KAI T-50 Golden Eagle
T-50 Golden Eagle | |
---|---|
A Republic of Korea Air Force FA-50 carrying a captive training missile on its wingtip | |
Role | T-50: Lead-in fighter trainer
FA-50 block 10: Light combat aircraft FA-50 block 20: Light multirole fighter |
National origin | South Korea |
Manufacturer | Korea Aerospace Industries Lockheed Martin |
First flight | 20 August 2002[1] |
Introduction | 22 February 2005[2] |
Status | In service |
Primary users | Republic of Korea Air Force Iraqi Air Force Indonesian Air Force Philippine Air Force |
Produced | 2001–present |
Number built | 200 (all models)[3] |
The KAI T-50 Golden Eagle (
The T-50 has been further developed into aerobatic and combat variants, namely T-50B, TA-50, and FA-50. An F-50 single-seat multirole fighter variant was considered before being cancelled. The T-50B serves with the South Korean air force's aerobatics team.
The T-50 has been in service with a number of countries. Iraq ordered 24 training variants called the T-50IQ in 2013, and received them in 2016. The TA-50 light attack variant have also been ordered by Indonesia in 2011, with 16 planes entering service by 2014; an additional 6 planes were ordered in 2021. The Philippines ordered 12 units of the FA-50 light fighter variant in 2014, delivered over the next few years with the country considering to order another batch of 12 planes. Thailand ordered 12 units of the T-50 advanced trainer variant (T-50TH) starting in 2015. In 2022, Poland ordered 48 FA-50 aircraft, followed by Malaysia in 2023 that ordered 18 of the latest Block 20 variant.
Development
Origins
The T-50 program was originally intended to develop an indigenous
The mother program, code-named KTX-2, began in 1992,[7] but the Ministry of Finance and Economy suspended KTX-2 in 1995 due to financial constraints.[8] The basic design of the aircraft was set by 1999.[1] The development of the aircraft was funded 70% by the South Korean government, 17% by KAI, and 13% by Lockheed Martin.[1]
The aircraft was formally designated as the T-50 Golden Eagle in February 2000.[1] The T-50A designation was reserved by the U.S. military to prevent it from being inadvertently assigned to another aircraft model.[9][10] Final assembly of the first T-50 took place between 15 January and 14 September 2001.[1] The first flight of the T-50 took place in August 2002, with initial operational assessment from 28 July to 14 August 2003.[1]
KAI and Lockheed Martin were pursuing a joint marketing program for the T-50 internationally. The ROKAF placed a production contract for 25 T-50s in December 2003, with aircraft scheduled to be delivered between 2005 and 2009.
Improved variants
The program has expanded beyond a trainer concept to include the TA-50 light
The FA-50 is the most advanced version of the T-50, possessing more internal fuel capacity, enhanced avionics, a longer radome, and a tactical datalink.
In December 2008, South Korea awarded a contract to KAI to convert four T-50s to FA-50 standard by 2012. In 2012, the ROKAF ordered 20 FA-50 fighters to be delivered by the end of 2014.
In December 2015, KAI announced and revealed the new KAI-LM T-50 T-X upgrade intended to compete in the U.S. T-X program that will start testing in 2016. This variant features a dorsal hump for extra internal fuel and an aerial refuelling receptacle, large area display (LAD), and embedded ground training systems.[33][34][35]
In October ADEX 2017, KAI unveiled the T-50A as a new variant based on the FA-50 multirole combat aircraft, including fifth generation cockpit, an aerial refuelling receptacle, cockpit multifunction display, dorsal hump for extra internal fuel, and an embedded training suite.[36]
In January 2019, KAI has begun development on an improved FA-50 known as block 10 and block 20 upgrades. Block 10 is a software upgrade so it can use the Lockheed Martin AN/AAQ-33 sniper targeting pod, while the block 20 is improvement capability to conduct beyond-visual-range air-to-air missions, carrying munitions such as the AIM-120 AMRAAM.[37]
On 15 May 2023, KAI chose PhantomStrike among two candidates, Raytheon PhantomStrike and Northrop Grumman AN/APG-83, which were being considered as the AESA radar for FA-50 Block 20. The PhantomStrike, which will be used in the Block 2 version, weighs 68 kg (150 lb), which is lighter than the existing FA-50 radar, and is an air-cooled compact AESA radar with digital beam forming and steering, multi-mode functionality and interleaved ground and air targeting capabilities. Raytheon expects PhantomStrike to be delivered to KAI in 2025.[38][39]
Design
Overview
The T-50 Golden Eagle resembles the F-16 Fighting Falcon, though it is only 80% of the size. The aerospace engineering units of Samsung, Hyundai, and Daewoo were merged to form KAI, and Lockheed Martin designed the avionics including providing the fly-by-wire system.[7][40]
The trainer has seating for two pilots in a tandem arrangement. The high-mounted
The T-50 uses a single General Electric F404-102
Avionics
The T-50's
The T-50 is equipped with a
Armament and equipment
The TA-50 version has a three-barrel cannon version of the
The FA-50 can be externally fitted with
At the Singapore Air Show in February 2018, European missile maker
Operational history
Republic of Korea
