Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest
Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest | |
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laminite and siltstone | |
Climate type | Humid subtropical climate (Cfa) |
The Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest (STIF) is a wet sclerophyll[1] forest community of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia, that is typically found in the Inner West and Northern region of Sydney. It is also among the three of these plant communities which have been classified as Endangered, under the New South Wales government's Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995,[2][3] with only around 0.5% of its original pre-settlement range remaining.[4]
As of 26 August 2005, the
Characteristics
Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest contains trees which are around 20–30 metres tall, with ground cover composed of flowering shrubs and native grasses. This type of forest prefers a fertile clay soil derived from shale, with undulating hills and moderate rainfall. Its range does not extend to drier Cumberland Plain Woodland, or high-rainfall ridges (where it meets with Blue Gum High Forest, also endangered), or areas with less fertile, sandy soil.[7]
The main canopy trees in this forest community are Turpentine (Syncarpia glomulifera, can grow over 30 metres high), and a number of different species of Ironbark, which vary depending on local environmental conditions. Grey Ironbark (Eucalyptus paniculata), Narrow-leaved Ironbark (Eucalyptus crebra), Red Ironbark[8] or Broad-leaved Ironbark[9][10] (Eucalyptus fibrosa), and Grey Gum (Eucalyptus punctata) are commonly found species in the Cumberland Plain area. On the shale caps of the Hornsby plateau, Grey Ironbark and Mountain Mahogany (Eucalyptus notabilis) have been noted as being found in association with Turpentine. At the upper end of its rainfall/elevation range, Turpentine-Ironbark forest may intermingle with Blue Gum High Forest and be dominated by Blue Gum (Eucalyptus saligna), Mountain Grey Gum (Eucalyptus cypellocarpa), Round-leaved Gum (Eucalyptus deanei) or Grey Gum.[11]
Understorey plants include wattles such as Parramatta Green Wattle (
Plant species growing in Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest typically number upwards of 70, although fewer species are found in the smaller surviving pockets, and some may not be visible above ground, awaiting climatic conditions favourable for seed germination.[14]
Plant Species of Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest | |||
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Common Name | Botanical Name | Approx. Height | Plantnet |
Principal Tree Species
| |||
Turpentine | Syncarpia glomulifera | 30+ metres | details |
Grey Ironbark | Eucalyptus paniculata | 25–35 metres | details |
Associated Tree Species
| |||
Grey Box Gum, or Grey Gum | Eucalyptus punctata | 30–35 metres | details |
Woollybutt | Eucalyptus longifolia | 20–35 metres | details |
White Mahogany | Eucalyptus acmenoides | 25–50 metres | details |
Smooth-barked Apple, Sydney Red Gum, or Rusty Gum | Angophora costata | 15–30 metres | details |
Thin-leaved Stringybark | Eucalyptus eugenioides | 15–30 metres | details |
Broad-leaved, or Red Ironbark | Eucalyptus fibrosa | 15–35 metres | details |
White Stringybark | Eucalyptus globoidea | 15–30 metres | details |
Understorey Tree Species
| |||
Parramatta (Green) Wattle, or Sydney Green Wattle | Acacia parramattensis | 2–15 metres | details |
Sicle Wattle | Acacia falcata | 2–5 metres | details |
Forest Oak | Allocasuarina torulosa | 10–25 metres | details |
White Feather Honey-myrtle | Melaleuca decora | to 7 metres | details |
Shrub Species
| |||
Coffee Bush | Breynia oblongifolia | to 3 metres | details |
Sydney Golden Wattle | Acacia longifolia | to 8 metres | details |
Myrtle Wattle, or Red-stemmed Wattle | Acacia myrtifolia | 0.3–3 metres | details |
Sweet Bursaria, Blackthorn, or Boxthorn | Bursaria spinosa | to 10 metres | details |
Gorse Bitter-pea | Daviesia ulicifolia | to 2 metres | details |
Large Mock Olive, Large-leaved Olive | Notelaea longifolia | to 9 metres | details |
Common Hop Bush, Large-leaf Hop Bush | Dodonaea triquetra | to 3 metres | details |
Cherry Ballart, or Native Cherry | Exocarpos cupressiformis | to 8 metres | details |
Elderberry Panax (Myrsine variabilis) | Rapanea variabilis
|
- | details |
Yellow Pittosporum, Wild Yellow Jasmine, Rough fruit P. | Pittosporum revolutum | - | details |
Muttonwood, (Myrsine howittiana) | Rapanea howittiana
|
- | details |
Orange Bark, Narrow-leaved Orangebark, Orange Bush | Denhamia silvestris | to 4.5 metres | details |
Groundcover Species
| |||
Pale Vanilla Lily | Arthropodium milleflorum | - | details |
Dumplings, Apple Berry, Hairy Apple Berry | Billardiera scandens | to 0.5 metres | details |
Blue Trumpet, Blue Yam | Brunoniella australis | 2 cm-15 cm | details |
Swamp Pennywort, Indian Pennywort, Gotu Cola | Centella asiatica | - | details |
Old Man’s Beard, or Headache Vine | Clematis glycinoides | - | details |
Sedge, Slender Flat-sedge | Cyperus gracilis | - | details |
Blue Flax Lilly | Dianella caerulea | - | details |
Rare Plume Grass | Dichelachne rara | to 1.2 metres | details |
Love Grass, or Paddock Lovegrass | Eragrostis leptostachya | to 1 metre | details |
Love Creeper | Glycine tabacina | - | details |
Violet-leaved Goodenia, Forest Goodenia, Ivy Goodenia | Goodenia hederacea | to 80 cm | details |
Kangaroo Grass | Themeda australis
|
to 1.2 metres | details |
Australian Bluebell, or Sprawling Bluebell | Wahlenbergia gracilis | 5 cm-80 cm | details |
Wallaby Grass | Danthonia linkii
|
to 70 cm | details |
Wallaby Grass | Danthonia racemosa
|
- | details |
Wallaby Grass ( Austrodanthonia tenuior )
|
Danthonia tenuior
|
to 1.1 metres | details |
False Sarsparilla, Purple Coral Pea, Waraburra | Hardenbergia violacea | - | details |
Wonga Vine | Pandorea pandorana | - | details |
Slender Stackhousia | Stackhousia viminea | to 70 cm | details |
Other Species
| |||
List sources: Ryde City Council[15] and NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service.[16] |
Distribution
The natural distribution of Sydney Turpentine–Ironbark Forest is limited to the Sydney Region, and occurs in areas with deep clay soils derived from
STIF grew in clay soils overlaying the sandstone of the Hornsby plateau, as well as in Sydney’s inner-west where the annual rainfall is between 900 and 1,000mm. Because the land favoured by Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest plant species is very fertile (more so than the sandy soils derived from
