Toll-like receptor 7
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TLR7
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| Location (UCSC) | Chr X: 12.87 – 12.89 Mb | Chr X: 166.09 – 166.11 Mb | |||||||
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Toll-like receptor 7, also known as TLR7, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TLR7 gene. Orthologs are found in mammals and birds.[5] It is a member of the toll-like receptor (TLR) family and detects single stranded RNA.
Function
The TLR family plays an important role in pathogen recognition and activation of
TLR8, on the human X chromosome.[6]
TLR7 recognizes single-stranded
macrophages and dendritic cells. TLR7 recognizes single-stranded RNA of viruses such as HIV and HCV.[7][8] TLR7 can recognize GU-rich single-stranded RNA.[7] However, the presence of GU-rich sequences in the single-stranded RNA is not sufficient to stimulate TLR7.[8]
Clinical significance
TLR7 has been shown to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders (e.g.
beta-cyclodextrin.[13]
Loss-of-Function TLR7 Variants
hemizygous loss-of-function variant was identified in a pediatric patient with severe neurological deterioration following COVID-19 infection.[15] These findings suggest that TLR7 not only plays a key role in triggering the immune response against COVID-19 but may also mediate the post-infectious sequalae in critically ill patients.[15] Further research is required to fully delineate the mechanisms by which functional impairment of TLR7 influences the disease process and to explore the potential efficacy of targeting this pathway in the treatment of COVID-19.[16]
Gain-of-Function TLR7 Variants
In contrast,
gain-of-function variation in TLR7 disrupts immune tolerance, potentially increasing the risk of autoimmune disorders. In May 2022, unregulated gain-of function TLR7 variants were found to cause systemic lupus erythematous and neuromyelitis optica in humans.[17][18]
References
- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000196664 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000044583 – Ensembl, May 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- PMID 11022119.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: TLR7 toll-like receptor 7".
- ^ S2CID 1680581.
- ^ PMID 27385120.
- PMID 25848864.
- S2CID 1694900.
- PMID 15696986.
- S2CID 3395044.
- PMID 31015631.
- PMID 32706371.
- ^ PMID 38093758.
- ^ Pico A, Willighagen E, Ehrhart F, Pham N, Slenter D, Niarakis A, et al. "Type I interferon induction and signaling during SARS-CoV-2 infection (WP4868)". WikiPathways.
- S2CID 248414899.
- PMID 30314758.
Further reading
- Lien E, Ingalls RR (January 2002). "Toll-like receptors". Critical Care Medicine. 30 (1 Suppl): S1-11. PMID 11782555.
- Kaisho T, Akira S (February 2002). "Toll-like receptors as adjuvant receptors". Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research. 1589 (1): 1–13. PMID 11909637.
External links
- Toll-Like+Receptor+7 at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)