Tāmaki (New Zealand electorate)

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Tāmaki
Single-member constituency
for the New Zealand House of Representatives
Outline map
Location of Tāmakiwithin Auckland
RegionAuckland
Current constituency
Current MPBrooke van Velden
PartyACT

Tāmaki is a parliamentary

Tamaki River that runs immediately east of the seat. The electorate is represented by Brooke van Velden, the deputy leader of the ACT New Zealand
party.

Population centres

The

1941 New Zealand census had been postponed due to World War II, so the 1946 electoral redistribution had to take ten years of population growth and movements into account. The North Island gained a further two electorates from the South Island due to faster population growth. The abolition of the country quota through the Electoral Amendment Act, 1945 reduced the number and increased the size of rural electorates. None of the existing electorates remained unchanged, 27 electorates were abolished, eight former electorates were re-established, and 19 electorates were created for the first time, including Tamaki.[1]

Tāmaki is based around the

Ngāti Whatua activism at Bastion Point (sparking a chain of events leading to the modern Treaty of Waitangi grievance settlement process) occurred inside the seat's boundaries, a seat at the time represented by the contentious Robert Muldoon, the Prime Minister responsible for the Crown's response to the occupation of Bastion Point. Among other Ngāti Whatua land taken through governmental application of public works legislation is Paratai Drive, once New Zealand's most expensive street. The area around Mission Bay is also home to the Savage Memorial, a huge site dedicated to the memory of former Labour Michael Joseph Savage
, architect of the welfare state in New Zealand.

History

Tamaki boundaries from 1990 to 1993

The

Socialist Unity Party
ran against him, receiving between 39 and 188 votes.

Muldoon's departure caused a by-election in 1992, where candidate Clem Simich won despite fierce competition in an environment where both major parties were out of favour with the electorate. Simich gave up his seat ahead of the 2005 election to high school principal Allan Peachey. Simich was returned to parliament from his party's list, having chosen to move from standing for one of his party's safest seats to instead contest Māngere, easily Labour's safest seat. From 2005, Tāmaki was represented by Allan Peachey, who announced his retirement at the end of the parliamentary term in 2011 for health reasons, and subsequently died shortly before the election. Simon O'Connor was chosen by the National Party to contest the electorate in the 2011 general election.[3]

O'Connor won the seat comfortably in the general elections held in 2011, 2014, 2017 and 2020 but later stirred controversy with his conservative views. O'Connor was one of only eight members of parliament to vote against the Conversion Practices Prohibition Legislation Act 2022,[4] published a Facebook post welcoming the United States Supreme Court's overtuning of Roe v. Wade[5] and made comments in Parliament that linked a mass shooting in the US to remarks that Marama Davidson, co-leader of the Greens, had made about white cisgender men.[6] In response to O'Connor's controversial views several Tāmaki residents called for O'Connor to resign as their Member of Parliament,[7] and he faced ultimately unsuccessful challenges to his candidacy for the National Party in the lead up to the 2023 general election.[8][9]

Brook van Velden of the ACT New Zealand party subsequently won the seat in the 2023 general election, ending the six-decade reign of the National Party.[10]

Members of Parliament

Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Key

  Labour   National   ACT   NZ First

Election Winner
1946 election Tom Skinner
1949 election Eric Halstead
1951 election
1954 election
1957 election Bob Tizard
1960 election Robert Muldoon1
1963 election
1966 election
1969 election
1972 election
1975 election
1978 election
1981 election
1984 election
1987 election
1990 election
1992 by-election Clem Simich
1993 election
1996 election
1999 election
2002 election
2005 election Allan Peachey2
2008 election
2011 election Simon O'Connor
2014 election
2017 election
2020 election
2023 election Brooke van Velden

1Robert Muldoon resigned effective December 1991
2Allan Peachey announced that, due to his ill-health he would retire at the 2011 election, but he died twenty days before election day

List MPs

Members of Parliament elected from party lists in elections where that person also unsuccessfully contested the Tāmaki electorate. Unless otherwise stated, all MPs terms began and ended at general elections.

