Syriac Catholic Church
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Syriac Catholic Church | |
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ܥܕܬܐ ܣܘܪܝܝܬܐ ܩܬܘܠܝܩܝܬܐ | |
St. Peter Through Patriarchs Ignatius Andrew Akijan (1662) and Ignatius Michael III Jarweh (1782) | |
Branched from | Church of Antioch[3] |
Members | 153,415 (2018)[4] |
Official website | syr-cath |
Part of a series on |
Particular churches sui iuris of the Catholic Church |
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Particular churches are grouped by liturgical rite |
Alexandrian Rite |
Armenian Rite |
Byzantine Rite |
East Syriac Rite |
Latin liturgical rites |
West Syriac Rite |
The Syriac Catholic Church
The Syriac Catholic Church traces its history and traditions to the early centuries of Christianity. Following the
The church is headed by
Later, in 1782, the Syriac Orthodox Holy Synod elected Metropolitan Michael Jarweh of Aleppo as patriarch. Shortly after he was enthroned, he declared himself Catholic and in unity with the pope of Rome. Since Jarweh, there has been an unbroken succession of Syriac Catholic patriarchs.[9]
Name
The Syriac Catholic Church (
History
Pre-Crusades period
The Syriac Catholic Church claims its origin through Saint Peter prior to his departure to Rome, and extends its roots back to the origins of Christianity in the Orient; in the Acts of the Apostles we are told that it is in Antioch where the followers of Jesus for the first time were called "Christians" (Acts 11:26).
In the time of the first
During the Crusades
During the
Split with the Syriac Orthodox Church
A
After the split up until modern times
In 1829 the Ottoman government granted legal recognition to the Armenian Catholic Church, and in 1845 the Syriac Catholic Church was also granted its own civil emancipation. Meanwhile, the residence of the patriarch was shifted to Aleppo in 1831. However, after the Massacre of Aleppo in 1850, the patriarchal see was shifted to Mardin in 1854.
After becoming officially recognized by the Ottoman government in 1845, the Syriac Catholic Church expanded rapidly. However, the expansion was ended by the persecutions and massacres that took place during the
Organization
Leadership
As of 2013[update], the
. The Syriac Catholic patriarch always takes the name "Ignatius" in addition to another name.In modern history the leaders of the Syriac Catholic Church have been:
The Syriac Church leadership has produced a variety of scholarly writings in a variety of topics. For example, Patriarch Ephrem Rahmani was widely praised for his work in Syriac and is responsible for
The patriarch of Antioch and all the East of the Syriacs presides upon the Patriarchal Eparchy of Beirut and leads spiritually all the Syriac Catholic community around the world.
The community includes two
Current jurisdictions
The Syriac Catholic Church was formally united with the Holy See of Rome in 1781.
- Middle East diocesan jurisdictions
- Syriac Catholic Patriarch of Antioch
- Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Eparchy of Beirut, Lebanon
- Metropolitan Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Damascus, Syria (without suffragan)
- Metropolitan Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Homs, Syria (without suffragan; titular sees of Hama and Nabk are united with it)
- Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Aleppo, Syria
- Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Hassaké-Nisibi, Syria
- Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Mossul, Iraq
- Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Baghdad, Iraq
- Syriac Catholic Archeparchy of Hadiab-Erbil, Iraq
- Syriac Catholic Eparchy of Cairo, Egypt
- Old World missionary jurisdictions
- Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Basra, Iraq and the Gulf
- Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Jerusalem (Palestine and Jordan)
- Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Turkey
- Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Dependency of Sudan and South Sudan (formerly 'of Sudan')
- Overseas diaspora
- Syriac Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Deliverance of Newark, New Jerseyfor the US, which has 11 parishes in the United States.
