Sydney Riot of 1879
The Sydney Riot of 1879 was an instance of
The riot was sparked by a controversial umpiring decision, when star Australian batsman
The pitch invasion occurred while Gregory halted the match by not sending out a replacement for Murdoch. The New South Wales skipper called on Lord Harris to remove umpire Coulthard, whom he considered to be inept or biased, but his English counterpart declined. The other umpire, future prime minister Edmund Barton, defended Coulthard and Lord Harris, saying that the decision against Murdoch was correct and that the English had conducted themselves appropriately. Eventually, Gregory agreed to resume the match without the removal of Coulthard. However, the crowd continued to disrupt proceedings, and play was abandoned for the day. Upon resumption after the Sunday rest day, Lord Harris's men won convincingly by an innings.
In the immediate aftermath of the riot, the England team cancelled the remaining games they were scheduled to play in Sydney. The incident also caused much press comment in England and Australia. In Australia, the newspapers were united in condemning the unrest, viewing the chaos as a national humiliation and a public relations disaster. An
Background
England cricket tours to Australia started in 1861,[1] and while successful, were still in their infancy in 1879, despite the first Test match having been played in 1877. The teams were of variable quality; while promoters sought the best cricketers, they still had to agree to terms.[2] In addition, many could not afford the time for the long boat trip, the tour itself, and the return voyage—the journey itself often took up to two months.[3] Aside from a tour by an Australian Aboriginal team in 1868, the Dave Gregory-led campaign in 1878 was the first major Australian tour to England.[4][5][6] The tour was generally regarded as a success;[6] a highlight was the Australians' famous victory over a very strong Marylebone Cricket Club outfit, which included W. G. Grace, the dominant cricketer of the 19th century, in less than four hours.[7][8]
Keen to make the most of this success, the
At the time, English cricket was dominated by amateurs. Generally educated in public schools such as
Cheating was a regular occurrence in 19th-century Australian cricket,
Soon after Gregory's 1878 Australian team returned home, Lord Harris's Englishmen arrived.[11][30] Australia won the first match, played at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, by 10 wickets.[31] The match was later recognised as the third Test match in history.[31] New South Wales paceman Fred Spofforth—nicknamed "The Demon" because of his ferocious pace—took 13 wickets in the match,[32] including the first ever Test hat-trick.[33] The next tour match was against New South Wales and started on 24 January at the Association Ground in Sydney. New South Wales won by five wickets,[34] despite the absence of Spofforth—who withdrew from the home side after spraining his wrist the night before the start of the match—[31][35] and Gregory, who had been dropped for missing a training session and failing to provide an explanation for his absence.[31]
Match
The third tour match and the second game between the English XI (led by Lord Harris) and New South Wales—captained by Gregory—commenced on Friday 7 February at the Association Ground.
As both Gregory and Spofforth were playing for the hosts, bookmakers were offering attractive odds against an English win, and New South Wales were heavily backed, having won the previous match with an even weaker side.[31][37] The Sydney Morning Herald condemned the "impunity with which open betting was transacted in the pavilion",[37] in defiance of the prominent notices indicating that gambling was banned.[37]
Lord Harris won the
The match recommenced at noon the next day, Saturday 8 February. Ten thousand were in attendance, and New South Wales started well.[40] Murdoch and Massie took the score to 107 before the latter fell, and the hosts reached 3/130 at lunch, without losing another wicket.[39] However, wickets tumbled through the afternoon, none of the incoming batsmen passed single figures and New South Wales were all out for 177, a deficit of 90 runs.[42] Tom Emmett took the last seven wickets to end with 8/47. Murdoch batted through the innings for 82 not out, making him the hero in the eyes of the locals.[39] He hit 11 fours, and Wisden called his effort a "grand innings".[41] The prevailing rule of the time required New South Wales to follow-on (i.e. to bat again) as they were more than 80 runs in arrears.[29] New South Wales started their second innings around 4 o'clock. Then, when the New South Wales second innings score was 19, the opening partnership between Murdoch and Alick Bannerman ended when the former was adjudged run out by Coulthard for 10.[39]
Riot
Many in the crowd disagreed with the decision and took exception to it being made by an umpire employed by the Englishmen.