Election Winner
1996 election Jonathan Hunt
Patricia Schnauer
2002 election Ken Shirley
2017 election Jenny Marcroft

Election results

2023 election

2023 general election: Tāmaki[11]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
ACT Brooke van Velden 17,858 43.19 +38.01 5,172 12.36 +0.68
National Red XN Simon O'Connor 13,700 33.13 -18.60 21,916 52.41 +15.54
Labour Fesaitu Solomone 8,968 21.69 -10.60 7,009 16.76 -21.66
New Zealand Loyal Anne Perratt 389 0.94 +1.07 167 0.39 –
Green   4,582 10.95 +3.00
NZ First   1,198 2.86 +1.25
Opportunities   980 2.34 +1.01
Te Pāti Māori   288 0.68 +0.38
Legalise Cannabis   88 0.21 +0.07
NewZeal   32 0.19 +0.12
Animal Justice   51 0.12 –
Freedoms NZ   47 0.11 –
DemocracyNZ   34 0.08 –
New Conservatives   29 0.06 -0.62
Women's Rights
   28 0.06 –
Leighton Baker Party
   6 0.01 –
New Nation   6 0.01 –
Informal votes 430 128
Total valid votes 41,345 41,811
ACT gain from National Majority 4,158 10.05 -9.39

2020 election

2020 general election: Tāmaki[12]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Green tickY Simon O'Connor 21,471 51.73 -11.77 15,435 36.87 -24.66
Labour Shirin Brown 13,403 32.29 +9.50 16,082 38.42 +14.01
Green Sylvia Boys 3,260 7.85 +1.07 2,166 7.65 +2.01
ACT Carmel Claridge 2,151 5.18 +3.79 4,887 11.68 +10.52
New Conservative
 Paul Sommer 246 0.59 – 286 0.68 +0.57
Advance NZ Sarai Tepou 180 0.43 – 178 0.43 –
NZ First   673 1.61 -2.28
Opportunities   558 1.33 -0.72
Māori Party
   127 0.30 -0.15
TEA   62 0.15 –
Legalise Cannabis   60 0.14 +0.01
Sustainable NZ   32 0.08 –
ONE
   31 0.07 –
Outdoors
   16 0.04 +0.03
Vision New Zealand
   16 0.04 +0.02
Social Credit   6 0.01 +0.00
Heartland
   4 0.01 –
Informal votes 794 202
Total valid votes 41,505 41,855
National hold Majority 8,068 19.44 -21.27

2017 election

2017 general election: Tāmaki[13]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Green tickY Simon O'Connor 24,026 63.50 -6.94 23,628 61.53 -4.03
Labour Sam McDonald 8,624 22.79 +8.52 9,374 24.41 +9.63
Green Richard Leckinger 2,567 6.78 -3.42 2,166 5.64 -3.16
NZ First Jenny Marcroft 1,080 2.85 – 1,497 3.89 -0.52
ACT Mike Milne 529 1.39 +0.08 524 1.36 -0.01
Māori Party
 Mele Pepa 392 1.03 – 174 0.45 -0.03
Independent Penny Bright 244 0.64 –
Opportunities   789 2.05 –
Legalise Cannabis   53 0.13 -0.16
Conservative
   45 0.11 -2.94
United Future   29 0.07 -0.12
People's Party   11 0.02 –
Ban 1080
   8 0.02 +0.00
Mana
   7 0.01 -0.71
Democrats
   6 0.01 -0.02
Outdoors
   6 0.01 –
Internet   2 0.01 -0.71
Informal votes 373 81
Total valid votes 37,835 38,400
National hold Majority 15,402 40.71 -15.71