- Syriac Catholic Apostolic Exarchate for Canada(6 parishes)
- Syriac Catholic Apostolic Exarchate for Venezuela
Former jurisdictions
Titular sees
- Metropolitan : Apamea in Syria of the Syriacs, Edessa in Osrhoëne of the Syriacs, Tagritum of the Syriacs
- Archiepiscopal : Chalcedon of the Syriacs
- Episcopal : Nabk of the Syriacs (united with Homs), Phoba of the Syriacs, Tripolis in Libanum of the Syriacs
Other suppressed jurisdictions
- Syriac Catholic Eparchy of Gazireh, Turkey
- Syriac Catholic Eparchy of Mardin and Amida, Turkey
- Syriac Catholic Patriarchal Exarchate of Lebanon
Current hierarchy
- Moran Mor Ignatius Joseph III Younan (Patriarch of Antioch)
- Jihad Mtanos Battah (Curial Bishop of Antioch and Titular Bishop of Phaena)
- Basile Georges Casmoussa (Archbishop {personal title} and Curial Bishop of Antioch)
- Flavien Joseph Melki (Curial Bishop of Antioch and Titular Archbishop of Dara dei Siri)
- Jules Mikhael Al-Jamil (Auxiliary Bishop of Antioch and Titular Archbishop of Tagritum)
- Gregorios Elias Tabé (Archbishop of Damascus)
- Théophile Georges Kassab (Archbishop of Homs; deceased)
- Denys Antoine Chahda (Archbishop of Aleppo)
- Jacques Behnan Hindo (Archbishop of Hassaké-Nisibi)
- Youhanna Boutros Moshe (Archbishop of Mossul)
- Ephrem Yousif Abba Mansoor (Archbishop of Baghdad)
- Athanase Matti Shaba Matoka (Archbishop Emeritus of Baghdad)
- Clément-Joseph Hannouche (Bishop of Cairo and Protosyncellus of Sudan and South Sudan)
- Yousif Benham Habash(Bishop of Our Lady of Deliverance of Newark)
- Timoteo Hikmat Beylouni (Apostolic Exarch of Venezuela and Titular Bishop of Sabrata)
- Iwannis Louis Awad (Apostolic Exarch Emeritus of Venezuela and Titular Bishop of Zeugma in Syria; deceased)
- Michael Berbari (Patriarchal Vicar of Australia and New Zealand)
As of 2010[update] the church was estimated to have 159,000 faithful, 10 bishoprics, 85 parishes, 106 secular priests, 12 religious-order priests, 102 men and women in religious orders, 11 permanent deacons and 31 seminarians.[14]
Liturgy
The West Syriac Rite is rooted in the old tradition of both the churches of Jerusalem and Antioch and has ties with the ancient Jewish Berakah.[citation needed]
The Syriac Catholic Church follows a similar tradition to other
The liturgy of the Syriac Catholic Church is very similar to that of the Syriac Orthodox Church.
Liturgical paraphernalia
Fans
The Syriac Catholic Church uses fans with bells on them and engraved with seraphim during the Qurbono. Usually someone in the minor orders would shake these fans behind a bishop to symbolise the seraphim. They are also used during the consecration where two men would shake them over the altar during moments in the epliclesis and words of institution when the priest says "he took and broke" and "this is my body/blood".
Thurible
The thurible of the Syriac Catholic Church consists of nine bells, representing the nine choirs of angels.
Liturgy of the Hours
The
Liturgical ranking
Likewise the ranking of clerics in the Syriac Church is extremely similar to that of the Syriac Orthodox Church. The most notable differences are:
- Not all celibate priests take on monastic vows. In the Syriac Orthodox Church all celibate priests are monks.
- There is a solid distinction between the major orders and minor orders in the Syriac Catholic Church:
- A man is tonsured as soon as he receives his first minor order of Mzamrono (Cantor).
Major orders
- Bishop
- Kahno (Priest)
- Mshamshono (Deacon)
Minor orders
- Afudyaqno (Sub-deacon)
- Quroyo (Lector)
- Mzamrono (Cantor)
Languages
The liturgical language of the Syriac Catholic Church,
Their ancient
and other languages.Syriac is still spoken in some few communities in eastern Syria and northern Iraq, but for most Arabic is the vernacular language.
Martyrs
Throughout the history of the Syriac Church there have been many martyrs. A recent example is
Syriac Catholics in Iraq
On 31 October 2010, 58 Iraqi Syriac Catholics were killed by Muslim extremists while attending Sunday Divine Liturgy; 78 others were wounded. The attack by
Two priests, Fathers Saad Abdallah Tha'ir and Waseem Tabeeh, were killed.[16] Another, Father Qatin, was seriously wounded but recovered.[17][18]
See also
- Dioceses of the Syriac Catholic Church
- List of Syriac Catholic Patriarchs of Antioch
Notes
- Latin: Antiochenus Syrorum
References
- ^ Studia Humana Volume 2:3 (2013), pp. 53—55
- ^ "Syriac Patriarchal See of Antioch". GCatholic.org. Retrieved 17 February 2022.
- ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Church of Antioch". www.newadvent.org.
- ^ Eastern Catholic Churches Worldwide 2018
- ^ CNA. "Eastern Rite Sui iuris Catholic Churches". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ "Syriac Orthodox Church History". syriacorthodoxresources.org. Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ "Diocese of Our Lady of Deliverance | Syriac Catholic Church in the United States of America". Retrieved 17 March 2024.
- ^ The title of Patriarch of Antioch is also used/claimed by four other churches, two Orthodox and two other Eastern Catholic; in 1964 the Latin titular patriarchate was abolished.
- ^ LaBanca, Nicholas (19 March 2019). "The Other 23 Catholic Churches: Part 5, West Syrian Rite". Ascension Press Media. Retrieved 16 March 2024.
- ^ lexicorient.com/e.o/syr_cath.htm
- ISBN 978-0-87395-600-0.
- ^ "Principi Apostolorum Petro (October 5, 1920) – BENEDICT XV". Retrieved 5 September 2016.
- ^ Benni, Cyril Benham; Gagliardi, Joseph (1 January 1871). "The tradition of the Syriac Church of Antioch : concerning the primacy and the prerogatives of St. Peter and of his successors the Roman pontiffs". London : Burns, Oates. Retrieved 5 September 2016 – via Internet Archive.
- ^ Ronald Roberson (source: Annuario Pontificio) (22 August 2010). "The Eastern Catholic Churches 2010" (PDF). Catholic Near East Welfare Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 March 2012.
- ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 18 January 2020.
- ^ article at undergroundfr.org Archived 29 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine, 2010-11-03 (in French), Retrieved on 2010-11-04. "Trois prêtres (Saad Abdallah Tha'ir, Waseem Tabeeh et Raphael Qatin) et des dizaines de chrétiens ont été tués."
- ^ "erratum: le père Raphael Qatin n’est pas décédé" Archived 2010-11-07 at the Wayback Machine aed-france.org 2010-11-05 (in French). Retrieved 8 November 2010.
- ^ "Iraqi Christians Hold Mass In Assaulted Church" NPR.org, 2010-11-07. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
Bibliography
- Claude Sélis, Les Syriens orthodoxes et catholiques, Brepols (col. Fils d'Abraham), OCLC 20711473
- Jean-Pierre Valognes, Vie et mort des Chrétiens d'Orient, Fayard, ISBN 2-213-03064-2
- R Janin, "Le rite syrien et les Églises syriennes" in Revue des études byzantines (1919), pp. 321–341
- Afram Yakoub: The Path to Assyria – A Call For National Renewal. Tigris Press, Södertälje 2020, ISBN 978-91-981541-6-0
Sources and external links
- Website of the Syriac Catholic Patriarchate (in Arabic)
- YouTube video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren explains the history & origin of the term "Suraye"
- GCatholic linking overview of jurisdictions
- Article on the Syriac Catholic Church by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA web site
- GCatholic.org page on the Catholic Patriarchate of Antioch
- Opus Libani site: Syriac Catholic Church in Lebanon (in French)
- Encyclopaedia of the Orient – Syriac Catholic Church
- Catholic Churches (in German)
Syriac religious relations and the Catholic Church
- Pope Benedict XIV, Allatae Sunt (On the observance of Oriental Rites), Encyclical, 1755
- Addresses of Pope Paul VI and His Holiness Mar Ignatius Jacob III, 1971
- Common Declaration of Pope John Paul II and His Holiness Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, 1984
- Address of John Paul II on Occasion of the Visit to the Catholicos of the Malankarese Syrian Orthodox Church, 1986
Eparchies, churches and monasteries
- Mass times and information of Syriac Catholic churches
- Archdioceses of Syriac Catholics, Iraq
- Eparchy Our Lady of Deliverance North America
- St. Ephrem Syriac Catholic Church (Jacksonville, Florida)
- St. Joseph Syriac Catholic Church (Toronto, Canada) Archived 25 March 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- Mar Touma Syriac Catholic Church, Michigan Archived 5 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
- Syriac Catholic Archbishopric (Aleppo, Syria)
- Syriac Catholic Monastery of Mar Musa, Syria
- St. Jan Apostel van Syrische Katholieken, Netherlands