Syriac Orthodox Church
Liturgy of Saint James | |
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Headquarters | Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus, Syria (since 1959) |
Origin | 1st century *[1][2][3] Antioch, Roman Empire[4][5] |
Independence | 512 A.D.[6][7][8] |
Branched from | Church of Antioch[9] |
Members | Approximately 1.4—1.7 million (2015, including India)[10][11] |
Aid organization | EPDC St. Ephrem Patriarchal Development Committee[12] |
Official website | Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate |
Digital Library | Department of Syriac Studies |
*Origin is according to Sacred tradition. West Syriac Cross Unicode (U+2670) : ♰ |
Part of Oriental Orthodoxy |
Oriental Orthodox churches |
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Christianity portal |
The Syriac Orthodox Church (
The church gained its hierarchical distinctiveness in 512, when pro-
In 1662, the vacant Syriac Patriarchate of Antioch was filled by individuals who aligned themselves with the Catholic Church. Andrew Akijan was elected in that year, and was succeeded by another Catholic in Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin. The non-Catholic Syriac party elected the rival Abdulmasih I, Shahbaddin's uncle, as a competing patriarch. Upon Shahbaddin's death in 1702, the Catholic line died out for several decades until the Holy Synod in 1782 elected Michael III Jarweh, who again aligned the Syriacs with the pope. Following a period of violence and intrigue, the non-Catholic party was again recognized with their own patriarch and the Catholic line continued independently as the Syriac Catholic Church).
Name and identity
The church is not
In recent works,
History
Early history
The church claims
Patriarchate of Antioch
Given the antiquity of the Bishopric of Antioch and the importance of the Christian community in the city of Antioch, a commercially significant city in the eastern parts of the
Christological controversies that followed the
Transfer to new locations
In 1166, the patriarchal seat was transferred to the Mor Bar Sauma Monastery where it remained for most of the twelfth and thirteenth century until the abandonment of the monastery in 1293.[70] Thereafter, the patriarchate resided in the Mor Hananyo Monastery (Deir al. Zaʿfarān) in southeastern Anatolia near Mardin, where it remained until 1933 and re-established in Homs, Syria, due to the adverse political situation in Turkey. In 1959, the patriarchate was transferred to Damascus. The mother church and official seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church are now situated in Bab Tuma, Damascus, capital of Syria.
Middle Ages
The 8th century hagiography Life of
In Antioch, after the 11th-century persecutions, the Syriac Orthodox population was almost extinguished. Only one Jacobite church is attested in Antioch in the first half of the 12th century, while a second and third are attested in the second half of the century, perhaps due to refugee influx. Dorothea Weltecke concluded that the Syriac Orthodox population was very low in this period in Antioch and its surroundings.[76]
In the 12th century, several Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs visited Antioch and some established temporary residences.[77] In the 13th century, the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy in Antioch was prepared to accept Latin supervision.[78] In Adana, an anonymous 1137 report speaks of the entire population consisting of Syriac Orthodox.[76] Before the advent of the Crusades, the Syriacs occupied most of the hill country of Jazirah (Upper Mesopotamia).[79]
Early modern period
16th century
Among the preeminent churchmen of the period, Moses of Mardin (fl. 1549–d. 1592), was a diplomat of the Syriac Orthodox Church in Rome in the 16th century.[80]
17th century
By the early 1660s, 75% of the 5,000 Syriac Orthodox of Aleppo had converted to Catholicism following the arrival of mendicant missionaries.
Late modern period
In the 19th century, the various Syriac Christian denominations did not view themselves as part of one ethnic group.[84] During the Tanzimat reforms (1839–78), the Syriac Orthodox was granted independent status by gaining recognition as their own millet in 1873, apart from Armenians and Greeks.[85]
In the late 19th century, the Syriac Orthodox community of the Middle East, primarily from the cities of
Also in the late 1800s, the reformation faction of the Saint Thomas Christians in India left to form the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.
The
In 1870, there were 22 Syriac Orthodox settlements in the vicinity of
Genocide (1914–1918)
The Ottoman authorities killed and deported Orthodox Syriacs, then looted and appropriated their properties.[94] During 1915–16, the number of Orthodox Syriacs in the Diyarbakır province was reduced by 72%, and in the Mardin province by 58%.[95]
Interwar period
In 1924, the patriarchate of the Church was transferred to
In the early 1920s, the city of
1945–2000
In 1959, the seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church was transferred to Damascus in Syria.[96] In the mid-1970s, the estimate of Syriac Orthodox lived in Syria is 82,000.[99] In 1977, the number of Syriac Orthodox followers in diaspora dioceses was: 9,700 in the Diocese of Middle Europe; 10,750 in the Diocese of Sweden and surrounding countries.[100]
On 20 October 1987,
Leadership
Patriarch
The supreme head of the Syriac Orthodox Church is named
Maphrian or Catholicos of India
After the Patriarch, the second highest Rank in the Syriac Orthodox Church is that of the Maphrian or the Catholicos of India. He is important functionary in guiding the church when the patriarchate falls vacant after the death of a Patriarch, overseeing the election of the next Patriarch and leading the ceremony for the ordination of the Patriarch. The Maphrian's see is India and is the head of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church and is subject to the authority of the Patriarch. In joint councils the Maphrian is seated on the right side of the Patriarch and heads the church's regional synod in India with the Patriarch's sanction.