2014 election

2014 general election: Tāmaki[14]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Green tickY Simon O'Connor 25,539 69.50 +1.83 24,091 65.56 +1.14
Labour Chao-Fu Wu 5,118 13.93 −4.28 5,431 14.78 −2.80
Green Dorthe Siggaard 3,711 10.10 +2.30 3,232 8.80 +0.03
Conservative
 Danny Mountain 610 1.66 +0.12 1,122 3.05 +1.53
ACT Mike Milne 474 1.29 −1.10 504 1.37 −0.99
Mana
 Lisa Gibson 302 0.82 +0.82
NZ First   1,619 4.41 +0.65
Mana
   263 0.72 +0.45
Māori Party
   175 0.48 −0.03
Legalise Cannabis   106 0.29 +0.01
United Future   69 0.19 −0.22
Civilian   15 0.04 +0.04
Focus
   13 0.04 +0.04
Independent Coalition   12 0.03 +0.03
Democrats
   10 0.03 +0.03
Ban 1080
   8 0.02 +0.02
Informal votes 438 78
Total valid votes 36,192 36,748
National hold Majority 20,421 56.42 +7.96

2011 election

2011 general election: Tāmaki[15]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Simon O'Connor 24,837 67.67 +1.93 24,338 64.42 +4.19
Labour Nick Iusitini Bakulich 7,051 19.21 -1.53 6,642 17.58 -3.58
Green Richard Leckinger 2,861 7.80 +1.94 3,314 8.77 +3.48
ACT John Boscawen 887 2.39 -2.06 893 2.36 -5.56
Conservative
 Litia Simpson 567 1.54 +1.54 575 1.52 +1.52
Independent Wayne Young 358 0.98 +0.98
Independent Stephen Berry 152 0.41 +0.41
NZ First   1,421 3.76 +1.29
Māori Party
   193 0.51 -0.01
United Future   156 0.41 -0.35
Legalise Cannabis   107 0.28 +0.11
Mana
   102 0.27 +0.27
Libertarianz   30 0.08 +0.03
Alliance   6 0.02 -0.002
Democrats
   5 0.01 +0.01
Informal votes 755 255
Total valid votes 36,703 37,782
Turnout 38,037 77.50
National hold Majority 17,786 48.46 +3.45

Electorate (as at 26 November 2011): 49,080[16]

2008 election

2008 general election: Tāmaki[17]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Green tickY Allan Peachey 24,863 65.74 23,205 60.22
Labour Josephine Bartley 7,843 20.74 8,152 21.16
Green Richard Leckinger 2,216 5.86 2,040 5.29
ACT Chris Simmons 1,683 4.45 3,053 7.92
NZ First Doug Nabbs 639 1.69 954 2.48
Progressive
 Ralph Taylor 292 0.77 188 0.49
United Future Gregory Graydon 282 0.75 294 0.76
Māori Party
   201 0.52
Bill and Ben   104 0.27
Pacific   98 0.25
Kiwi   79 0.21
Legalise Cannabis   65 0.17
Family Party   46 0.12
Libertarianz   20 0.05
RAM   19 0.05
Alliance   7 0.02
Democrats
   3 0.01
RONZ   2 0.01
Workers Party   2 0.01
Informal votes 402 152
Total valid votes 37,818 38,532
National hold Majority 17,020


2005 election

2005 general election: Tāmaki[18]
Notes:

Blue background denotes the winner of the electorate vote.
Pink background denotes a candidate elected from their party list.
Yellow background denotes an electorate win by a list member, or other incumbent.
A Green tickY or Red XN denotes status of any incumbent, win or lose respectively.

