Sylvatic plague

Edit links
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Scanning electron microphotograph depicting a mass of Yersinia pestis bacteria (the cause of bubonic plague) in the foregut of the flea vector

Sylvatic plague is an infectious

bubonic and pneumonic plague in humans. Sylvatic, or sylvan, means 'occurring in woodland,' and refers specifically to the form of plague in rural wildlife. Urban plague
refers to the form in urban wildlife.

It is primarily transmitted among wildlife through

mustelids, like the black-footed ferret.[1][2]

Transmission vector

The flea that feeds on prairie dogs and other mammals serves as the vector for transmission of sylvatic plague to the new host, primarily through flea bites, or contact with contaminated fluids or tissue, through predation or scavenging. Humans can contract plague from wildlife through flea bites and handling animal carcasses.[1]

Epidemiology and distribution

Yersinia pestis circulates in rodent reservoirs on all continents except Australia. Sylvatic plague affects over 50 species of rodents worldwide. It is vectored by a variety of flea species. Non-rodent animals susceptible to the disease include

Birds are not known to be susceptible.[3]

Sylvatic plague is normally enzootic, meaning it occurs at regular, predictable rates in populations and specific areas. At unpredictable times, it becomes epizootic in unexpected places. It is during these epizootic outbreaks that transmission to humans is most common.

Factors that predispose to epizootic cycles include dense populations of rodents, multiple species of rodents in a particular area, and multiple rodent species in diverse habitats.[4]

Prairie dog colonies reach nearly 100% mortality rates during outbreaks. Prairie dogs are a keystone species and play a vital role as the primary prey of black-footed ferrets. Developing methods to control plague is of high concern for preserving ferrets and the conservation of Western prairie and grassland ecosystems.[1]

Wildlife disease control and prevention

In the absence of understanding the prairie dog/plague cycles, dusting rodent dens with pesticides to kill fleas is currently the main method of controlling sylvatic plague in the wild, with some interest in using vaccines developing.[5]

An oral live vaccine for prairie dogs was developed by the U.S. Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center, from a recombinant raccoon poxvirus expressing plague antigens. It was originally developed by a Fort Detrick company in 2003 which showed it protected mice against lethal plague.[6]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c Abbott, R.C.; Rocke, T.E (2012). "Plague: U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1372". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  2. ^ "Sylvatic Plague". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  3. ^ "History of the Black Footed Ferret". Black-footed Ferret Recovery Implementation Team. Retrieved 25 Oct 2013.
  4. ^ "Plague Symptoms". Center for Disease Control. 15 November 2021.
  5. ^ USGS (July 2013). "Sylvatic Plague Immunization in Black-footed Ferrets and Prairie Dogs". USGS National Wildlife Health Center.
  6. PMID 12559803
    .

External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sylvatic_plague&oldid=1216911488"