abolished. The Swedish
Also in 1806,
Loss during the Napoleonic Wars
The entry into the
The fate of Swedish Pomerania was settled during the Congress of Vienna through the treaties between Prussia and Denmark on 4 June and with Sweden on 7 June 1815. In this manoeuvre Prussia gained Swedish Pomerania in exchange for Saxe-Lauenburg, becoming Danish, with Prussia having bartered previously Hanoverian Saxe-Lauenburg only 14 years earlier in exchange for East Frisia ceded to Hanover again.[13] Denmark also received 2.6 million Thalers from Prussia. 3.5 million Thalers were awarded to Sweden in war damages. "Swedish Pomerania" was incorporated into Prussia as New Western Pomerania (Neuvorpommern) within the Prussian Province of Pomerania.
Population
The population of Swedish Pomerania was 82,827 in 1764, (58,682 rural, 24,145 urban; 40% of the rural population were leibeigen
List of governors-general
Source:[15]
- Sten Svantesson Bielke (1633–1638)
- Johan Banér (1638–1641)
- Lennart Torstenson(1641–1648)
- Carl Gustaf Wrangel (1648–1652)
- Axel Lillie (1652–1654)
- Arvid Wittenberg (1655–1656)
- Carl Gustaf Wrangel (1656–1676)
- Otto Wilhelm Königsmarck (1679–1687)
- Nils Bielke (1687–1698)
- Jürgen Mellin (1698–1711)
- Mauritz Vellingk (1711–1713)
- Danish governors general (1715–1721)
- Franz Joachim von Dewitz (1715–1719)[16]
- Jobst von Scholten (1719–1721)[11]
- Johan August Meijerfeldt the elder(1713–1747)
- Axel Löwen (1748–1767)
- Hans Henrik von Liewen the younger (1767–1772)
- Fredrik Cornelius Soels de Witterzée (1772–1776)
- Fredrik Vilhelm von Hessenstein(1776–1791)
- Eric Ruuth (1792–1795)
- Filip Julius Bernhard von Platen (1796–1800)
- Hans Henric von Essen(1800–1812)
- French governors general (1807–1813)
- Guillaume Marie-Anne Brune (August 1807)[15]
- Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor (October 1807)[15]
- Jacques Lazare de Savattier de Candras (November 1807–March 1808)[15]
- Joseph Morand (1812–1813)[15]
- Johan August Sandels (1812–1815)
- Wilhelm Malte zu Putbus(1815)
Notable people
- Johann Franz Buddeus (1667–1729) a German Lutheran theologian and philosopher; born at Anklam
- Johann Philipp Palthen (1672–1710) a Western Pomeranian historian and philologist; born in Wolgast
- Philip Johan von Strahlenberg (1676–1747) a Swedish officer and geographer, contributed to the cartography of Russia; born in Stralsund,
- Johann Joachim Spalding (1714–1804) a German Protestant theologian and philosopher of Scottish ancestry; a native of Tribsees
- Aaron Isaac (1730–1817) a Jewish seal engraver and merchant in haberdashery; came from Pommery
- Balthasar Anton Dunker (1746–1807) a German landscape painter and etcher, born at Saal, near Stralsund.
- Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1742-1786) a Swedish Pomeranian and German pharmaceutical chemist; born in Stralsund
- Christian Ehrenfried Weigel (1748–1831) a German scientist, professor of Chemistry, Pharmacy, Botany, and Mineralogy at the University of Greifswald; born in Stralsund, died in Griefswald
- Thomas Thorild (1759–1808) a Swedish poet, critic, feminist and philosopher; died at Greifswald
- Ernst Moritz Arndt (1769–1860) a German nationalist historian, writer and poet; born at Gross Schoritz, now a part of Garz on the island of Rügen
- Caspar David Friedrich (1774–1840) a German Romantic landscape painter; born in Greifswald
- Philipp Otto Runge (1777–1810) a Romantic German painter and draughtsman; born in Wolgast
- Johann Gottfried Ludwig Kosegarten (1792–1860) a German orientalist born in Altenkirchen on the island of Rugen, died in Greifswald
- Georg Friedrich Schömann (1793-1879) a German classical scholar of Swedish heritage; born in Stralsund
- Arnold Ruge (1802–1880) German philosopher and political writer; born in Bergen auf Rügen[17]
- Johann Karl Rodbertus (1805–1875) a German economist and socialist of the scientific or conservative school; came from Greifswald
- Adolf Friedrich Stenzler (1807–1887) a German Indologist; born in Wolgast
- Joachim Daniel Andreas Müller (1812–1857) a Swedish gardener and writer; born in Stralsund
- Max von Sydow (1929-2020) a Swedish Actor of Pomeranian lineage
Nobility
- Count Carl Gustav Rehnskiöld (1651–1722) a Swedish Field Marshal; born in Stralsund
- Christof Beetz (1670–1746 in Stralsund) Platz-Major and Stabs-Major of the military garrison in Stralsund
- Kurt Christoph, Graf von Schwerin (1684–1757) a Prussian Generalfeldmarschall; born in Löwitz
- Georg Detlev von Flemming (1699–1771) a General in Polish-Saxon service; was born in Iven
- Gustav David Hamilton (1699–1788) a Swedish count and soldier; commander of Swedish Pommeranian forces during the Seven Years' War
- Hans Karl von Winterfeldt (1707–1757) a Prussian general; born at Vanselow Castle, now in Siedenbrünzow
- John Mackenzie, Lord MacLeod (1727–1789) a Scottish Jacobite, soldier of fortune and mercenary
- Curt Bogislaus Ludvig Kristoffer von Stedingk (1746–1837) a Swedish army officer and diplomat
- Bernhard Ditlef von Staffeldt (1753-1818) officer, born in Kenz
- Count Baltzar Bogislaus von Platen (1766–1829) a Swedish naval officer and statesman; born on the island of Rügen
- Friedrich August von Klinkowström (1778–1835) a German artist, author and teacher from an old Pomeranian noble family; born in Ludwigsburg
- Wilhelm Malte I, Prince of Putbus(1783–1854) a German prince, acted as a Swedish governor in Swedish Pomerania; born in Putbus, Rügen
See also
References
Footnotes
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ISBN 3-7338-0195-4.
- ISBN 3-7338-0195-4.
- ISBN 978-3-8258-7396-7, [1]
- ^ ISBN 3-8258-8218-7.
- ^ ISBN 3-8258-8218-7.
- ISBN 3-8258-8218-7.
- ^ ISBN 3-8258-8218-7.
- ^ *Asmus, Ivo. "Gustavia - Ein schwedisches Hafen- und Stadtprojekt für Mönchgut" (in German and Swedish). rügen.de. Archived from the original on 18 June 2010. Retrieved 20 December 2009.
- ISBN 3-88680-272-8
- ^ OCLC 43087092
- ^ ISBN 978-3-9808999-6-3.
- ISBN 3-8258-8218-7.
- New International Encyclopedia. 1905.
Sources
- Andreas Önnerfors: Svenska Pommern: kulturmöten och identifikation 1720-1815. Lund, 2003 (Dissertation written in Swedish available as a PDF file)
External links
- Foundation for the Swedish Cultural Heritage in Pomerania
- Dänholm Island, Swedish Pomerania August 1807 at NapoleonSeries.org
- Brune's 1807 Campaign in Swedish Pomerania at NapoleonSeries.org
- Pomeraniæ Ducatus tabula. Map of the Duchy of Pomerania.[permanent dead link] at library.ucla.edu