In 2011, the first squadron with the TA-50, the T-50's light attack variant, became operational with the ROKAF.[78] The ROKAF's Black Eagles aerobatic team operates the T-50B version. In 2014, the FA-50 was officially deployed by the ROKAF with President Park Geun-hye officially leading a ceremony during which a flight demonstration was held showing its capabilities. 20 FA-50s was assigned its own Air Force wing. 60 FA-50s were ordered by ROKAF.[79] On 9 October 2014, an FA-50 successfully test fired an AGM-65 Maverick at a stationary target, a retired ship.[80]
Indonesia
In May 2011, Indonesia signed a contract to order 16 T-50 trainer aircraft for US$400 million.[83] The aircraft is to feature weapons pylons and gun modules, enabling light attack capabilities.[84][85] The Golden Eagles are to replace the Hawk Mk 53 in Indonesian Air Force service.[86] Indonesia's version has been designated T-50i. Deliveries began in September 2013.[87] The last pair of T-50i aircraft were delivered in January 2014.[88]
In July 2021, KAI has confirmed that it has been awarded a contract to supply another batch of T-50s to Indonesia. The contract is said to be worth US$240 million and includes 6 T-50s along with a support and logistics package for aircraft operations.[89]
Iraq
Iraq was negotiating the acquisition of T-50 trainer jets, having first publicly expressed official interest during the Korea–Iraq summit in Seoul on 24 February 2009.[90] In April 2010, Iraq reopened the jet lead-in fighter-trainer competition for 24 aircraft, in which TA-50 competed.[91] In December 2013, it was announced that Iraq signed a contract for 24 aircraft of the FA-50 variant designated T-50IQ, plus additional equipment and pilot training over the next 20 years.[92][93] Deliveries were to begin in April 2016, with all aircraft to be delivered over the next 12 months. The first batch of aircraft was delivered in March 2017 with the second batch arriving in May 2018.[94][95] [needs update][96] However, the aircraft were not flown until June 2022, following the negotiation of a maintenance, logistics and training contract with KAI in November 2021.[97]
Philippines
The Philippine Air Force (PAF) chose 12 KAI TA-50 aircraft to fulfill its requirement for a light attack and lead-in fighter trainer aircraft. The Department of National Defense (DND) announced the selection of the type in August 2012.[62] Funding for 12 aircraft was approved by Congress in September 2012.[98]
In late January 2013, state media reported that the FA-50 variant, not the TA-50 variant as previously reported, was selected for the procurement.[99] In October 2013, President Benigno Aquino III said that the DND was close to finalizing the FA-50 deal.[100] On 19 October 2013, President Aquino and President Park Geun-hye of South Korea signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) with provisions for acquisitions.[101]
On 13 February 2014, President Aquino approved the payment scheme for purchasing 12 lead-in fighter trainers with P18.9 billion ($415.7 million) budgeted.[102] On 28 March 2014, the DND signed a contract for 12 FA-50 fighter aircraft worth P18.9 billion (US$421.12 million).[103][104]
Deliveries began in November 2015[105] and all 12 aircraft were delivered by 31 May 2017.[106][107] Plans were laid for 3 or 4 FA-50s to be fitted with capability for beyond visual range (BVR) intercept.[108] In March 2015, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI) reported that the Philippines plans to order additional FA-50s,[109][110] which is supported by the PAF Flight Plan 2028 that lists another 12 FA-50s planned for the future.[111][112]
On 26 January 2017, two PAF FA-50PHs conducted a nighttime attack on terrorist hideouts in
In June 2018, it was discussed that the PAF is reviewing the possibility of acquiring 12 more aircraft.[119][120] PAF Chief Lt. Gen Connor Anthony Canlas Sr. reiterated this possibility in a media interview in June 2022.[121][111]
On 2 February 2019, two PAF FA-50s dropped eight 250-pound bombs on a base of the ISIS-linked
On 25 June 2020, in relation to its 73rd founding anniversary, the PAF conducted a live fire exercise off the coast of Palawan. The exercise was the first live-firing of an AGM-65G2 Maverick air-to-ground missile fired from a PAF FA-50PH aircraft against a floating target, to demonstrate its anti-ship capabilities.[123]
On 25 December 2020, one day before the 52nd anniversary of the Communist Party of the Philippines, a PAF FA-50 dropped six bombs, including a GPS-guided bomb, that resulted in the deaths of three New People's Army rebels at their base camp in Daguma Mountain Range in Sultan Kudarat province.[124]
On 26 April 2023, as part of the 2023 BALIKATAN Exercises, a PAF FA-50PH took part in the sinking of target ship ex-BRP Pangasinan as part of SINKEX (Sinking Exercise) under BALIKATAN Exercises, firing a single AGM-65G2 Maverick air-to-ground missile.[125]
Thailand
In September 2015, the Thai government chose a KAI T-50 variant, called the T-50TH, for its air force over the Chinese
Poland
On 22 July 2022, Poland's Defense Minister
Malaysia
On 24 February 2023, KAI announced the signing of a $920 million deal with the Malaysian Ministry of Defence for the purchase of 18 FA-50 Block 20 for the
Future Operators
- Egypt: On January 16, 2023 Egypt's state-owned Karakorum-8trainer jets.
