Synthetic intelligence
Synthetic intelligence (SI) is an alternative/opposite term for artificial intelligence emphasizing that the intelligence of machines need not be an imitation or in any way artificial; it can be a genuine form of intelligence.[1][2] John Haugeland proposes an analogy with simulated diamonds and synthetic diamonds—only the synthetic diamond is truly a diamond.[1] Synthetic means that which is produced by synthesis, combining parts to form a whole; colloquially, a human-made version of that which has arisen naturally. A "synthetic intelligence" would therefore be or appear human-made, but not a simulation.
Definition
The term was used by Haugeland in 1986 to describe artificial intelligence research up to that point,
The term "synthetic AI" is now sometimes used by researchers in the field to separate their work (using
Sources disagree about exactly what constitutes "real" intelligence as opposed to "simulated" intelligence and therefore whether there is a meaningful distinction between artificial intelligence and synthetic intelligence. Russell and Norvig present this example:[7]
- "Can machines fly?" The answer is yes, because airplanes fly.
- "Can machines swim?" The answer is no, because submarines don't swim.
- "Can machines think?" Is this question like the first, or like the second?
John Searle, on the other hand, suggests that a thinking machine is, at best, a simulation, and writes "No one supposes that computer simulations of a five-alarm fire will burn the neighborhood down or that a computer simulation of a rainstorm will leave us all drenched."[11] The essential difference between a simulated mind and a real mind is one of the key points of his Chinese room argument.
See also
Notes
- ^ a b c Haugeland 1985, p. 255.
- ^ Poole, Mackworth & Goebel 1998, p. 1.
- ^ Haugeland 1985, p. 3.
- ^ "Artificial Intelligence – strong and weak". I Programmer.
- ^ Imagination Engines, Inc., Home of the Creativity Machine
- ^ Principles of Synthetic Intelligence: PSI : an Architecture of Motivated ... – Joscha Bach – Google Books
- ^ Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 948.
- ^ McDermott 1997.
- ^ "How Intelligent is Deep Blue?". Retrieved 15 March 2019.
- ^ Dijkstra 1986.
- ^ Searle 1980, p. 12.
- ^ Dennett 1978, p. 197.
- ^ Russell & Norvig 2003, p. 954.
References
- ISBN 978-0-262-54037-7.
- Dijkstra, Edsger (1986), Science fiction and science reality in computing
- ISBN 978-0-262-08153-5.
- Law, Diane (1994), Searle, Subsymbolic Functionalism and Synthetic Intelligence (PDF).
- McDermott, Drew (14 May 1997), "How Intelligent is Deep Blue", New York Times, archived from the original on 4 October 2007, retrieved 8 December 2007.
- ISBN 0-13-790395-2.
- Poole, David; Mackworth, Alan; Goebel, Randy (1998), Computational Intelligence: A Logical Approach, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 1.
- S2CID 55303721, archived from the originalon 23 August 2000.
External links
Definitions from Wiktionary
Media from Commons
News from Wikinews
Quotations from Wikiquote
Texts from Wikisource
Textbooks from Wikibooks
Resources from Wikiversity
- Artificial Intelligence at Curlie
- What Is AI? – An introduction to artificial intelligence by John McCarthy—a co-founder of the field, and the person who coined the term.
- Barr, Avron; Feigenbaum, Edward A. (1981). The Handbook of artificial intelligence, volume 1. Stanford, CA; Los Altos, CA: HeurisTech Press; William Kaufmann. ISBN 978-0-86576-004-2.
- Barr, Avron; Feigenbaum, Edward A. (1982). The Handbook of artificial intelligence, volume 2. Stanford, CA; Los Altos, CA: HeurisTech Press; William Kaufmann. ISBN 978-0-86576-006-6.
- Cohen, Paul R.; Feigenbaum, Edward A. (1982). The Handbook of artificial intelligence, volume 3. Stanford, CA; Los Altos, CA: HeurisTech Press; William Kaufmann. ISBN 978-0-86576-007-3.
- Barr, Avron; Cohen, Paul R.; Feigenbaum, Edward A. (Edward Albert) (1989). Handbook of artificial intelligence, volume 4. Reading, MA: Addison Wesley. ISBN 978-0-201-51731-6.
- "Artificial Intelligence". Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Thomason, Richmond. "Logic and Artificial Intelligence". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
- Difference between AI and SI – The key difference between AI and SI is that AI refers to developing computer systems that can mimic human intelligence, while SI involves the creation of entirely synthetic intelligent systems[1] that are not based on biological structures or processes.
