Syriac Orthodox Church

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(Redirected from
Syriac Orthodox Christians (Middle East)
)

Liturgy of Saint James
HeadquartersCathedral of Saint George, Damascus, Syria (since 1959)
Origin1st century *[1][2][3]
Antioch, Roman Empire[4][5]
Independence512 A.D.[6][7][8]
Branched fromChurch of Antioch[9]
MembersApproximately 1.4—1.7 million (2015, including India)[10][11]
Aid organizationEPDC St. Ephrem Patriarchal Development Committee[12]
Official websiteSyriac Orthodox Patriarchate
Digital LibraryDepartment of Syriac Studies
*Origin is according to Sacred tradition.
West Syriac Cross
Unicode (U+2670) :

The Syriac Orthodox Church (

liturgical language
of the church.

The church gained its hierarchical distinctiveness in 512, when pro-

Eastern Catholic
church).

In 1662, the vacant Syriac Patriarchate of Antioch was filled by individuals who aligned themselves with the Catholic Church. Andrew Akijan was elected in that year, and was succeeded by another Catholic in Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin. The non-Catholic Syriac party elected the rival Abdulmasih I, Shahbaddin's uncle, as a competing patriarch. Upon Shahbaddin's death in 1702, the Catholic line died out for several decades until the Holy Synod in 1782 elected Michael III Jarweh, who again aligned the Syriacs with the pope. Following a period of violence and intrigue, the non-Catholic party was again recognized with their own patriarch and the Catholic line continued independently as the Syriac Catholic Church).

ecumenical dialogues with other churches.[31][32]

Name and identity

Interior of St. Stephen Church, Gütersloh.

Chalcedonians referred to the church as "Jacobite" (after Jacob Baradaeus) since the schism that followed the 451 Council of Chalcedon.[34] English-speaking historians identified the church as the "Syrian Church". The English term "Syrian" was used to describe the community of Syriacs in ancient Syria. In the 15th century, the term "Orthodox" (from Greek: "orthodoxía"; "correct opinion") was used to identify churches that practiced the set of doctrines believed by the early Christians. Since 1922, the term "Syrian" started being used for things named after the Syrian Federation. Hence, in 2000, the Holy Synod ruled that the church be named as "Syriac Orthodox Church" after the Syriac language, the official liturgical language of the church.[35]

The church is not

Aramean kingdoms.[38] Church traditions crystallized into ethnogenesis through the preservation of their stories and customs by the 12th century. Since the 1910s, the identity of Syriac Orthodoxy in the Ottoman Empire was principally religious and linguistic.[39][40][41]

In recent works,

Assyrian-American historian Sargon Donabed has pointed out that parishes in the US were originally using Assyrian designations in their official English names, also noting that in some cases those designations were later changed to Syrian, and then to Syriac, while several other parishes still continue to use Assyrian designations.[42][43][44][45]

History

Nicodemus
, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem

Early history

The church claims

Jesus Christ (New Testament, Matthew 16:18) and is venerated as the first bishop of Antioch in c. 37 A.D. after the Incident at Antioch.[46][47][48]

Meletian Schism and saw several groups and several claimants to the See of Antioch.[54][55][56][57]

Patriarchate of Antioch

Given the antiquity of the Bishopric of Antioch and the importance of the Christian community in the city of Antioch, a commercially significant city in the eastern parts of the

Diocese of the Orient, thus laying the foundation for the creation of the "Patriarchate of Antioch and All of the East".[58] Because of the significance attributed to Ignatius of Antioch in the church, most of the Syriac Orthodox patriarchs since 1293 have used the name of Ignatius in the title of the Patriarch preceding their own Patriarchal name.[59]

Christological controversies that followed the

Severus the Great who took refuge in Alexandria. The non-Chalcedonian community was divided between "Severians" (followers of Severus), and aphthartodocetae, and that division remained unresolved until 527.[64] Severians continued to recognize Severus as the legitimate miaphysite Patriarch of Antioch until his death in 538, and then proceeded to follow his successors.[65][66]

Arabic to confirm John's beliefs, which according to the Chronicle of Michael the Syrian
was the first translation of the Gospels into Arabic.

