Syringe
A syringe is a simple
The word "syringe" is derived from the Greek σύριγξ (syrinx, meaning "Pan flute", "tube").
Medical syringes
Sectors in the syringe and needle market include disposable and
The
Medical syringes are sometimes used without a needle for orally administering liquid medicines to young children or animals, or milk to small young animals, because the dose can be measured accurately and it is easier to squirt the medicine into the subject's mouth instead of coaxing the subject to drink out of a measuring spoon.
Tip designs
Syringes come with a number of designs for the area in which the blade locks to the syringe body. Perhaps the most well known of these is the
Bodies featuring a small, plain connection are known as slip tips and are useful for when the syringe is being connected to something not featuring a screw lock mechanism.
Similar to this is the catheter tip, which is essentially a slip tip but longer and tapered, making it good for pushing into things where there the plastic taper can form a tight seal. These can also be used for rinsing out wounds or large abscesses in veterinary use.
There is also an eccentric tip, where the nozzle at the end of the syringe is not in the centre of the syringe but at the side. This causes the blade attached to the syringe to lie almost in line with the walls of the syringe itself and they are used when the blade needs to get very close to parallel with the skin (when injecting into a surface vein or artery for example).
Standard U-100 insulin syringes
Syringes for insulin users are designed for standard U-100 insulin. The dilution of insulin is such that 1 mL of insulin fluid has 100 standard "units" of insulin.[6] Since insulin vials are typically 10 mL, each vial has 1000 units.
Insulin syringes are made specifically for self injections and have friendly features:
- shorter needles,subcutaneous(under the skin) rather than intramuscular,
- finer gauge needles,[7] for less pain,
- markings in insulin units to simplify drawing a measured dose of insulin, and[8]
- low dead space to reduce complications caused by improper drawing order of different insulin strengths.[9]
U-100 syringe sizes and markings | |
---|---|
1cc (1 mL) Syringe | |
Holds maximum: | 100 units[10] |
Numbered in: | 10 unit increments[10] |
Smallest line measures 2 units:[11] | BD[10] ReliOn[12] Monoject[13] (all but 31 gauge needle) |
Smallest line measures 1 unit: | Easy Touch[14] Precision Sure Dose[13] |
1/2cc (0.5 mL) Syringe | |
Holds maximum: | 50 units[15] |
Numbered in: | 10 unit increments[15] |
Smallest line measures 1 unit:[11] | BD[15] Precision Sure Dose[13] Ulti-Care[13][16] Easy Touch[17] ReliOn[12] Monoject[13] |
3/10cc (0.3 mL) Syringe | |
Holds maximum: | 30 units[18] |
Numbered in: | 5 unit increments[18] |
Smallest line measures 1 unit:[11] | BD Micro Fine[13] BD Ultra Fine[13][18] (standard length only) Monoject[13] Easy Touch[19] UltiCare[13] |
Half-unit scale 3/10cc (0.3 mL) Syringe[20] | |
Holds maximum: | 30 units[18] |
Numbered in: | 5 unit increments[18] |
Smallest line measures 1/2 unit: | BD Ultra Fine II (short)[13][18] ReliOn[12][13] |
Multishot needle syringes
There are needle syringes designed to reload from a built-in tank (container) after each injection, so they can make several or many injections on a filling. These are not used much in human medicine because of the risk of cross-infection via the needle. An exception is the personal insulin autoinjector used by diabetic patients and in dual-chambered syringe designs intended to deliver a prefilled saline flush solution after the medication.[21]
Venom extraction syringes
Venom extraction syringes are different from standard syringes, because they usually do not puncture the wound. The most common types have a plastic nozzle which is placed over the affected area, and then the syringe piston is pulled back, creating a vacuum that allegedly sucks out the venom. Attempts to treat snakebites in this way are specifically advised against, as they are ineffective and can cause additional injury.[22]
Syringes of this type are sometimes used for extracting
Oral
An oral syringe is a
Oral syringes are available in various sizes, from 1–10 mL and larger. An oral syringe is typically purple in colour to distinguish it from a standard injection syringe with a luer tip.[24] The sizes most commonly used are 1 mL, 2.5 mL, 3 mL, 5 mL and 10 mL.[25]
Dental syringes
A dental syringe is a used by dentists for the injection of an anesthetic.[26] It consists of a breech-loading syringe fitted with a sealed cartridge containing an anesthetic solution.
