Túpac Amaru
This section needs additional citations for verification. (August 2023) |
Túpac Amaru | ||
---|---|---|
Quechua Tupaq Amaru | | |
Dynasty | Hanan Qusqu | |
Father | Manco Inca Yupanqui |
Túpac Amaru (14 April 1545 – 24 September 1572) (first name also spelled Tupac, Topa, Tupaq, Thupaq, Thupa, last name also spelled Amaro instead of Amaru) was the last Sapa Inca of the Neo-Inca State, the final remaining independent part of the Inca Empire. He was executed by the Spanish following a months-long pursuit after the fall of the Neo-Inca State.[1]: 11
His name is derived from the
Accession
Following the
Final war with and capture by Spanish
At this time, the Spanish were still unaware of the death of the previous Sapa Inca (Titu Cusi) and had routinely sent two ambassadors to continue ongoing negotiations being held with Titu Cusi. They were both killed on the border by an Inca captain.
Using the justification that the Incas had "broken the inviolate law observed by all nations of the world regarding ambassadors", the new viceroy,
Túpac Amaru had left the previous day with a party of about 100 and headed west into the lowland forests. The group, which included his generals and family members, had then split up into smaller parties in an attempt to avoid capture.
Three groups of Spanish soldiers pursued them. One group captured Titu Cusi's son and wife. A second returned with military prisoners along with gold, silver and other precious jewels. The third group returned with Túpac Amaru's two brothers, other relatives and several of his generals. The Sapa Inca and his commander remained at large.
Following this, a group of forty hand-picked soldiers under Martín García Óñez de Loyola set out to pursue them. They followed the Masahuay river for 170 miles, where they found an Inca warehouse with quantities of gold and the Inca's tableware. The Spanish captured a group of Chunco and compelled them to tell them what they had seen, and if they had seen the Sapa Inca. They reported that he had gone down river, by boat, to a place called Momorí. The Spaniards then constructed five rafts and pursued them.
At Momorí, they discovered that Tupac Amaru had escaped by land. They followed with the help of the Manarí, who advised which path the Inca had followed and reported that Túpac was slowed by his wife, who was about to give birth. After a fifty-mile march, they saw a campfire around nine o'clock at night. They found the Sapa Inca Túpac Amaru and his wife warming themselves. They assured them that no harm would come to them and secured their surrender. Túpac Amaru was arrested.
The captives were brought back to the ruins of Vilcabamba and together they were all marched into Cuzco on 21 September. The invaders also brought the mummified remains of Manco Cápac and Titu Cusi and a gold statue of Punchao, a representation of the Inca's lineage containing the mortal remains of the hearts of the deceased Inca kings. These sacred items were then destroyed.
Execution
The five captured Inca generals received a summary trial and were sentenced to death by hanging. Several had already died of torture or disease.
The trial of the Sapa Inca himself began a couple of days later. Túpac Amaru was convicted of the murder of the priests in Vilcabamba. Túpac Amaru was sentenced to be beheaded. It was reported in various sources in 1598 that numerous Catholic clerics, convinced of Túpac Amaru's innocence, pleaded to no avail, on their knees, that the Inca be sent to Spain for a trial instead of being executed.
Many have argued that
An eyewitness report from the day recalls him riding a
Túpac Amaru mounted the scaffold accompanied by the Bishop of Cuzco. As he did, it was reported by the same witnesses that a "multitude of Indians, who completely filled the square, saw that lamentable spectacle [and knew] that their lord and Inca was to die, they deafened the skies, making them reverberate with their cries and wailing."[4]
As reported by eyewitnesses Baltasar de Ocampa and Friar Gabriel de Oviedo, Prior of the Dominicans at Cuzco, the Sapa Inca raised his hand to silence the crowds and his last words were: "Ccollanan Pachacamac ricuy auccacunac yawarniy hichascancuta." ("Pacha Kamaq, witness how my enemies shed my blood.")
Descendants
Nearly forty years after the conquest of Peru began with the execution of Atahualpa, the conquest ended with the execution of his nephew. The Spanish Viceroy rounded up the royal descendants. Several dozen, including Túpac Amaru's three-year-old son, were banished to Mexico, Chile, Panama and elsewhere.[citation needed] Some of them were allowed to return home.
Túpac Amaru's memory lived on and would become personified in an important late eighteenth century insurgency that was rooted in aspirations toward a revival of Inca status vis-a-vis the Spanish administration. In 1780, José Gabriel Condorcanqui (Túpac Amaru II), who claimed to be a direct descendant of Túpac Amaru, led an indigenous uprising against continued Spanish presence in Peru alongside his wife Micaela Bastidas. Condorcanqui's rebellion emerged in response to new Bourbon Reforms implemented by the Spanish crown, which included incremental increases in levels of taxation upon indigenous populations – such as the alcabala or sales tax. Túpac Amaru II's rebellion was sparked when he (Condorcanqui) captured and killed the Spanish corregidor Antonio Arriaga in November 1780.
Legacy
Historian El Inca Garcilaso De La Vega claimed that King Philip II disapproved of the public execution of Tupac Amaru. Tupac Amaru's death in 1572 has generated great interest centuries after.
