T cell deficiency
| T cell deficiency | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Human T Cell | |
| Specialty | Immunology |
| Symptoms | Eczematous[1] |
| Types | Primary or Secondary[2] |
| Diagnostic method | Delayed hypersensitivity skin test, T cell count[1][3][4] |
| Treatment | Bone marrow transplant, Immunoglobulin replacement[1][2] |
T cell deficiency is a
B cells).[medical citation needed
]
Symptoms and signs
Presentations differ among causes, but T cell insufficiency generally manifests as unusually severe common
eczematous or erythrodermatous rashes.[1] Failure to thrive and cachexia are later signs of a T-cell deficiency.[1]
Mechanism
In terms of the normal mechanism of T cell we find that it is a type of
Pathogens of concern
The main pathogens of concern in T cell deficiencies are
fungal infections are also more common and severe in T cell deficiencies.[8]
Other intracellular pathogens of major concern in T cell deficiency are:
- Mycobacterium avium intracellulare[9]
- Salmonella species[9]
- Rhodococcus equi[9]
- Pneumocystis jirovecii[9]
- Toxoplasma gondii[9]
- Cryptosporidium parvum[9]
- Leishmania species[9]
- varicella zoster)[9]
- Cryptococcus neoformans[9]
- Histoplasma capsulatum[9]
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of T cell deficiency can be ascertained in those individuals with this condition via the following:[1][4][3]
- Delayed hypersensitivity skin test
- T cell count
- Detection via culture(infection)
Types
Primary or secondary
- Primary (or hereditary) immunodeficiencies of T cells include some that cause complete insufficiency of T cells, such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Omenn syndrome, and Cartilage–hair hypoplasia.[1]
- Secondary causes are more common than primary ones.[9] Secondary (or acquired) causes are mainly:[9]
- AIDS
- Cancer chemotherapy
- Lymphoma
- Glucocorticoid therapy
Complete or partial deficiency
- Complete insufficiency of T cell function can result from hereditary conditions (also called primary conditions) such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), Omenn syndrome, and cartilage–hair hypoplasia.[1]
- Partial insufficiencies of T cell function include ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) and Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS).[1]
Treatment
In terms of the management of T cell deficiency for those individuals with this condition the following can be applied:[2][1]
- Killed vaccines should be used(not live vaccines in T cell deficiency)
- Bone marrow transplant
- Immunoglobulinreplacement
- Antiviral therapy
- Supplemental nutrition
Epidemiology
In the U.S. this defect occurs in about 1 in 70,000, with the majority of cases presenting in early life.[1] Furthermore, SCID has an incidence of approximately 1 in 66,000 in California.[10]
See also
- B cell deficiency
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Medscape > T-cell Disorders. Author: Robert A Schwartz, MD, MPH; Chief Editor: Harumi Jyonouchi, MD. Updated: May 16, 2011
- ^ a b c "Immunodeficiency (Primary and Secondary). Information". patient.info. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
- ^ PMID 19597006.
- ^ a b "T-cell count: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
- ^ Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts k, Walter P (2002) Molecular Biology of the Cell. Garland Science: New York, NY pg 1367
- PMID 20465788.
- ISBN 9781469830094. Retrieved 19 May 2017.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4051-2665-6.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4051-2665-6.
- ^ "B-Cell and T-Cell Combined Disorders: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". 2018-12-11.
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Further reading
- Verbsky, James W.; Chatila, Talal A. (2017-05-12). "T Regulatory Cells in Primary Immune Deficiencies". Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 11 (6): 539–544. PMID 21986549.
External links
Scholia has a topic profile for T cell deficiency.