The pavilion stood at an angle to the crease, so the members were not in an ideal position to see how accurate the decision was.[29] The uproar continued as it became obvious that no batsman was coming out to replace Murdoch, so Harris walked towards the pavilion and met Gregory at the gate,[29] at which point Gregory asked Harris to change his umpire. Harris refused, as the English team considered the decision to be fair and correct.[29][43] Lord Harris later said that his two fielders in the point and cover positions, being side on to the crease, had a good view of the incident, and that they agreed with Coulthard's judgement.[43] Barton said that Coulthard's decision was correct, and that the Englishmen were justified in standing by their nominated umpire.[43]
It was while Harris was remonstrating with Gregory that "
When the ground was finally cleared Gregory insisted, according to Harris, that Coulthard be replaced. When Harris would not agree, Gregory said, "Then the game is at an end".[38] Harris asked Barton whether he could claim the match on a forfeit. Barton replied "I will give it to you in two minutes if the batsmen don't return".[38] Harris then asked Barton to speak with Gregory to ascertain his intentions. When Barton came out he announced that Alick Bannerman and Nat Thomson would resume the New South Wales innings.[38] They walked onto the arena and reached the stumps, but before they could receive a ball, the crowd again invaded the pitch, and remained there until the scheduled end of play. According to The Sydney Mail approximately 90 minutes' play had been lost.[38] Lord Harris maintained his position on the ground, standing "erect" with "moustache bristling" among the spectators,[50] fearful that his leaving the arena would lead to a forfeit.[50]
Sunday was a rest day, so the match resumed on Monday, 10 February.[39] As it was a working day, the crowd was much smaller.[43] Rain had fallen and the sun had baked the playing surface into a sticky wicket, which caused erratic behaviour.[44] Nat Thomson was out for a duck without addition to the overnight total, and a collapse ensued.[39][51] New South Wales made only 49 in their second innings; Bannerman top-scored with 20 while six of his colleagues failed to score, while Emmett and Ulyett took four and five wickets respectively, including four wickets in four balls for the latter.[39][52] England thus won by an innings and 41 runs.[39]
Reaction
There were widespread allegations by the media and English players that the riot was started by bookmakers, or at least encouraged by the widespread betting that was known to be occurring at the match.[53] Vernon Royle, a member of the English team, wrote in his diary that "It was a most disgraceful affair and took its origin from some of the 'better' [gambling] class in the Pavilion".[54]
The Australian press and cricket officials immediately condemned the riot, which dominated the front pages of the local newspapers, even though the infamous
Lord Harris
The NSWCA appealed to Lord Harris, and in reply he said he did not blame them or the cricketers of Sydney in any way, but said that "it [the riot] was an occurrence it was impossible he could forget".[44][55]
On 11 February, one day after the conclusion of the match and three days after the riot, Harris wrote a letter to one of his friends about the disturbance. It was clear that he intended the letter to be printed in the press, and it appeared in full in The Daily Telegraph on 1 April, among other London newspapers, reigniting the furore.[55] Wisden Cricketers' Almanack considered the incident of such significance that it reprinted the whole correspondence. The letter gives a detailed contemporary account of what Lord Harris thought about the riot.[56]
Lord Harris referred to the crowd as a "howling mob" and said "I have seen no reason as yet to change my opinion of Coulthard's qualities, or to regret his engagement, in which opinion I am joined by the whole team".[56] He further added that "Beyond slyly kicking me once or twice the mob behaved very well, their one cry being, 'Change your umpire'. And now for the cause of this disturbance, not unexpected, I may say, by us, for we have heard accounts of former matches played by English teams."[56] Harris further accused a New South Wales parliamentarian of assisting the gamblers in inciting the unrest, although he did not name the accusee.[56] He said
I blame the NSW Eleven for not objecting to Coulthard before the match began, if they had reason to suppose him incompetent to fulfil his duties. I blame the members of the association (many, of course, must be excepted) for their discourtesy and uncricket like behaviour to their guests; and I blame the committee and others of the association for ever permitting betting, but this last does not, of course, apply to our match only. I am bound to say they did all in their power to quell the disturbance. I don't think anything would have happened if A. Bannerman had been run out instead of Murdoch, but the latter, besides being a great favourite, deservedly I think, was the popular idol of the moment through having carried his bat out in the first innings.[56]
He further accused the Australian public of being bad losers, claiming that they were sparing in their applause upon his team's victory, and were unable to appreciate skills shown by an opposing team.[56] He summed up his feelings
To conclude, I cannot describe to you the horror we felt that such an insult should have been passed on us, and that the game we love so well, and wish to see honoured, supported, and played in an honest and manly way everywhere, should receive such desecration. I can use no milder word.[56]