Very few remnants of Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest still exist. The most substantial undisturbed area is the
Outside these few remaining areas, scattered fragments of Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest have been identified in the local government areas of
Ryde City Council is aware of the near-extinction of this indigenous forest environment, and requires that if any tree becomes unsafe and requires removal, that a replacement must be chosen from the list of tree species indigenous to the particular area. The council's website also encourages local residents in appropriate areas to choose trees, shrubs and ground covers indigenous to the Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest.[27]
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Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest, Concord West, NSW.
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Tree canopy at Wallumatta Nature Reserve,North Ryde
See also
References
- ^ [https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/-/media/OEH/Corporate-Site/Documents/Animals-and-plants/Scientific-Committee/Determinations/2019/sydney-turpentine-ironbark-forest-final-determination-CEEC.pdf NSW Threatened Species Scientific Committee. 31 May 2019. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
- ^ Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (NSW Act of Parliament, online edition).
- NSW Department of Environment & Climate Change. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
- ^ OCULUS Environmental Planning (25 May 2001). "Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA" (PDF). Bushland Corridors in Ryde LGA - Report. Ryde City Council. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Commonwealth of Australia Act of Parliament, online edition).
- ^ Recovering bushland on the Cumberland Plain Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW). (2005). Recovering Bushland on the Cumberland Plain: Best practice guidelines for the management and restoration of bushland. Department of Environment and Conservation (NSW), Sydney. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
- NSW Department of Environment & Climate Change (February 2004). "ENDANGERED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITY INFORMATION: Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest" (PDF). NSW Department of Environment & Climate Change website. Ryde City Council. Archived from the original(PDF) on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
- )
- National Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from the originalon 27 August 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ OCULUS Environmental Planning (25 May 2001). "Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA" (PDF). Bushland Corridors in Ryde LGA - Report. Ryde City Council. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- )
- National Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from the originalon 27 August 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ OCULUS Environmental Planning (25 May 2001). "Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA" (PDF). Bushland Corridors in Ryde LGA - Report. Ryde City Council. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- National Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from the originalon 5 September 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ OCULUS Environmental Planning (25 May 2001). "Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA" (PDF). Bushland Corridors in Ryde LGA - Report. Ryde City Council. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- National Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from the originalon 5 September 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ OCULUS Environmental Planning (25 May 2001). "Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA" (PDF). Bushland Corridors in Ryde LGA - Report. Ryde City Council. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- National Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from the originalon 5 September 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ OCULUS Environmental Planning (25 May 2001). "Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA" (PDF). Bushland Corridors in Ryde LGA - Report. Ryde City Council. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ OCULUS Environmental Planning (25 May 2001). "Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA" (PDF). Bushland Corridors in Ryde LGA - Report. Ryde City Council. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ OCULUS Environmental Planning (25 May 2001). "Urban Bushland in the Ryde LGA" (PDF). Bushland Corridors in Ryde LGA - Report. Ryde City Council. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- ^ City of Canada Bay Council (2007). "Learn and Grow: Bushcare" (PDF). Residents' Guide 2007 pp.73-74. City of Canada Bay. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
- ^ City of Canada Bay Council (2007). "Remnant Bushland". Home / Environment and Health / Natural Environment / Remnant Bushland. City of Canada Bay. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
- ^ Bushland Environs Advisory Committee for Ryde (11 December 2006). "BEAC Meeting Minutes: 11-Dec-2006" (PDF). City of Ryde Council. Retrieved 2 July 2007.
- National Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from the originalon 5 September 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- National Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from the originalon 5 September 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
- National Parks and Wildlife Service. Archived from the originalon 27 August 2007. Retrieved 1 July 2007.
External links
Media related to Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest at Wikimedia Commons
- NSW National Parks & Wildlife Service Information Sheet (includes image of tree canopy)
- Sydney turpentine-ironbark forest - endangered ecological community listing (NSW Scientific Committee statement)
- NATIVE VEGETATION: Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest (Ryde City Council website)
- Wallumatta Nature Reserve (National Parks and Wildlife Servicewebsite)
- Image of Sydney Turpentine-Ironbark Forest (website of the NSW Department of Environment & Climate Change)
- Image & description of the Turpentine tree (Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trustwebsite)
- Image & description of the Grey Ironbark tree (Eucalyptus paniculata) at Plantnet (Royal Botanic Gardens & Domain Trust website)