- Senegal: Senegal announced that they will acquire the FA-50 on January 29, 2024.
Possible sales
- Azerbaijan: Azerbaijani Air Forces has expressed interest in purchasing T-50 trainers.[142]
- Bolivia: the T-50 has been offered to the Bolivian Air Force as their new light jet fighter.[143]
- Botswana: The FA-50 was offered to Botswana.[144]
- Brunei: The Royal Brunei Air Force has expressed interest in the FA-50.[145]
- Colombia: On 29 April 2022 it was rumored that the Colombian Air Force had chosen 20 TA-50 and FA-50 Golden Eagles as its next jet trainer and fighter.[146] but it was later denied by the Colombian Air Force[147]
- Croatia: The FA-50 is also being offered to Croatia, which is deciding on a replacement for its aging fleet of MiG-21BIS aircraft.[148] However, in October 2017, KAI did not bid[149] as the FA-50 could not satisfy the Croatian fighter requirements.[citation needed] The Croatian Air Force then selected the French Rafale.[citation needed] Croatia needs to purchase lead in-trainer aircraft that KAI could bid on. The program is yet to be announced by the Croatian government.[citation needed]
- Pakistan: The Pakistan Air Force is considering the purchase of the South Korean KAI T-50 Lead-in Fighter Trainer (LIFT) to revamp its air force training program.[150]
- Peru: The FA-50 is being offered to Peru.[151]
- Senegal: Senegal announced that they will acquire the FA-50 on January 29, 2024.[152]
- Spain: The
- Slovakia: On October 3, 2021 Yonhap News Agency reported that Korea Aerospace Industries (KAI) was seeking to export the FA-50 to the Slovak Air Force.[157] A memorandum of understanding (MOU) was reportedly signed between KAI and LOTN, a Slovakian state-owned enterprise to facilitate industrial offset negotiations.
- United Arab Emirates: The United Arab Emirates Air Force is seeking 35–40 fighter-trainers. In February 2009, the UAE selected the M-346 over the T-50.[158] In January 2010, the UAE reopened the trainer contest.[159] In 2011, it was confirmed that the T-50 was still competing for the UAE purchase.[160]
- United States: The TF-50A, a variant FA-50, is one of the contenders for the U.S. Air Force's Advanced Tactical Trainer program, with an opportunity to export 100 to 400 aircraft.[161][162] The TF-50B a variant FA-50 is one of the contenders for the U.S. Navy's Tactical Surrogate Aircraft program, with an opportunity to export 64 aircraft.[163][164]
- Vietnam: The Government of Vietnam looks to purchase FA-50 light fighters from the U.S. and South Korea.[165]
Failed bids
- Argentina: The Argentine Air Force evaluated the FA-50 as a potential new platform in 2016.[166] The Argentine government is seeking to buy the FA-50 through repatriation in Korea. MSN reported the Argentine defense minister said that when the financial aid is secured a contract for the FA-50 with KAI can be signed by December 2017.[167] As of July 2019, the Argentine Air Force, is set to buy FA-50s as an interim replacement for the retired Mirage 3, 5, and Dagger force. It is also to help replace the retiring A-4AR Fightinghawk fleet, as those aircraft are aging and becoming difficult to repair and maintain. If the deal is approved it will be a first step in modernizing and revitalizing the country's fighter fleet.[168][169] KAI later notified the Argentine government that a sale would not be possible due the UK blocking it on the grounds of an arms embargo — the aircraft features various British components, including Martin-Baker ejection seats.[170]
- Israel: The Israeli Air Force evaluated the T-50 as a possible replacement for its McDonnell Douglas A-4N Skyhawk II trainers since 2003.[171] On 16 February 2012, Israel announced its decision to procure 30 Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Masters instead.[172][173]
- Singapore: The