In 1928, Bayer Dental developed, coined and produced a sealed cartridge system under the registered trademark Carpule®. The current trademark owner is Kulzer Dental GmbH.
The carpules have long been reserved for anesthetic products for dental use. It is practically a bottomless flask. The latter is replaced by an elastomer plug that can slide in the body of the cartridge. This plug will be pushed by the plunger of the syringe. The neck is closed with a rubber cap. The dentist places the cartridge directly into a stainless steel syringe, with a double-pointed (single-use) needle. The tip placed on the cartridge side punctures the capsule and the piston will push the product. There is therefore no contact between the product and the ambient air during use.
The ancillary tool (generally part of a dental engine) used to supply water, compressed air or mist (formed by combination of water and compressed air) to the oral cavity for the purpose of irrigation (cleaning debris away from the area the dentist is working on), is also referred to as a dental syringe or a dental irrigation nozzle.
A 3-way syringe/nozzle has separate internal channels supplying air, water or a mist created by combining the pressurized air with the waterflow. The syringe tip can be separated from the main body and replaced when necessary.
In the UK and Ireland, manually operated hand syringes are used to inject lidocaine into patients' gums.[27][28][26]
Dose-sparing syringes
A dose-sparing syringe is one which minimises the amount of liquid remaining in the barrel after the plunger has been depressed. These syringes feature a combined needle and syringe, and a protrusion on the face of the plunger to expel liquid from the needle hub. Such syringes were particularly popular during the COVID-19 pandemic as vaccines were in short supply.[29]
Regulation
In some jurisdictions, the sale or possession of hypodermic syringes may be controlled or prohibited without a prescription,
Non-medical uses
The syringe has many non-medical applications.
Laboratory applications
The
Used with a long needle or
Cooking
Some
Syringes may also be used when cooking meat to enhance flavor and texture by injecting juices inside the meat, and in baking to inject filling inside a pastry. It is common for these syringes to be made of stainless steel components, including the barrel. Such facilitates easy disassembly and cleaning.
Others
Syringes are used to refill ink cartridges with ink in fountain pens.
Common workshop applications include injecting
Sometimes a large hypodermic syringe is used without a needle for very small baby mammals to suckle from in artificial rearing.
Historically, large pumps that use reciprocating motion to pump water were referred to as syringes. Pumps of this type were used as early firefighting equipment.
There are fountain syringes where the liquid is in a bag or can and goes to the nozzle via a pipe. In earlier times,
Loose snus is often applied using modified syringes. The nozzle is removed so the opening is the width of the chamber. The snus can be packed tightly into the chamber and plunged into the upper lip. Syringes, called portioners, are also manufactured for this particular purpose.
Historical timeline
- Piston syringes were used in ancient times. During the 1st century AD Aulus Cornelius Celsus mentioned the use of them to treat medical complications in his De Medicina.[32]
- 9th century: The cataracts from patients' eyes, a practice that remained in use until at least the 13th century.[33]
- Pre-Columbian Native Americans created early hypodermic needles and syringes using "hollow bird bones and small animal bladders".[34][35]
- 1650: Blaise Pascal invented a syringe (not necessarily hypodermic) as an application of what is now called Pascal's law.
- 1844: Irish physician Francis Rynd invented the hollow needle and used it to make the first recorded subcutaneous injections, specifically a sedative to treat neuralgia.