Archbishops and Bishops
The title bishop comes from the
Priests
The priest (Kasheesho) is the seventh rank and is the one duly appointed to administer the sacraments. Unlike in the Catholic Church, Syriac deacons may marry before ordained as priests; they cannot marry after ordained as priests. There is an honorary rank among the priests that are Corepiscopos who has the privileges of "first among the priests" and is given a chain with a cross and specific vestment decorations. Corepiscopos is the highest rank a married man can be elevated to in the Syriac Orthodox Church. The ranks above the Corepiscopos are unmarried.
Deacons
In the Syriac Orthodox tradition, different ranks among the deacons are specifically assigned with particular duties. The six ranks of the diaconate are:
- 'Ulmoyo (Faithful)
- Mawdyono (Confessor of faith)
- Mzamrono (Singer)
- Quroyo or Korooyo (Reader)
- Afudyaqno (Sub-deacon)
- Evangeloyo (High deacon)
- Masamsono (Full deacon)
Only a full deacon can take the
Historically, in the
Deaconess
An ordained
While this rank exists, it is rarely awarded.
Worship
Bible
Syriac Orthodox churches use the
Doctrine
The Syriac Orthodox Church theology is based on the
The Fathers of the Syriac Orthodox Church gave a theological interpretation to the primacy of
Language
- Greek language was historically used (along with Syriac) in the earliest periods, during and after the separation (5th–6th centuries), but its use gradually declined.[121]
- English: Used Globally along with Syriac.
- Maḏnḥāyā or "Eastern" Syriac script with special orthographic features, and vocabulary from Malayalam and East Syriac. This originated in the South Indian region of the Malabar Coast(modern-day Kerala). Until the 19th century, the script was widely used by Syrian Christians in Kerala.
- Swedish, German, Dutch, Turkish, Spanish, Portuguese are used in diasporas along with Syriac.
Liturgy
The
In 1983, the French ethnomusicologist Christian Poché produced audio recordings of the liturgical music of the Syriac Orthodox Church. In his liner notes for the UNESCO Anthology of Traditional Music, he described the liturgical music of communities in Antioch, Tur ‘Abdin, Urfa, Mardin in modern Turkey, as well as in Aleppo and Qamishli in modern Syria.[127]
Prayer
Syriac Orthodox clergy and laity follow a regimen of seven prayers a day that are said at fixed prayer times, in accordance with Psalm 119 (cf. Shehimo).[128][129] According to the Syriac tradition, an ecclesiastical day starts at sunset and the Canonical hours are based on West Syriac Rite:
- Evening or
- Night prayer or Sootoro prayer (Compline)[131]
- Midnight or Lilyo prayer (Matins)
- Morning or Saphro prayer (Prime or Lauds, 6 a.m.)
- Third Hour or tloth sho`in prayer (Terce, 9 a.m.)
- Sixth Hour or sheth sho`in prayer (Sext, noon)
- Ninth Hour or tsha` sho'in prayer (None, 3 p.m.)
Sacraments
The seven Holy
- Chrismation (Anointing of Holy Muron)
- Baptism
- Confession
- Holy Communion (Queen of the Sacraments)[132]
- Marriage
- Unction(Anointing of the Sick)
- Ordination[133]
Vestments
The clergy of the Syriac Orthodox Church has unique liturgical vestments with their order in the priesthood: the deacons, the priests, the chorbishops, the bishops, and the patriarch each have different vestments.[134]
A priest also wears a phiro, or a cap, which he must wear for the public prayers. Monks also wear masnapso, a hood. Priests also have ceremonial shoes which are called msone. Without wearing these shoes, a priest cannot distribute Eucharist to the faithful. Then there is a white robe called kutino symbolizing purity. Hamniko or stole is worn over this white robe. Then he wears a
Global presence
Demography
-
St. Matthew Monastery, Nineveh, Iraq
-
Monastery of Saint Mark, Jerusalem
-
Mor Gabriel Monastery, Midyat, Turkey
-
St. Awgin Monastery, Nusaybin, Turkey
-
St. Ignatius Monastery, Manjinikkara
The Patriarchate was initially established in
The church's members are divided into 26
It is estimated that the church has 600,000 Syriac adherents, in addition to 2 million members of the
The number of Syriacs in Turkey is rising, due to refugees from Syria and Iraq fleeing ISIS, as well as Syriacs from the Diaspora who fled the region during the
In the
Jurisdiction of the patriarchate
The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch originally covered the whole region of the Middle East and India. In recent centuries, its parishioners started to emigrate to other countries over the world. Today, the Syriac Orthodox Church has several archdioceses and patriarchal vicariates (exarchates) in many countries covering six continents.