Party Candidate Votes % ±% Party votes % ±%
National Allan Peachey 20,956 58.00 +22.69 19,829 53.87
Labour Leila Boyle 11,446 31.68 +0.09 11,890 32.30
ACT Ken Shirley 1,258 3.48 1,009 2.74
NZ First Brett Webster 973 2.69 1,393 3.78
Progressive
 Matt Robson 950 2.63 265 0.72
United Future Greg Graydon 504 1.39 615 1.67
Direct Democracy Grant Burch 45 0.12 6 0.02
Green   1,423 3.87
Māori Party
   149 0.40 –
Destiny   98 0.27
Legalise Cannabis   54 0.15
Christian Heritage
   22 0.06
Family Rights   19 0.05
Alliance   18 0.05
Libertarianz   12 0.03
99 MP   6 0.02
Democrats
   5 0.01
RONZ   4 0.01
One NZ   1 0.01
Informal votes 411 139
Total valid votes 36,132 36,807
National hold Majority 9,510 26.32 +22.61

1999 election

Refer to

Candidates in the New Zealand general election 1999 by electorate#Tamaki
for a list of candidates.

1993 election

1993 general election: Tamaki[19]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Clem Simich 11,563 55.39 +9.94
Alliance Richard Green 3,612 17.30
Labour Lorraine Wilson 3,300 15.80
NZ First Gordon Preston 1,739 8.33
Christian Heritage David Lindsay 279 1.33
McGillicuddy Serious Marc de Boer 185 0.88
Natural Law
 Warren Stott 75 0.35
Defence Movement Bevan Skelton 51 0.24 -0.09
Independent Bertus Post 37 0.17
Workers Rights Carl Adams 32 0.15
Majority 7,951 38.09 +30.89
Turnout 20,873 86.61 +14.64
Registered electors 24,099

1992 by-election

1992 Tamaki by-election[20]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Clem Simich 7,901 45.45 -13.47
Alliance Chris Leitch 6,649 38.25 +21.061
Labour Verna Smith 2,121 12.20 -10.03
Christian Heritage Clive Thomson 199 1.14
United New Zealand Tania Harris 118 0.67
Independent Dean Lonergan 105 0.60
McGillicuddy Serious Adrian Holroyd 73 0.42
Defence Movement Bevan Skelton 57 0.33
Independent Cliff Emeny 47 0.27
Blokes Liberation Front Frank Barker 46 0.26
Social Credit Colin Maloney 34 0.20
Independent Andrew Aitkenhead 19 0.11
Independent Victor Bryers 7 0.04 -0.17
Communist League James Robb 7 0.04
Majority 1,252 7.20
Turnout 17,383 71.972 -13.682
National hold Swing -29.49

1 Alliance vote increase over 3,556 combined vote for

Democrats
in 1990 election.
2 Based on 1990 election figures.

1990 election

1990 general election: Tamaki[21][22]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Robert Muldoon 12,191 58.93 +6.90
Labour Malcolm Johnston 4,599 22.23
Green Richard Green 2,633 12.73
NewLabour Bill Logue 789 3.81
McGillicuddy Serious Craig Thomas Young 183 0.88
Democrats
 Craig Douglas Thomas 134 0.65
Social Credit Charles Thomas Willoughby 67 0.32
Independent Matthew Ford Elliot 49 0.23
Independent Victor Bryers 44 0.21
Majority 7,592 36.70 +27.03
Turnout 20,689 85.65 -0.86
Registered electors 24,154

1987 election

1987 general election: Tamaki[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Robert Muldoon 10,466 52.03 +5.68
Labour Carl Harding 8,519 42.35
Democrats
 Richard John Pittams 668 3.32
NZ Party D T Roberts 343 1.70
Values Bruce Symondson 119 0.59
Majority 1,947 9.67 -7.05
Turnout 20,115 84.79 -6.50
Registered electors 23,721

1984 election

1984 general election: Tamaki[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Robert Muldoon 10,414 46.35 -7.16
Labour Robin Tulloch 6,656 29.62
NZ Party John Hodgson 4,545 20.23
Social Credit Eddie Hagen 616 2.74
Values Brett Cunningham 93 0.41
Women's Sandi Hall 89 0.39
Independent D B Butler 51 0.22
Majority 3,758 16.72 -7.16
Turnout 22,464 91.29 +2.73
Registered electors 24,607

