Table Mountain

Coordinates: 33°57′26.33″S 18°24′11.19″E / 33.9573139°S 18.4031083°E / -33.9573139; 18.4031083
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Table Mountain
Huriǂoaxa
Tafelberg
Bloubergstrand. Table Mountain is flanked by Devil's Peak on the left and Lion's Head on the right.
Highest point
Elevation1,084.6 m (3,558 ft)[1]
Prominence1,055 m (3,461 ft)
ListingList of mountains in South Africa
Coordinates33°57′26.33″S 18°24′11.19″E / 33.9573139°S 18.4031083°E / -33.9573139; 18.4031083
Geography
Geology
Age of rockSilurian/Ordovician
Mountain typeSandstone
Climbing
First ascentAntónio de Saldanha, 1503
Easiest routePlatteklip Gorge

Table Mountain (

Khoe-speaking clans, such as the !Uriǁʼaes (the "High Clan"). It is home to a large array of mostly endemic fauna and flora.[4]

Features

Table Mountain as seen from Lion's Head, with low-lying cloud cover over Cape Town
Cape Town under the clouds

The main feature of Table Mountain is the level plateau approximately three kilometres (2 mi) from side to side, edged by steep cliffs. The plateau, flanked by Devil's Peak to the east and by Lion's Head to the west, forms a dramatic backdrop to Cape Town. This broad sweep of mountainous heights, together with Signal Hill, forms the natural amphitheatre of the City Bowl and Table Bay harbour. The highest point on Table Mountain is towards the eastern end of the plateau and is marked by Maclear's Beacon, a stone cairn built in 1865 by Sir Thomas Maclear for trigonometrical survey. It is 1,086 metres (3,563 ft) above sea level, and about 19 metres (62 ft) higher than the cable station at the western end of the plateau.

The cliffs of the main plateau are split by Platteklip Gorge ("Flat Stone Gorge"), which provides an easy and direct ascent to the summit and was the route taken by António de Saldanha on the first recorded ascent of the mountain in 1503.[5]

The flat top of the mountain is often covered by

pirate called Van Hunks.[6]
When the table cloth is seen, it symbolizes the contest.

Table Mountain is at the northern end of a

.

Panorama from the top of Table Mountain. From left to right are visible Lion's Head, Signal Hill, Robben Island, the Cape Town city centre, Table Bay, and Devil's Peak.
Devil's Peak, Table Mountain and the Back Table seen from the Cape Flats. In this view Table Mountain is seen "side on" from the east. It is the view of the mountain that greets a visitor to Cape Town arriving by road (particularly along the N2). The distance from Constantia Nek to the lower slopes of Devil's Peak on the right hand side of the photograph is nine kilometres or 5.6 miles (as the crow flies).

Geology

Geological structure of Table Mountain. Compare with the map in this section.[7]
Geology of Table Mountain in relation to the geology of the rest of the Cape Peninsula.

The upper approximately 600-metre (2,000 ft) portion of the one-kilometre-high (0.62 mi) table-topped mountain, or

Malmesbury shales. The Cape Granite and Malmesbury shales form the lower, gentler slopes of the Table Mountain range on the Cape Peninsula. They are of late Precambrian age, pre-dating the "Graafwater rocks" by at least 40 million years.[7]

Hottentots-Holland Mountains on the mainland. It indicates how the Cape Fold Mountains have been eroded in this region, leaving what was once the bottom of a valley to form Table Mountain with its flat table-top structure.[7]

The basement rocks are not nearly as resistant to weathering as the TMS, but significant outcrops of the Cape Granite are visible on the western side of Lion's Head, and elsewhere on the Peninsula (especially below Chapman's Peak Drive, and The Boulders near Simon's Town).[7][10][11] The weathered granite soil of the lower slopes of the Peninsula Mountain range are more fertile than the nutrient-poor soils derived from TMS. Most of the vineyards found on the Cape Peninsula are therefore found on these granitic slopes of the Table Mountain range.

The mountain owes its table-top flatness to the fact that it is a

TMS Formation
. Originally this was topped by a thin glacial tillite layer, known as the Pakhuis Formation (see the diagram above, left), above which was the upper layer of TMS. Both these layers, but especially the tillite layer, are softer than the lower layer of Table Mountain Sandstone. When these softer layers eroded away, they left a very hard, flat erosion-resistant quartzitic sandstone platform behind which today forms Table Mountain's top.