- 1853: Charles Pravaz and Alexander Wood independently developed medical syringes with a needle fine enough to pierce the skin. Pravaz's syringe was made of silver and used a screw mechanism to dispense fluids. Wood's syringe was made of glass, enabling its contents to be seen and measured, and used a plunger to inject them. It is effectively the syringe that is used today.
- 1865: Charles Hunter coined the term "hypodermic", and developed an improvement to the syringe that locked the needle into place so that it would not be ejected from the end of the syringe when the plunger was depressed, and published research indicating that injections of pain relief could be given anywhere in the body, not just in the area of pain, and still be effective.[36]
- 1867: The Medical and Chirurgical Society of London investigated whether injected narcotics had a general effect (as argued by Hunter) or whether they only worked locally (as argued by Wood). After conducting animal tests and soliciting opinions from the wider medical community, they firmly sided with Hunter.[36]
- 1899: Letitia Mumford Geer patented a syringe which could be operated with one hand and which could be used for self-administered rectal injections.[37][38]
- 1946: Chance Brothers in Smethwick, West Midlands, England, produced the first all-glass syringe with interchangeable barrel and plunger, thereby allowing mass-sterilisation of components without the need for matching them.
- 1949: Australian inventor Charles Rothauser created the world's first plastic, disposable hypodermic syringe at his Adelaide factory.[citation needed]
- 1951: Rothauser produced the first injection-moulded syringes made of polypropylene, a plastic that can be heat-sterilised. Millions were made for Australian and export markets.
- 1956: New Zealand pharmacist and inventor Colin Murdoch was granted New Zealand and Australian patents for a disposable plastic syringe.
See also
- Fire syringe has two meanings:
- A fire startingdevice
- A squirt, in the form of a large syringe, one of the first firefighting devices in history used to squirt water onto the burning fuel.[39]
- A
- Autoinjector, a device to ease injection, e.g. by the patient or other untrained personnel.
- Hippy Sippy
- Jet injector, injects without a needle, by squirting the injection fluid so fast that it makes a hole in the skin.
- Luer taper, a standardized fitting system used for making leak-free connections between syringe tips and needles.
- Needle exchange programme, is a social policy based on the philosophy of harm reduction where injecting drug users (IDUs) can obtain hypodermic needles and associated injection equipment at little or no cost.
- Trypanophobia, a fairly common extreme fear of hypodermic syringes
- Syrette, similar to a syringe except that it has a closed flexible tube (like that used for toothpaste) instead of a rigid tube and piston.
- Syringing the ear to remove excess ear wax.
- Syrinx, the nymph from classical mythology after which syringes were supposedly named.
- Safety syringe, with features to prevent accidental needlesticks and reuse
- Vaginal syringe
References
- Radio télévision suisse, 23 February 2015 (page visited on 23 February 2015).
- ^ "Disposable Syringe Markets". TriMark Publications, LLC. June 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11.
- ^ "The Anatomy of the Hypodermic Needle and Syringe". www.exchangesupplies.org. Retrieved 18 May 2021.
- ^ Bethany, Asked by. "Is it safe to reuse an insulin syringe? - CNN.com". CNN. Archived from the original on 2017-07-10.
- ^ "Disposable Medical Supplies Markets". TriMark Publications, LLC. July 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-02-24.
- S2CID 44334307.
- ^ a b "BD Diabetes-Insulin Syringe Needle Sizes". Bd.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ "BD Diabetes-Syringe Capacity and Dose Size". Bd.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ISBN 978-3-662-02526-0.