Transfer to new locations

In 1166, the patriarchal seat was transferred to the Mor Bar Sauma Monastery where it remained for most of the twelfth and thirteenth century until the abandonment of the monastery in 1293.[70] Thereafter, the patriarchate resided in the Mor Hananyo Monastery (Deir al. Zaʿfarān) in southeastern Anatolia near Mardin, where it remained until 1933 and re-established in Homs, Syria, due to the adverse political situation in Turkey. In 1959, the patriarchate was transferred to Damascus. The mother church and official seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church are now situated in Bab Tuma, Damascus, capital of Syria.

Middle Ages

Syriac Orthodox dioceses
in the medieval period.
  Palestine
  Syria
  Lebanon and Cyprus
  Cilicia
  Cappadocia
  Amid and Arzun
  Commagene
  Osrhoene
  Mardin and Tur Abdin
  Iraq

The 8th century hagiography Life of

Miaphysites (Syriac Orthodox).[71] The longer hagiography shows that the Syriac Orthodox (called "Syriac Jacobites" in the work: suryoye yaquboye) self-identified with Jacob's story more than those of other saints.[72] Coptic historian and miaphysite bishop Severus ibn al-Muqaffa (ca. 897) speaks of Jacobite origins, and on the veneration of Jacob Baradaeus. He claimed that unlike the Chalcedonian Christians (who were labeled as "Melkites"), Miaphysite Jacobites never traded their Orthodoxy to win the favor of the Byzantine emperors, as the Melkites had done (malko is derived from "ruler, king, emperor").[73][74][75]

In Antioch, after the 11th-century persecutions, the Syriac Orthodox population was almost extinguished. Only one Jacobite church is attested in Antioch in the first half of the 12th century, while a second and third are attested in the second half of the century, perhaps due to refugee influx. Dorothea Weltecke concluded that the Syriac Orthodox population was very low in this period in Antioch and its surroundings.[76]

In the 12th century, several Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs visited Antioch and some established temporary residences.[77] In the 13th century, the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy in Antioch was prepared to accept Latin supervision.[78] In Adana, an anonymous 1137 report speaks of the entire population consisting of Syriac Orthodox.[76] Before the advent of the Crusades, the Syriacs occupied most of the hill country of Jazirah (Upper Mesopotamia).[79]

Early modern period

16th century

Among the preeminent churchmen of the period, Moses of Mardin (fl. 1549–d. 1592), was a diplomat of the Syriac Orthodox Church in Rome in the 16th century.[80]

17th century

St. Mary Church, Diyarbakır.

By the early 1660s, 75% of the 5,000 Syriac Orthodox of Aleppo had converted to Catholicism following the arrival of mendicant missionaries.

Malabar Syrian Christians.[83]

Late modern period

In the 19th century, the various Syriac Christian denominations did not view themselves as part of one ethnic group.[84] During the Tanzimat reforms (1839–78), the Syriac Orthodox was granted independent status by gaining recognition as their own millet in 1873, apart from Armenians and Greeks.[85]

In the late 19th century, the Syriac Orthodox community of the Middle East, primarily from the cities of

Harput, began the process of creating the Syriac diaspora, with the United States being one of their first destinations in the 1890s.[86] Later, in Worcester, the first Syriac Orthodox Church in the United States was built.[42]

Also in the late 1800s, the reformation faction of the Saint Thomas Christians in India left to form the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.

The

Saffron Monastery, the Patriarchal Seat.[88]

In 1870, there were 22 Syriac Orthodox settlements in the vicinity of

Uniate branch).[93]

Genocide (1914–1918)

Sayfo Monument at St. Peters & St. Pauls Church, Hallunda.