- Patron: The Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, the Supreme Head of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church Ignatius Aphrem II.
- Patriarchal Seat: Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus, Syria
- Headquarters and patriarchal office: Damascus
Americas
The presence of the Syrian Orthodox faithful in America dates back to the late 19th century.[147][148]
North America
- Patriarchal Vicariate of Eastern United States[149][150]
- Patriarchal Vicariate of Western United States[151]
- Malankara Archdiocese of North America
- Patriarchal Vicariate of Canada.[152]
Central America
In the
- Archdiocese of
South America
Eurasia
Middle East regions
Syriac Orthodox Church in the Middle East and the diaspora, numbering between 150,000 and 200,000 people in their indigenous area of habitation in Syria, Iraq, and Turkey according to estimations.[159] The community formed and developed in the Middle Ages. The Syriac Orthodox Christians of the Middle East speak Aramaic. Archbishoprics in the Middle East include regions of
-
St. Sharbel Church Midyat
-
St. Mary's Church, Bethlehem
-
St. Mary's Cathedral, Manarcad
-
St. Baselios Yeldo
Patriarchal Vicariates in the Middle East includes
India
Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
The
The
Knanaya Archdiocese
The
Evangelistic Association of the East
Europe
Earlier in the 20th century many Syrian Orthodox immigrated to Western Europe, located in the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and other countries for economic and political reasons.
-
St. Ephrem Church Vienna, Austria
-
St. Thomas Cathedral, Acton, London, England
-
St. Jacob of Sarug Monastery Warburg, Germany
-
Church of Our Lady, Amsterdam, Netherlands
-
St. Avgin Monastery, Arth, Switzerland
-
St. Aphrem Cathedral, Södertälje, Sweden
Patriarchal Vicariates:
- Belgium, France and Luxembourg[178][179]
- Germany[180]
- Netherlands[181]
- Spain
- Sweden
- Switzerland and Austria
- United Kingdom
Oceania
- Australia and New Zealand
- Patriarchal Vicariate of Australia and New Zealand under Archbishop Malatius Malki Malki.[182][183][184][185]
Institutions
The church has various seminaries, colleges, and other institutions.
Ecumenical relations
The Syriac Orthodox Church is active in
The confusions and schisms that occurred between their Churches in the later centuries, they realise today, in no way affect or touch the substance of their faith, since these arose only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter. Accordingly, we find today no real basis for the sad divisions and schisms that subsequently arose between us concerning the doctrine of Incarnation. In words and life, we confess the true doctrine concerning Christ our Lord, notwithstanding the differences in interpretation of such a doctrine which arose at the time of the Council of Chalcedon.[190]
The precise differences in theology that caused the Chalcedonian controversy is said to have arisen "only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter", according to a common declaration statement between Patriarch
Communities
- Syrians/Syriacs originating from Middle East
- Turabdin in Turkey, former Syriac cultural heartland
- Saffron Monastery, important site in Turabdin
- St. Thomas Christians in India
- Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church
- Södertälje, Swedish town with many Syriac people and churches
- Guatemalans (recent convert activity)
See also
- Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church
- List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch
- Naheere
- The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian
- Oriental Orthodoxy
- Miaphysitism, Cyril of Alexandria's Christology
- Patriarchate of Alexandria
- Syriac Christianity
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We are commanded to pray standing, with faces towards the East, for at the last Messiah is manifested in the East. 2. All Christians, on rising from sleep early in the morning, should wash the face and pray. 3. We are commanded to pray seven times, thus...
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Further reading
Ecumenical relations with the Catholic Church
- Pope Benedict XIV, Allatae Sunt (On the observance of Oriental Rites), Encyclical, 1755
- Addresses of Pope Paul VI and His Holiness Mar Ignatius Jacob III, 1971
- Common Declaration of Pope John Paul II and His Holiness Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, 1984
- Address of John Paul II on Occasion of the Visit to the Catholicos of the Malankarese Syrian Orthodox Church, 1986
- Address of His Holiness Pope Francis to His Holiness Mor Ignatius Aphrem II Syriac orthodox patriarch of Antioch and all the East, 19 June 2015
External links
- Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate (Official website)
- Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate (Union between Christians)
- Department of Syriac Studies
Media
- Syriac religious TV channel of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch
- Syriac Liturgy description and photos
- Syriac Music Online
- YouTube video of a Palm Sunday Mass
- YouTube video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren explains the history and origin of the term "Syriac" (Suryoyo/Suroyo)
Relating to Syriac Orthodox Church
Relating to Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church