1981 election

1981 general election: Tamaki[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Robert Muldoon 11,543 53.51 -3.18
Labour Richard Northey 6,390 29.62
Social Credit John Stevens 3,449 15.98
Socialist Unity
 Bill Andersen 188 0.87 +0.58
Majority 5,153 23.88 -6.40
Turnout 21,570 88.56 +20.23
Registered electors 24,356

1978 election

1978 general election: Tamaki[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Robert Muldoon 11,814 56.69 -5.69
Labour Audie Cooke-Pennefather 5,504 26.41
Social Credit Les Tasker 2,360 11.32
Values J Woolnough 791 3.79
Progressive National D Harden 276 1.32
Socialist Unity
 Bill Andersen 62 0.29 +0.09
Independent P T P Grace 22 0.10
United A H Greig 8 0.03
Majority 6,310 30.28 -5.22
Turnout 20,837 68.33 -15.97
Registered electors 30,491

1975 election

1975 general election: Tamaki[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Robert Muldoon 11,836 62.38 +4.61
Labour Tim Kaye 5,101 26.88
Values Brent Impey 1,258 6.63
Social Credit David Stevens 725 3.82
Socialist Unity
 Bill Andersen 39 0.20 -0.41
Socialist Party Ernie Higdon 12 0.06 -0.41
Majority 6,735 35.50 +9.37
Turnout 18,971 84.30 -6.69
Registered electors 22,502

1972 election

1972 general election: Tamaki[23]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Robert Muldoon 10,146 57.77 -7.37
Labour Alan Hedger 5,556 31.63
Values Brian Jessup 876 4.98
Social Credit James Robinson 714 4.06
Socialist Unity
 Bill Andersen 108 0.61
Socialist Party Ernie Higdon 83 0.47
Independent National George Mullenger 48 0.27
New Democratic Ian Upton 31 0.17
Majority 4,590 26.13 -8.31
Turnout 17,562 90.99 -0.29
Registered electors 19,301

1969 election

1969 general election: Tamaki[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Robert Muldoon 11,513 65.14 +9.77
Labour Alfred David Bolton 5,425 30.69
Social Credit Keith Harold Arthur Branch 496 2.80 -3.37
Independent Gladys May Thorpy 239 1.35
Majority 6,088 34.44 +17.52
Turnout 17,673 90.70 +5.06
Registered electors 19,485

1966 election

1966 general election: Tamaki[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Robert Muldoon 9,248 55.37 -3.73
Labour Kevin Ryan 6,421 38.44
Social Credit Keith Harold Arthur Branch 1,032 6.17
Majority 2,827 16.92 -6.08
Turnout 16,701 85.64 -7.33
Registered electors 19,501

1963 election

1963 general election: Tamaki[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Robert Muldoon 9,645 59.10 +5.52
Labour Norman Finch 5,891 36.09
Social Credit Joseph F. Richards 382 2.34
Liberal Robert Arthur Allen 307 1.88
Communist Donald McEwan 94 0.57
Majority 3,754 23.00 +15.96
Turnout 16,319 92.97 +3.12
Registered electors 17,552

1960 election

1960 general election: Tamaki[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Robert Muldoon 8,728 53.58
Labour Bob Tizard 7,580 46.54 -4.07
Social Credit Eric Ernest McGowan 352 2.16
Communist Rita Smith 77 0.47
Majority 1,148 7.04
Turnout 16,287 89.85 -6.22
Registered electors 18,125

1957 election

1957 general election: Tamaki[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Bob Tizard 7,749 50.61
National Eric Halstead 7,160 46.76 -6.54
Social Credit James Norris 400 2.61
Majority 589 3.84
Turnout 15,309 96.07 +3.10
Registered electors 15,934