Relatively little is known about Tupac Amaru, but this has not prevented his death from becoming a symbol of power to those in the region. Public figures such as Andean rebel leader Jose Gabriel Condorcanqui resonated with Tupac Amaru ideology, so much so that he changed his name to Tupac Amaru II. Despite Tupac Amaru's short life and tragic death his legacy precedes him especially among the Peruvian community.
Primary school number 239 in Warsaw (Mirów), had been named in honor of Túpac Amaru, but it closed in 2001.[5] Rapper Tupac Amaru Shakur was named after Túpac Amaru II.[6]
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-87081-821-9.
- ^ Valer, Nonato Rufino Chuquimamani; Morales, Carmen Gladis Alosilla; Valer, Victoria Choque (2014). Qullaw Qichwapa Simi Qullqan (PDF). Lima: Ministry of Education, Peru; digeibir.gob.pe. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 12 September 2017.
- ^ Jacobs, James Q. "Tupac Amaru: The Life, Times, and Execution of the Last Inca". jqjacobs.net. Retrieved 11 September 2017.
- ^ Murúa 271
- ^ "Ruina szkoły przy Złotej: tu kręcono 'Czterdziestolatka'". tustolica.pl.
- ^ Bruck, Connie (30 June 1997). "The Takedown of Tupac". The New Yorker. Retrieved 10 August 2020.
Bibliography
- Beverley, John, "Tupac Amaru Rebellion", in Prem Poddar et al. Historical Companion to Postcolonial Literatures—Continental Europe and its Colonies, Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2008.
- Cobo, Bernabé, Historia del Nuevo Mundo, bk 12.
- Colección de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y organización de las antiquas posesiónes españoles de Ultramar, ed. Angel de Altolaguirre y Duvale and Adolfo Bonilla y San Martin, 25 vols., Madrid, 1885–1932, vol. 15. In Hemming.
- Flores-Ochoa, Jorge and Abraham Valencia E., Rebeliones indigenas, quechuas y aymaras : homenaje al bicentenario de la rebelion campesina de Thupa Amaro, 1780–1980, Cuzco, Peru : Centro de Estudios Andinos Cuzco, 1980.
- García de Castro, Lope, Despatch, Lima, 6 March 1565, Gobernantes del Perú, cartas y papeles, Siglo XVI, Documentos del Archivo de Indias, Coleción de Publicaciones Históricas de la Biblioteca del Congreso Argentino, ed. Roberto Levillier, 14 vols., Madrid, 1921–6. In Hemming.
- Guillen Guillen, Edmundo, La Guerra de Reconquista Inca, Histórica épica de como Los Incas lucharon en Defensa de la Soberanía del Perú ó Tawantinsuyu entre 1536 y 1572, 1st ed., Lima.
- Hemming, John, The Conquest of the Incas, Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich, Inc., New York, 1970.
- ISBN 978-0-9677109-0-7.
- MacQuarrie, Kim. The Last Days of the Incas, Simon & Schuster, 2007. ISBN 978-0-7432-6049-7.
- Markham, Sir Clements. The Incas of Peru, 2nd ed., John Murray, London, 1912.
- Métraux, Alfred. The History of the Incas, tr. George Ordish, Pantheon Books, New York, 1969.
- Murúa, Martín de. Historia General del Perú, Orígen y descendencia de los Incas (1590–1611), ed. Manuel Ballesteros-Gaibrois, 2 vols., Madrid, 1962, 1964. In Hemming.
- Ocampa, Baltasar de, Descripción de la Provincia de Sant Francisco de la Victoria de Villcapampa [Vilcabampa] (1610). Tr. C. R. Markham, The Hakluyt Society, Second Series, vol. 22, 1907. In Hemming.
- Salazar, Antonio Bautista de, Relación sobre el periodo del gobierno de los Virreyes Don Francisco de Toledo y Don García Hurtado de Mendoza (1596), Coleción de documentos inéditos relativos al descubrimiento, conquista y colonization de las posesiones espanolas en América y Oceanía sacadas en su mayor parte de Real Archivo de Indias, 42 vols., Madrid, 1864–84. In Hemming.
- Titu Cusi Yupanqui, Inca Diego del Castro, Relación de la conquista del Perú y hechos del Inca Manco II; Instrución el muy Ille. Señor Ldo. Lope García de Castro, Gobernador que fue destos rreynos del Pirú (1570), Coleción de libros y documentos referentes a la historia del Perú, ed. Carlos A. Romero and Horacio H. Urteaga, two series, 22 vols., Lima, 1916–35. In Hemming.
- Valladolid, 29 April 1549, Colección de documentos para la historia de la formación social de Hispano-América, ed. Richard Konetzke, 4 vols., Madrid, 1953. In Hemming.
- Vargas Ugarte, Ruben, Historia del Perú, Virreinato (1551–1600), Lima, 1949, p. 258.
- Walker, Charles F., The Tupac Amaru Rebellion (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2014).
- Walker, Charles F. and Liz Clarke. 2020. Witness to the Age of Revolution: The Odyssey of Juan Bautista Tupac Amaru. Oxford University Press.