- Taiwan: The Republic of China Air Force is looking to replace its current fleet of AT-3 jet trainers and F-5 LIFT planes with 66 advanced trainers, the ROC Air Force released a request for information (RFI) and two companies have responded including Lockheed Martin for the T-50 and Alenia Aermacchi's M-346 responded to the request. The planes are expected to be license produced in Taiwan with a local partner firm, and the overall estimated contract value is 69 billion New Taiwan dollars (US$2.2 billion).[176] However, Taiwan decided to build 66 AIDC T-5 Brave Eagle supersonic trainers based on Taiwan's existing AIDC F-CK-1 Ching-kuo fighters for NT$68.6 billion instead of selecting the T-50 or M-346.[177]
- United States: The T-50A was one of the contenders for the T-7 trainer.[179][180][22] In January 2020, the U.S. Air Force posted a notice stating that it would lease four to eight T-50A trainers from Hillwood Aviation due to delays in manufacturing the T-7A.[181] In August 2020 the acquisition was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic; in October it was announced that the plan had been further delayed.[182]
- Uzbekistan: In October 2015, the U.S. refused to approve the sale of the KAI T-50 advance trainer to Uzbekistan.[183][184] The T-50 uses a US-made engine, the F404, which requires a US export license to re-export to another country along the T-50. However, due to political considerations related to Uzbekistan, the US refused to approve this.[185]
Variants
T-50
Advanced trainer version.[186]
T-50B
Aerobatic-specialized T-50 version.[186] Currently used by ROKAF's aerobatic display team, the Black Eagles.
TA-50
FA-50
Light fighter/attack version, originally named A-50. A prototype from a converted T-50 first flew in 2011.[186][187][188]
FA-50 Block 10
Software upgrades to enable integration of Lockheed Martin AN/AAQ-33 Sniper targeting pod [189]
FA-50 Block 20
Integration of telescopic probe solution from Cobham Mission Systems for inflight refueling capability,[190] conformal 300 gallon fuel tank for better range, integration of mid-range air-to-surface missiles and beyond-visual-range air-to-air missiles (BVRAAMs), avionics upgrade and possible AESA radar.[191]
F-50
The F-50 is a proposed single–seat multirole fighter variant. In 2016 it was cancelled in favor of the KAI KF-21.[192] In 2024 the desighning of the variant was restarted.[193]
Country-specific versions
- T-50i: Version of the T-50 for Indonesian Air Force[83][87]
- T-50IQ: Version of the FA-50 for Iraqi Air Force[93][95]
- FA-50PH: Version of the FA-50 for the Philippine Air Force[194]
- FA-50GF: Version of the FA-50 Block 10 for the Polish Air Force[195]
- FA-50PL: Version of the FA-50 Block 20 for the Polish Air Force[195]
- FA-50M: Version of the FA-50 Block 20 for the Royal Malaysian Air Force[196]
- T-50TH: Version of the T-50 for 20 mm gun, radar warning receiver, and countermeasures dispenser system. Compatible with laser-guided bombs, AIM-9 Sidewinder and AGM-65 Maverick, integration for beyond-visual-range missile[198][199]
- T-50A: Failed candidate for the US Air Force T-X program, based on the FA-50.[200]
- TF-50A: candidate for the US Air Force Advanced Tactical Trainer program, based on the FA-50[161][162]
- TF-50B: candidate for the US Navy Tactical Surrogate Aircraft program, based on the FA-50[163][164]
Operators
- Indonesian Air Force – 16 T-50i trainer aircraft were delivered by January 2014. These were fitted with EL/M-2032 radars and cannons in 2018.[201][202] 14 aircraft are in service as of August 2020.[203] In July 2021, Indonesia signed a contract for a further six planes at a cost of US$240 million with delivery by October 2024.[204][205]
- Iraqi Air Force – 24 T-50IQ light fighters were delivered by November 2019.[206]
- Royal Malaysian Air Force - 18 units of FA-50M Block 20 on order.[138]
- Philippine Air Force – 12 FA-50PH light fighter aircraft were delivered by 31 May 2017.[106]
- Polish Air Force – 12 FA-50GF Block 10 and 36 FA-50PL Block 20 on order.[195]
- Republic of Korea Air Force – 50 T-50s, 10 T-50Bs, 22 TA-50s,[207] and 60 FA-50s[208] aircraft in service as of October 2016.