The Ottoman authorities killed and deported Orthodox Syriacs, then looted and appropriated their properties.[94] During 1915–16, the number of Orthodox Syriacs in the Diyarbakır province was reduced by 72%, and in the Mardin province by 58%.[95]

Interwar period

In 1924, the patriarchate of the Church was transferred to

Kemal Atatürk expelled the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch, who took the library of Deir el-Zaferan and settled in Damascus.[96][97] The Syriac Orthodox villages in Tur Abdin suffered from the 1925–26 Kurdish rebellions and massive flight to Lebanon, northern Iraq and especially Syria ensued.[98]

In the early 1920s, the city of

Syriac genocide
.

1945–2000

In 1959, the seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church was transferred to Damascus in Syria.[96] In the mid-1970s, the estimate of Syriac Orthodox lived in Syria is 82,000.[99] In 1977, the number of Syriac Orthodox followers in diaspora dioceses was: 9,700 in the Diocese of Middle Europe; 10,750 in the Diocese of Sweden and surrounding countries.[100]

On 20 October 1987,

Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, Patriarch permitting additions to the diptychs.[101][102]

Syrian Civil War
.

Leadership

Ignatius Aphrem II, current Patriarch of Antioch.

Patriarch

The supreme head of the Syriac Orthodox Church is named

pastoral letters related to the affairs of the church.[103]

Maphrian or Catholicos of India

After the Patriarch, the second highest Rank in the Syriac Orthodox Church is that of the Maphrian or the Catholicos of India. He is important functionary in guiding the church when the patriarchate falls vacant after the death of a Patriarch, overseeing the election of the next Patriarch and leading the ceremony for the ordination of the Patriarch. The Maphrian's see is India and is the head of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church and is subject to the authority of the Patriarch. In joint councils the Maphrian is seated on the right side of the Patriarch and heads the church's regional synod in India with the Patriarch's sanction.

Archbishops and Bishops

The title bishop comes from the

auxiliary bishops
.

Priests

The priest (Kasheesho) is the seventh rank and is the one duly appointed to administer the sacraments. Unlike in the Catholic Church, Syriac deacons may marry before ordained as priests; they cannot marry after ordained as priests. There is an honorary rank among the priests that are Corepiscopos who has the privileges of "first among the priests" and is given a chain with a cross and specific vestment decorations. Corepiscopos is the highest rank a married man can be elevated to in the Syriac Orthodox Church. The ranks above the Corepiscopos are unmarried.

Deacons

In the Syriac Orthodox tradition, different ranks among the deacons are specifically assigned with particular duties. The six ranks of the diaconate are:

  1. 'Ulmoyo (Faithful)
  2. Mawdyono (Confessor of faith)
  3. Mzamrono (Singer)
  4. Quroyo or Korooyo (Reader)
  5. Afudyaqno (Sub-deacon)
  6. Evangeloyo (High deacon)
  7. Masamsono (Full deacon)

Only a full deacon can take the

altar assistants
who do not have a rank of deaconhood may assist the priest.

Historically, in the

Malabar region of India.[105]

Deaconess

An ordained

Holy Communion to women and the children who are under the age of five.[106] She can read scriptures, Holy Gospel in a public gathering. The name of deaconess can also be given to a choirgirl. Deaconess is not ordained as chanter before reaching fifteen years of age. The ministry of the deaconess assists the priest and deacon outside the altar including in the service of baptizing women and anointing them with holy chrism.[107]

While this rank exists, it is rarely awarded.

Worship

Bible

.

Syriac Orthodox churches use the

New Testament of the Peshitta
, which originally excluded certain disputed books, had become the standard by the early fifth century, replacing two early Syriac versions of the gospels.

Doctrine

.

The Syriac Orthodox Church theology is based on the

Yoldath Aloho (Meaning: 'Bearer of God').[114][115]

The Fathers of the Syriac Orthodox Church gave a theological interpretation to the primacy of

Petrine Primacy according to the ancient Syriac tradition.[117] The church uses both Julian calendar and Gregorian calendar
based on their regions and traditions they adapted.