- ^ a b c "Close-up of BD 1cc Syringes-UltraFine-30 Gauge-1/2", UltraFine II Short-31 Gauge-5/16" & MicroFine-28 Gauge-1/2"". Archived from the original on 2016-02-15. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ a b c "Diabetes Mellitus-Washington State University". Vetmed.wsu.edu. Archived from the original on 2011-01-03. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ a b c "ReliOn Insulin Syringe Markings". Relion.com. Archived from the original on 2010-11-28. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Diabetes Health Syringe Listings" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ "Easy Touch Syringe demonstration-their syringes all measure in 1 unit increments". Easytouchsyringes.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ a b c "Close-up of BD 1/2 cc Syringes—UltraFine-30 Gauge-1/2", UltraFine II Short-31 Gauge-5/16" & MicroFine-28 Gauge-1/2"". Archived from the original on 2016-02-15. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ "Ulti-Care U100 Syringes-Product Information". Ulti-care.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ "Easy Touch Syringes demonstration-all syringes with 1 unit increment markings". Easytouchsyringes.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ a b c d e f "Close-up of BD 3/10 Syringes-UltraFine-30 Gauge-1/2", UltraFine II Short-31 Gauge-5/16", UltraFine Short-Half Unit Markings-31 Gauge-5/16" & MicroFine-28 Gauge-1/2"". Archived from the original on 2016-02-15. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ "Easy Touch Syringes-all products measure in 1 unit increment markings". Easytouchsyringes.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ "Comparison of 3/10 cc syringe marks—half unit and whole unit scale-BD". Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- .
- (PDF) from the original on 2013-05-17. Retrieved 2014-12-24.
- PMID 12115102.
- ^ "Precision Oral Syringes Frequently asked questions". oralsyringes.uk.
- ^ "How to use your oral syringe". Netdoctor. 2012-11-23. Archived from the original on 2011-01-04.
- ^ a b "Lidocaine Hydrochloride (Local) Monograph for Professionals - Drugs.com". Archived from the original on 2017-07-29.
- PMID 12970703.
- PMID 11213339.
- ^ "Government orders 65m syringes ahead of potential Covid-19 vaccine". www.pulsetoday.co.uk. Retrieved 2021-04-15.
- ^ "Children With Diabetes-Prescription Needed or Not?". Childrenwithdiabetes.com. Archived from the original on 2010-12-14. Retrieved 2010-12-30.
- ^ "Criminal Law and Syringe Disposal in Delaware". Archived from the original on 2013-03-30. Retrieved 2012-04-03.
- PMID 10488468.
- ISBN 978-0-19-514694-3.
- ^ "16 Indian Innovations: From Popcorn to Parkas". news.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 2017-10-16. Retrieved 2017-12-25.
- ^ "10 Native Inventions and Innovations That Changed the World - Indian Country Media Network". indiancountrymedianetwork.com. Archived from the original on 2017-12-25. Retrieved 2017-12-25.
- ^ S2CID 248921807.
- ^ Rishavy, Aimee (4 March 2021). "Most Influential Women in Medicine & Health Care - Women's History Month, 2021". MedSource Labs. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Geer, L.M. (11 April 1899). "Syringe (US Patent 622,848)" (PDF). United States Patent Office. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- ^ Walford, Cornelius. The insurance cyclopaedia: being a dictionary of the definitions of terms used in connexion with the theory and practice of insurance in all its branches: a biographical summary ... a bibliographical repertory of all works written upon the subject ... an . London: C. and E. Layton ;, 1871,1880. 337 Print. Walford, Cornelius (1874). "The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being a Dictionary of the Definitions of Terms Used in Connexion with the Theory and Practice of Insurance in All its Branches: A Biographical Summary ... A Bibliographical Repertory of All Works Written Upon the Subject ... An Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance". Archived from the original on 2017-02-23. Retrieved 2016-10-29.
Further reading
- Hans-Jürgen Bässler und Frank Lehmann : Containment Technology: Progress in the Pharmaceutical and Food Processing Industry. Springer, Berlin 2013, ISBN 978-3642392917
External links
- Inventors of the hypodermic syringe
- Hypodermic syringe patents
- Medical syringe patents
- YouTube video of a juvenile red squirrel suckling milk from a hypodermic syringe without a needle