Response in New South Wales
The NSWCA were outraged by Lord Harris's letter and convened a special meeting to consider their response and subsequently had their honorary secretary, Mr J.M. Gibson, write to The Daily Telegraph in reply. Gibson argued that "the misconduct of those who took possession of the wickets has been exaggerated" and that Lord Harris's account was "universally regarded here as both inaccurate and ungenerous."[56] The letter said that "We cannot allow a libel upon the people of New South Wales so utterly unfounded as this to pass without challenge".[56] It went on to accuse Harris of omitting certain facts in his account, which according to the NSWCA, depicted Australia and the cricket authorities in a poor light. These included an accusation that Harris had failed to note that the NSWCA and the media had immediately and strongly condemned the disturbance and treatment of the English visitors.[56] Gibson also criticised Lord Harris for claiming that Coulthard was "competent", while "admitting 'he had made two mistakes in our innings'", especially as Coulthard's not out ruling against Lord Harris "was openly admitted by his lordship to be a mistake" that favoured the Englishmen.[56] The letter further denied the claim that those who incited the riot were associated with the NSWCA and accused Harris of inflammatory conduct during the disorder.[56]
Certainly the conduct of Lord Harris did not tend to calm the general excitement. His lordship elbowed his way out through the crowd in a manner so violent as to invite assault. He kept his men 'exposed to the fury of the mob' for about an hour and a half upon the absurd and insulting plea that if he did not 'the other side would claim the match!'. But not one of the team received a scratch, and Mr. Hornby dragged a supposed offender of very diminutive stature through the mass to the pavilion, a hundred yards away, in triumph, and amidst general applause, with only a torn shirt as the penalty of his heroism.[56]
Spofforth, Australia's leading bowler, commented on the incident in an 1891 cricket magazine interview, but put a different slant on the cause. He thought that the English team were victims of intercolonial rivalry between New South Wales and Victoria:[57]
Then the crowd could stand it no longer and rushed on to the field, refusing to budge until the umpire was removed. I have no wish to dwell on this painful occurrence, but I should like to point out that the feeling aroused was almost entirely due to the spirit of the rivalry between the Colonies ... The umpire was Victorian, and the party spirit in the crowd was too strong, 'Let an Englishman stand umpire,' they cried; 'we don't mind any of them. We won't have a Victorian.' There was not the slightest animosity against Lord Harris or any of his team; the whole disturbance was based on the fact that the offender was a Victorian. But Lord Harris stood by his umpire; and as a result, the match had to be abandoned till the following day.[57]
Aftermath
Immediately after the game, Lord Harris led his men from Sydney, cancelling the planned return match against a representative Australian side that would have become the fourth-ever Test match.[58] The England team returned to Melbourne where two further matches were played against Victoria on 21–25 February and 7–10 March.[59] At the farewell banquet hosted by the Melbourne Cricket Club, Harris spoke publicly for the first time about the riot.[60] He was critical of the way his team had been treated by a portion of the New South Wales press, which had "unintentionally", he trusted, "but with questionable courtesy", described them "as if they were strolling actors, rather than as a party of gentlemen."[60] However, the speech was otherwise regarded as reconciliatory.[58]
The NSWCA pressed charges against two men who were charged with "having participated in the disorder".[61] Their President Richard Driver, who appeared for the prosecution, told the court that "the inmates of the Pavilion who had initiated the disturbance, including a well-known bookmaker of Victoria who was at the time ejected, had had their fees of membership returned to them, and they would never again be admitted to the ground".[61] The Sydney Morning Herald reported that the two men "expressed regret for what had occurred, and pleaded guilty" and "the Bench fined them 40 shillings, and to pay 21 shillings professional costs of the court".[62] Despite initial cynicism from journalists, the NSWCA announced a crackdown on betting on cricket matches, and it was reported that over the next 10 years, gambling at cricket matches in Sydney mainly died out.[63]
Impact on later tours
In 1880, an Australian side captained by
Despite it being Murdoch's wicket that started the riot, the English public were more sympathetic towards him than Gregory, and although the Australians played against weak opposition,
See also
Notes
- ^ Pollard, p. 116.
- ^ Pollard, pp. 116, 126–8.
- ^ Pollard, pp. 128, 165.
- ^ "Australia in England 1878". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2006.
- ^ "Australia in North America 1878". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2006.
- ^ a b Pollard, pp. 198–9.
- ^ "Marylebone Cricket Club v Australians". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 27 May 2007. Retrieved 8 December 2006.
- ^ Pollard, pp. 200–1.
- ^ Haigh and Frith, foreword.
- ^ a b Birley, p. 128.
- ^ a b c Pollard, p. 217.