Language

Liturgy

Celebration of Mass at St. John's Church, Stuttgart, Germany.

The

Bible readings, prayers, and songs. The recitation of the Liturgy is performed according to with specific parts chanted by the presider, the lectors, the choir, and the congregated faithful, at certain times in unison. Apart from certain readings, prayers are sung in the form of chants and melodies. Hundreds of melodies remain preserved in the book known as Beth Gazo, the key reference to Syriac Orthodox church music.[126]

In 1983, the French ethnomusicologist Christian Poché produced audio recordings of the liturgical music of the Syriac Orthodox Church. In his liner notes for the UNESCO Anthology of Traditional Music, he described the liturgical music of communities in Antioch, Tur ‘Abdin, Urfa, Mardin in modern Turkey, as well as in Aleppo and Qamishli in modern Syria.[127]

Prayer

Syriac Orthodox clergy and laity follow a regimen of seven prayers a day that are said at fixed prayer times, in accordance with Psalm 119 (cf. Shehimo).[128][129] According to the Syriac tradition, an ecclesiastical day starts at sunset and the Canonical hours are based on West Syriac Rite:

Sacraments

The seven Holy

Sacraments
of the church are:

Vestments

Liturgical vestments of clergy.

The clergy of the Syriac Orthodox Church has unique liturgical vestments with their order in the priesthood: the deacons, the priests, the chorbishops, the bishops, and the patriarch each have different vestments.[134]

Corepiscopos wear a black or a purple robe with a purple belt. Bishops and corepiscopos have hand-held crosses.[135]

A priest also wears a phiro, or a cap, which he must wear for the public prayers. Monks also wear masnapso, a hood. Priests also have ceremonial shoes which are called msone. Without wearing these shoes, a priest cannot distribute Eucharist to the faithful. Then there is a white robe called kutino symbolizing purity. Hamniko or stole is worn over this white robe. Then he wears a

Deacons wear a phiro, white kutino(robe) and of rank Quroyo and higher wear an uroro 'stole' in various shapes according to their rank. The deaconess wears a stole (uroro) hanging down from the shoulder in the manner of an archdeacon.[137]

Global presence

Demography

The Patriarchate was initially established in

Muslim Arabs, the Patriarchate was seated in Mor Hananyo Monastery, Mardin, in the Ottoman Empire (1160–1933); following Homs (1933–1959); and Damascus, Syria, since 1959. Historically, the followers of the church are mainly ethnic Assyrians/Syriacs who comprise the indigenous pre-Arab populations of modern Syria, Iraq and southeastern Turkey.[138]
A diaspora has also spread from the Levant, Iraq, and Turkey throughout the world, notably in Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Austria, France, United States, Canada, Guatemala, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand.

The church's members are divided into 26

Vicariates.[139]

It is estimated that the church has 600,000 Syriac adherents, in addition to 2 million members of the

their own ethnic diaspora in India.[113][140][141] Additionally, there is also a large Syriac community among Mayan converts in Guatemala and South America numbering up to 1.5 million.[142] According to scholar James Minahan around 26% of the Assyrian people belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church.[143]

The number of Syriacs in Turkey is rising, due to refugees from Syria and Iraq fleeing ISIS, as well as Syriacs from the Diaspora who fled the region during the

Kafro was populated by Syriacs from Germany and Switzerland.[144][145]

In the

Syriac diaspora, there are approximately 80,000 members in the United States, 80,000 in Sweden, 100,000 in Germany, 15,000 in the Netherlands, 200,000 members in Brazil, Switzerland, and Austria.[146]

Jurisdiction of the patriarchate

The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch originally covered the whole region of the Middle East and India. In recent centuries, its parishioners started to emigrate to other countries over the world. Today, the Syriac Orthodox Church has several archdioceses and patriarchal vicariates (exarchates) in many countries covering six continents.

