T-cell lymphoma

T-cell lymphoma is a rare form of cancerous

There are many types and variations of T-cell lymphoma, each with vastly different symptoms, survival, and prognosis. The classification of T-cell lymphoma has been difficult to accomplish due to the lack of understanding of their biology.[4] Most classifications are basic with many still under the title of ‘provisional categories’ in the World Health Organization Classification of disease.^[5]

Common

• Peripheral T-cell lymphoma, not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS): Most common type of Peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL), comprising subtypes which cannot be classified as either nodal, extra-nodal, or leukemic^{[citation needed]}
• Angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL): Aggressive form of T-cell lymphoma.^{[citation needed]}
• Anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL): ALCL has four distinct types:^{[citation needed}
  ]
  • ALK-positive anaplastic large cell lymphoma: an aggressive, systemic ALCL that strongly expresses anaplastic lymphoma kinase
    , i.e. ALK.
  • ALK-negative anaplastic large cell lymphoma
    : an aggressive, systemic ALCL that does not express ALK.
  • Primary cutaneous anaplastic large cell lymphoma
    : a less aggressive ALCL that commonly presents as skin tumors.
  • breast implants
    .
• Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL): Aggressive T-cell lymphoma, associated with RNA retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV1)^{[citation needed]}
• Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (ENKTL): Aggressive T-cell lymphoma, usually associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)^{[citation needed]}
• Cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL): can be indolent or aggressive^{[citation needed]}
  • Mycosis fungoides
  • Sézary syndrome

Rare

• Subcutaneous panniculitis-like T-cell lymphoma (SPTCL):^{[citation needed]}
• Cutaneous gamma-delta T-cell lymphoma (CGD-TCL)
• Systemic Epstein–Barr virus-positive T-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders of Childhood
  (EBVTCLD): A very aggressive group with association with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)
• Primary intestinal T-cell lymphomas
  • Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma (EATL)
  • Monomorphic epitheliotropic intestinal T cell lymphoma (MEITL).
• Hepatosplenic T-cell lymphoma (HSTCL)

Symptoms and signs

Differences in T-cell lymphoma subtypes extend to the clinical characteristics and symptoms of the disease with each varying drastically. As a result, there is almost no universally known symptom that can be applied to all T-cell lymphoma subtypes.^[4]

The hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS)

T-cell lymphoma which develops from the lymph nodes commonly causes symptoms as such swollen lymph nodes.[6] The swelling normally will not cause any pain and can be felt or seen as lumps on the surface of the skin. Nodal T-cell lymphoma subtypes such as peripheral T-cell lymphoma will often develop this symptom.^{[citation needed]}

Skin infections

T-cell lymphoma can cause

Epstein–Barr virus is a largely common virus with more than 90% of individuals exposed to the virus in their lifetime. EBV has been consistently associated with many lymphoproliferation disorders, of these EBV-associated T-cell lymphomas include Epstein–Barr virus–associated lymphoproliferative diseases, angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL), extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type, and Peripheral T-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (PTCL, NOS).^[8]

The

The diagnosis of T-cell lymphoma varies largely between the subtypes. Some subtypes like anaplastic large-cell lymphoma have an exceptional diagnostic rate however,

Treatment for T-cell lymphoma varies widely due to the large variability in the subtypes. Due to the lack of research performed in understanding the nature of T-cell lymphoma pathogenesis, a majority of cases will often have poor outcomes for the treatment or will relapse.^[3] However, new research into new therapy methods have been made to help reduce the mortality rates and risk of relapse.^[10][2]

Chemotherapy

While the incidence of Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma has plateaued, the rate of T-cell lymphomas has gradually increased over the past few years. However, due to the low frequency and lack of research performed on the disease, the number of cases is relatively underrepresented compared to other non-Hodgkin lymphomas.[3]

Cases are more common in those of Native American descent followed by Caucasian ancestry,^[2] however, the epidemiology can vary greatly between the different subtypes. The incidences^[spelling?] of T-cell lymphoma are slightly higher in men than in women in all categories of race^[6] with cases increasing in frequency with age for most subtypes.^[2]

In Asia, T/NK-cell

• B-cell lymphoma
• Non-Hodgkin lymphoma
• Hodgkin lymphoma
• Lymphoma

References