- ^ Birley, pp. 99–107.
- ^ Pollard, p. 220.
- ^ Birley, pp. 16–18, 52–5, 88–94.
- ^ Sharp, p. 135.
- ^ a b Pollard, p. 218.
- ^ Sharp, pp. 139–141.
- ^ Sharp, pp. 143–145.
- ^ Harte, pp. 105–109.
- ^ Cashman 1992, pp. 5–19.
- ^ Davison, Hirst and Macintyre, pp. 243–4.
- ^ Davison, Hirst and Macintyre, pp. 464–5, 662–3.
- ^ Fitzgerald, pp. 80–92.
- ^ Wigmore, pp. 20–4.
- ^ Davison, Hirst and Macintyre, p. 108.
- ^ Haigh and Frith, p. 16.
- ^ a b Whimpress, pp. 24–34.
- ^ Whimpress, pp. 28, 33.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Harte, p. 110.
- ^ Harte, pp. 107–108.
- ^ a b c d e Harte, p. 109.
- ^ Cashman 1997, p. 283.
- ^ Cashman 1997, p. 284.
- ^ Cricinfo. Archivedfrom the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ Cashman 1990, p. 98.
- ISBN 0-7322-6426-X.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pollard, p. 223.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Harte, p. 111.
- ^ Cricinfo. Archivedfrom the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 21 August 2009.
- ^ a b c Green, p. 818.
- ^ a b c Green, p. 821.
- ^ "Cricket Controversies". Archived from the original on 16 August 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2013.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pollard, p. 225.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Green, p. 819.
- ^ Harte, pp. 110–111.
- ^ "Lord Harris and the Sydney Cricketers!". The Brisbane Courier. 30 May 1879. p. 3. Retrieved 12 September 2009.
- ^ a b c d e f g Pollard, p. 224.
- Sydney Morning Herald). 13 February 1879. p. 6. Retrieved 25 September 2009.
- ^ "Saturday". The Argus. 31 May 1879. p. 6. Retrieved 4 October 2009.
- ^ a b Pollard, p. 228.
- ^ Green, p. 820.
- ^ Pollard, p. 226.
- ^ Harte, pp. 109–114.
- ^ Royle, p. 35.
- ^ a b c d e f Birley, p. 129.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Lord Harris's letter was originally published by the British newspaper, The Daily Telegraph on 1 April 1879. It, and the NSWCA response were reprinted in the 1880 edition of Wisden Cricketers' Almanack and then in Green, pp. 819–21.
- ^ a b Cashman 1990, p. 99.
- ^ a b Harte, p. 114.
- Cricinfo. Archivedfrom the original on 1 July 2010. Retrieved 24 September 2009.
- ^ The Argus. 10 March 1879. pp. 5–6. Retrieved 11 September 2009.
- ^ a b Harte, p. 113.
- ^ Hutchinson, p. 45.
- ^ Sharp, pp. 145–146.
- ^ Harte, p. 117.
- ^ a b c d Pollard, p. 234.
- ^ a b Cashman 1990, p. 107.
- ^ Harte, p. 116.
- ^ a b Pollard, p. 236.
- ^ "Australia in British Isles 1880 (England)". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 19 November 2008. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
- ^ "Australia in British Isles 1880 (Ireland)". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
- ^ "Australia in British Isles 1880 (Scotland)". CricketArchive. Archived from the original on 24 October 2012. Retrieved 27 September 2009.
- ^ Harte, pp. 116–117.
- ^ a b Pollard, p. 238.
- ^ Cashman 1990, p. 109.
- ^ a b Harte, pp. 117–8.
- ^ Pollard, pp. 236–7.
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- Hutchinson, Garrie; Ross, John, eds. (1997). 200 Seasons of Australian Cricket. South Melbourne: Pan Macmillan Australia. pp. 44–50. ISBN 0-330-36034-5.
- ISBN 0-207-15490-2.
- Royle, Vernon (2001). Lord Harris's Team in Australia 1878–79, The Diary of Vernon Royle. London: J.W.McKenzie. ISBN 0-947821-10-4.
- Sharp, Martin (May 1988). "'A degenerate race': cricket and rugby crowds in Sydney 1890–1912". Sporting Traditions. 4 (2). Campbelltown, NSW: Australian Society for Sports History: 61–79.
- ISBN 0-9756746-1-7.
- Wigmore, Lionel (1971). Canberra: history of Australia's national capital. Canberra, A.C.T.: Dalton Publishing Company. ISBN 0-909906-06-8.
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