Americas

St. Mark's Cathedral, Paramus, New Jersey.

The presence of the Syrian Orthodox faithful in America dates back to the late 19th century.[147][148]

North America

Central America

In the

Roman Catholic Church later joined the church in 2013. Members of this archdiocese are Mayan in origin and live in rural areas, and display charismatic-type practices.[153]

South America

Eurasia

Middle East regions

Syriac Orthodox Church in the Middle East and the diaspora, numbering between 150,000 and 200,000 people in their indigenous area of habitation in Syria, Iraq, and Turkey according to estimations.[159] The community formed and developed in the Middle Ages. The Syriac Orthodox Christians of the Middle East speak Aramaic. Archbishoprics in the Middle East include regions of

Patriarchal Vicariates in the Middle East includes

Arab States of the Persian Gulf
.

India

Jacobite Syrian Christian Church

The

The

Marthoma Metropolitan and its first Reforming Metropolitan Mathews Athanasius was ordained by Ignatius Elias II in 1842.[167] Maphrianate was re-established in Malankara in 1912 by Ignatius Abded Mshiho II by the consecration of Paulose I as first Catholicos. Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church accepts the Patriarch of Antioch only as its spiritual Father as stated by the constitution of 1934.[168]

Altar of St.Mary's Knanaya Syriac Church Kottayam.

Knanaya Archdiocese

The

Severious Kuriakose with the patriarch as its spiritual head. They are the followers of the Syrian merchant Knāy Thoma (Thomas of Cana) in the fourth or eighth century, while another legend traces their origin to Jews in the Middle East.[169][170][171]

The Evangelistic Association Of The East
.

Evangelistic Association of the East

Indian Societies Registration Act. XXI of 1860 (Reg. No. S.8/1949ESTD 1924).[173][174]

Europe

Earlier in the 20th century many Syrian Orthodox immigrated to Western Europe, located in the Netherlands, Germany, Sweden, Switzerland and other countries for economic and political reasons.

monasteries
located in Europe.

Patriarchal Vicariates:

Oceania

Victoria
Australia and New Zealand
  • Patriarchal Vicariate of Australia and New Zealand under Archbishop Malatius Malki Malki.[182][183][184][185]

Institutions

The church has various seminaries, colleges, and other institutions.

childcare services in Damascus
, Syria. The church has an international Christian education center for religious education.[187] The Antioch Syrian University was established on 8 September 2018 in Maarat Saidnaya, near Damascus.[188] The university is offering engineering, management and economics courses.[189]

Ecumenical relations

The Syriac Orthodox Church is active in

John Paul II
in 1984:

The confusions and schisms that occurred between their Churches in the later centuries, they realise today, in no way affect or touch the substance of their faith, since these arose only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter. Accordingly, we find today no real basis for the sad divisions and schisms that subsequently arose between us concerning the doctrine of Incarnation. In words and life, we confess the true doctrine concerning Christ our Lord, notwithstanding the differences in interpretation of such a doctrine which arose at the time of the Council of Chalcedon.[190]

The precise differences in theology that caused the Chalcedonian controversy is said to have arisen "only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter", according to a common declaration statement between Patriarch

Paul VI on Wednesday 27 October 1971. In 2015, Pope Francis addressed the Syriac Orthodox Church as "a Church of Martyrs " welcoming the visit of Ignatius Aphrem II to Holy See.[191] In 2015, Ignatius Aphrem II visited Patriarch Kirill of Moscow of the Russian Orthodox Church and discussed prospects of bilateral and theological dialogue existing since the late 1980s.[192]
Since 1998, representatives of SOC, together with representatives of other
Ecumenical dialogue, and also in various forms of the Interfaith dialogue.[59][31][32]

Communities

See also

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Bibliography

Further reading

Ecumenical relations with the Catholic Church

External links

Media

Relating to Syriac Orthodox Church

Relating to Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church