1954 election

1954 general election: Tamaki[24]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Eric Halstead 8,665 53.30 -0.61
Labour Pat Curran 6,679 41.09
Social Credit Keith Edward Donald Robertson 910 5.59
Majority 1,986 12.21 +3.93
Turnout 16,254 92.97 +0.73
Registered electors 17,482

1951 election

1951 general election: Tamaki[25]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Eric Halstead 9,504 53.91 +0.83
Labour Tom Skinner 8,043 45.62 -0.52
Independent Ethel Maude Wood 84 0.47
Majority 1,461 8.28 +1.34
Turnout 17,631 92.24 -3.48
Registered electors 19,113

1949 election

1949 general election: Tamaki[26]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
National Eric Halstead 8,364 53.08
Labour Tom Skinner 7,269 46.14 -4.73
Ind. Social Credit Frederick Coles Jordan 123 0.78
Majority 1,095 6.94
Turnout 15,756 95.72 +1.15
Registered electors 16,460

1946 election

1946 general election: Tamaki[27]
Party Candidate Votes % ±%
Labour Tom Skinner 6,781 50.87
National John George Concanon Wales 6,550 49.13
Majority 231 1.73
Turnout 13,331 94.57
Registered electors 14,095

Notes

  1. ^ McRobie 1989, pp. 91–96.
  2. ^ Wilson 1985, pp. 222, 240.
  3. ^ "New Candidate". The Press. 28 October 2011. p. A3.
  4. ^ "National MP Simon O'Connor receives backlash for voting against conversion therapy ban but activists fear law needs urgent changes". Newshub. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  5. ^ "National MP removes post following Roe v Wade decision". RNZ. 26 June 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  6. ^ "National MP apologises over Nashville shooting comments". NZ Herald. 28 October 2023. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  7. ^ "Roe v Wade: Constituents call for Simon O'Connor to resign after social media post | Stuff.co.nz". 30 June 2022. Archived from the original on 30 June 2022. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  8. ^ Harman, Richard (30 September 2022). ""Taliban" National MP to face selection challenge | Politik". Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  9. ^ "National MP Simon O'Connor has beaten a challenge for the party's candidacy in the Tamaki electorate – 06-Nov-2022 – NZ Politics news". home.nzcity.co.nz. Retrieved 27 October 2023.
  10. ^ "Brooke Van Velden celebrates birthday and electorate win". New Zealand Herald. New Zealand Herald. 15 October 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Tāmaki – Official Result". Electoral Commission. Retrieved 7 November 2023.
  12. ^ "Official Count Results – Tamaki". Wellington: New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 2 April 2021.
  13. ^ "Official Count Results – Tamaki". Wellington: New Zealand Electoral Commission. Retrieved 22 December 2017.
  14. ^ Official Count Results – Tāmaki, 2014
  15. ^ Official Count Results – Tāmaki, 2011
  16. ^ "Enrolment statistics". Electoral Commission. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 27 November 2011.
  17. ^ Official Count Results – Tāmaki, 2008
  18. ^ Official Count Results – Tāmaki, 2005
  19. ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1993. p. 106.
  20. ^ Voting Statistics for the Electoral Referendum Held on 19 September 1992, The Tamaki By-Election Held on 15 February 1992. Electoral Commission (New Zealand).
  21. ^ Part 1: Votes recorded at each polling place (Technical report). New Zealand Chief Electoral Office. 1990.
  22. ISBN 9781869402365
    , retrieved 8 March 2014
  23. ^ a b c d e f Norton 1988, pp. 354.
  24. ^ a b c d e f Norton 1988, pp. 353.
  25. ^ "The New Zealand Official Year-Book, 1951–52". Statistics New Zealand. Archived from the original on 23 June 2012. Retrieved 19 November 2012.
  26. ^ "The General Election, 1949". National Library. 1950. pp. 1–5, 8. Retrieved 3 January 2014.
  27. ^ "The General Election, 1946". National Library. 1947. pp. 1–11, 14. Retrieved 1 January 2014.

References

External links
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