- Royal Thai Air Force – 12 T-50TH trainers ordered in total. The first four aircraft were delivered in April 2018.[209]
Accidents and incidents
- On 15 November 2012, a South Korean air force pilot from the service's Black Eagles aerobatic display team was killed when his KAI T-50B trainer crashed in a mountainside in the area of Hoengsong, about 48 nm (90 km) east of Seoul,[210] due to human error during a maintenance operation.[211]
- On 20 December 2015, an Adisutjipto Air Base in Yogyakarta, killing its two pilots[212][213] possibly caused by pilot error.[214]
- On 6 February 2018, a South Korean aerobatic team's plane flipped over after the pilot did not align the nose wheel properly, and turned off NWS prematurely at Changi Airport.[215] It was taking off in preparation for a display at the Singapore Airshow.[216]
- On August 10, 2020, a 38-year-old Indonesian Air Force T-50i pilot died from injuries sustained during a training accident at the Iswahyudi Air Force Base.[217]
- On July 19, 2022, an Indonesian Air Force T-50i crashed in Central Java during a nighttime training mission, killing its pilot.[218]
Specifications
Data from Korea Aerospace,[46][219] Lockheed Martin[220]
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Length: 13.144 m (43 ft 1 in)
- Wingspan: 9.45 m (31 ft 0 in) with wingtip missiles
- Height: 4.94 m (16 ft 2 in)
- Wing area: 23.69 m2 (255.0 sq ft)
- Empty weight: 6,470 kg (14,264 lb)
- Max takeoff weight: 12,300 kg (27,117 lb)
- Fuel capacity: 2,655 litres (701 US gal) internal
- Payload: 4.8 t (4.7 long tons; 5.3 short tons) external[221]
- Powerplant: 1 × Samsung Techwin[14]), 53.07 kN (11,930 lbf) thrust dry, 78.7 kN (17,700 lbf) with afterburner
Performance
- Maximum speed: 1,837.5 km/h (1,141.8 mph, 992.2 kn) at 9,144 m (30,000 ft)
- Maximum speed: Mach 1.5[222][223][46][220]
- Range: 1,851 km (1,150 mi, 999 nmi)
- Service ceiling: 14,630 m (48,000 ft)
- g limits: +8 −3[46]
- Rate of climb: 198 m/s (39,000 ft/min)
- Thrust/weight: 0.96
- Note: armament for TA-50 and FA-50 only.
Armament
- Guns: 1×
- Hardpoints: Total of 7 with 4 underwing 2 wingtip and one under fuselage; holding up to 5,400 kg (12,000 lb) of payload[232]
- Missiles:
- Air-to-air missiles:
- AIM-9 Sidewinder[219]
- AIM-120 AMRAAM (planned for FA-50 Block 20 which is under development for foreign users)[37][226]
- ASRAAM (planned)[228]
- IRIS-T (planned)[229]
- Air-to-ground missiles:
- AGM-65 Maverick[219]
- MBDA Brimstone(planned)
- SPEAR 3 (planned)
- Anti-ship missiles:
- Joint Strike Missile (FA-50 Block 20)
- Air-to-air missiles:
- Bombs:
- CBU-97/105 Sensor Fuzed Weapon
- GBU-12 (block 10 improvement)[226]
- Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) bombs[219]
- KGGB[227]
- Mark 82 bomb
- Mark 83 bomb
- Spice-equipped bombs
- SUU-20 Dispenser[219]
- Wind Corrected Munitions Dispenser (WCMD)
- Others:
- Sniper targeting Pod (block 10 upgrade)[226]
Avionics
- Lockheed Martin AN/APG-67 (T-50IQ)
- Elta EL/M-2032 (TA-50 and FA-50 Block 10)
- Raytheon PhantomStrike air-cooled AESA radar (FA-50 Block 20)[38][39]
- LIG Nex1 ESR-500A air-cooled AESA radar (Option for FA-50 Block 20)[233]
See also
Related development
Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era
- Aero L-159 ALCA
- AIDC T-5 Brave Eagle
- Alenia Aermacchi M-346 Master
- Boeing–Saab T-7 Red Hawk
- Guizhou JL-9
- HAL HLFT-42
- Hongdu JL-10
- TAI Hürjet
- Yakovlev Yak-130
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External links
External videos | |
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From "Lastochka" to "Fighting Eagle" | |
"FA-50 aircraft will strengthen the capabilities of the Air Force" on Ministerstwo Obrony Narodowej Official YouTube Channel on YouTube |