Lonicera caerulea
Lonicera caerulea | |
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Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Clade: | Asterids |
Order: | Dipsacales |
Family: | Caprifoliaceae |
Genus: | Lonicera |
Species: | L. caerulea
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Binomial name | |
Lonicera caerulea | |
Synonyms[1] | |
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Lonicera caerulea, also known by its common names blue honeysuckle,
The plant or its fruit has also come to be called haskap, derived from its name in the language of the native
Description
Haskap is a deciduous shrub growing to 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in) tall. The leaves are opposite, oval, 3–8 cm (1.2–3.1 in) long and 1–3 cm (0.39–1.18 in) broad, greyish green, with a slightly waxy texture. The flowers are yellowish-white, 12–16 mm long, with five equal lobes; they are produced in pairs on the shoots. The fruit is an edible, blue berry, somewhat cylindrical in shape weighing 1.3 to 2.2 grams (0.046 to 0.078 oz), and about 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter.[7]
The plant is
Haskap cultivars can survive a large range of soil acidity from 3.9-7.7 (optimum 5.5-6.5), requiring high organic matter, well drained soils, and plentiful sunlight for optimum productivity. Lonicera caerulea plants are more tolerant of wet conditions than most fruit species.[8][10]
Distribution and habitat
The species is circumpolar, primarily found in or near wetlands of boreal forests in heavy peat soils of North America, Europe, and Asia.[6][11] It also can be found in high-calcium soils, in mountains, and along the coasts of northeastern Asia and northwestern North America.[8]
Different varieties are distributed across central and northern Canada, northern United States, northern and eastern Europe, Siberia, middle Asia, and northeastern China.[6]
Classification
The classification within the species is not settled. One classification uses nine
- Lonicera caerulea var. altaica. Northern Asia.
- Lonicera caerulea var. caerulea. Europe.
- Lonicera caerulea var. cauriana. Western North America.
- Lonicera caerulea var. dependens. Central Asia.
- Lonicera caerulea var. edulis, synonym: L. edulis. Eastern Asia.
- Lonicera caerulea var. emphyllocalyx (also known as haskap). Eastern Asia.
- Lonicera caerulea var. kamtschatica. Northeastern Asia.
- Lonicera caerulea var. pallasii. Northern Asia, northeastern Europe.
- Lonicera caerulea var. villosa. Eastern North America.
Cultivated varieties
Improved cultivars include:
- 'Aurora'
- 'Boreal Beauty'
- 'Boreal Beast'
- 'Boreal Blizzard'
- 'Honeybee'
- 'Wojtek'
- 'Berry Blue'
- 'Indigo Gem'
- 'Indigo Treat'
- 'Indigo Yum'
- 'Tundra'
- 'Borealis'
- 'Atlaj'
- 'Nimfa'
- 'Polar Jewel'
- 'Sinoglaska'
According to research at the University of Saskatchewan, each variety can be distinguished by the size of berries, taste, and bush dimensions.[7]
Common names
Lonicera caerulea is known by several common names:[8]
- Haskap: name of the Ainu language in northern Japan[2]
- Blue honeysuckle: descriptive translation from Russian origin
- Honeyberry: common in North America
- Swamp fly honeysuckle: coined by botanists who found it growing wild in swampyareas of Canada
Cultivation
The indigenous peoples of eastern Russia, northern Japan and northern China have long harvested the wild berries, but cultivation efforts are relatively recent, beginning in the Soviet Union in the 1950s. Research into commercial cultivation continued in
Disease
This plant is not affected by many pests and diseases.[9] Powdery mildew is one disease documented to affect Lonicera caerulea, usually after fruit maturity in mid– to late summer.[8] When the plant is affected, it is common for the leaves to turn white, with brown patches eventually developing.[8]
Harvest and uses
Honeysuckle is harvested in late spring or early summer two weeks before strawberries for Russian type varieties, with Japanese types ripening at a similar time to
Honeysuckle can be used in various processed products, such as
Phytochemicals
As a blue
Traditional medicine
Over centuries in East Asian countries, Lonicera caerulea has been used for supposed therapeutic applications in traditional medicine.[17]
References
- ^ The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species; Family Caprifoliaceae, Genus Lonicera by Species, The Plant List, Version 1, Royal Botanic Garden-Kew and Missouri Botanical Garden, 2010, retrieved 18 May 2016
- ^ ISBN 978-14-66585-94-2.
- ^ a b c USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Lonicera caerulea". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
- ISBN 978-08-89771-62-8.
- ^ BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
- ^ a b c d USDA GRIN Taxonomy, retrieved 18 May 2016
- ^ a b University of Saskatchewan (2007). "Haskap: University of Saskatchewan Fruit Program". Retrieved 25 November 2016.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "Haskap". University of Saskatchewan, Department of Plant Sciences. 2021. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
- ^ a b c The Encyclopedia of Fruit & Nuts. CABI. 2008. p. 232.
- ISBN 9780851996387.
- ^ a b c "Honeyberry". London, UK: The Royal Horticultural Society. 2016.
- ^ "Interest grows in Scottish-grown Japanese 'superberry'". The Scottish Farmer. 19 August 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2024.
- ^ Reimer, Peter (2007). "Haskap wines at the University of Saskatchewan fruit program" (PDF). Retrieved 9 August 2016.
- PMID 26471547.
- ^ Zenovia O, Lacramioara O, Elena T, Maria-Magdalena Z (2013). "Variability of anthocyanin content and dry matter amount in fruits of some lonicera caerulea selections depending on storage conditions". Analele Ştiinţifice Ale Universităţii Alexandru Ioan Cuza Din Iași, Sectiunea II A: Genetica Si Biologie Moleculara. 14 (4): 7–12.
- PMID 27040352.
- .