Satellite image of Table Mountain, surrounded by Cape Town

Table Mountain is the northernmost end of a 50-kilometre-long (30 mi) and roughly six-to-ten-kilometre-wide (4 to 6 mi) Cape Fold Mountain range that forms the backbone of the Cape Peninsula, stretching from the Cape of Good Hope in the south to Table Mountain and its flanking Devil's Peak (to the east) and Lion's Head and Signal Hill (to the west) in the north. Table Mountain forms the highest point of this range. The range runs parallel to the other Cape Fold Mountain ranges on the mainland to the east.

Flora

A king protea growing in Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos on Table Mountain
Silver trees (Leucadendron argenteum) only occur naturally on the granite and clay soils of the Cape Peninsula, surrounding Table Mountain and the Back Table.[12][13] A few tiny patches, possibly planted there early in the Cape Colony's history, occur near Stellenbosch, Paarl and Somerset West.[12] This photo was taken on Lion's Head, looking towards the Twelve Apostles.
The Disa uniflora, also known as Pride of Table Mountain, is a showy orchid that blooms under waterfalls, along streamlets and seeps on the top and upper slopes of Table Mountain and the Back Table, in January–March.[14]
Indigenous forest on Table Mountain, with Devils Peak visible in the distance

Table Mountain and the Back Table have an unusually rich biodiversity. Its vegetation consists predominantly of several different types of the unique and rich Cape

occur in smaller portions on the mountain.

Table Mountain's vegetation types form part of the

Cape Floral Region protected areas. These protected areas are a World Heritage Site, and an estimated 2,285 species of plants are confined to Table Mountain and the Cape Peninsula range, of which a great proportion, including many species of proteas, are endemic to these mountains and valleys and can be found nowhere else.[15][16] Of the 2,285 species on the Peninsula 1,500 occur in the 57 km2 area comprising Table Mountain and the Back Table, a number at least a large as all the plant species in the whole of the United Kingdom.[15] The Disa uniflora, despite its restricted range within the Western Cape, is relatively common in the perennially wet areas (waterfalls, streamlets and seeps) on Table Mountain and the Back Table, but hardly anywhere else on the Cape Peninsula.[14][17] It is a very showy orchid that blooms from January to March on the Table Mountain Sandstone regions of the mountain
. Although they are quite widespread on the Back Table, the best (most certain, and close-up) place to view these beautiful blooms is in the "Aqueduct" off the Smuts Track, halfway between Skeleton Gorge and Maclear's Beacon.

Remnant patches of indigenous forest persist in the wetter ravines. However, much of the indigenous forest was felled by the early European settlers for fuel for the lime kilns needed during the construction of the Castle.[18] The exact extent of the original forests is unknown, though most of it was probably along the eastern slopes of Devil's Peak, Table Mountain and the Back Table where names such as Rondebosch, Kirstenbosch, Klassenbosch and Witteboomen survive (in Dutch "bosch" means forest; and "boomen" means trees). Hout Bay (in Dutch "hout" means wood) was another source of timber and fuel as the name suggests.[18] In the early 1900s commercial pine plantations were planted on these slopes all the way from the Constantiaberg to the front of Devil's Peak, and even on top of the mountains, but these have now been largely cleared allowing fynbos to flourish in the regions where the indigenous Afromontane forests have not survived, or never existed.

Fynbos is a fire adapted vegetation, and providing fires are not too frequent, regular or intense, they are important drivers of fynbos diversity.

pastoralists,[22] to provide fresh grazing after the rains.[21][20] Thus the plants that make up fynbos today are those that have been subjected to a variety of fire regimes over a very long period time, and their preservation now requires regular burning. The frequency of the fires obviously determines precisely which mix of plants will dominate any particular region,[23] but intervals of 10–15 years between fires[15] are considered to promote the proliferation of the larger Protea species, a rare local colony of which, the Aulax umbellata (Family: Proteaceae), was wiped out on the Peninsula by more frequent fires,[23] as have been the silky-haired pincushion, Leucospermum vestitum, the red sugarbush, Protea grandiceps and Burchell's sugarbush, Protea burchellii, although a stand of a dozen or so plants has recently been "rediscovered" in the saddle between Table Mountain and Devil's Peak.[21] Some bulbs may similarly have become extinct as a result a too rapid sequence of fires.[23]
The fires that occur on the mountains today are still largely due to unregulated human activity. Fire frequency is therefore a matter of chance rather than conservation.

Despite intensive conservation efforts the Table Mountain range has the highest concentration of

Dassies (rock hyrax)

Fauna

The most common mammal on the mountain was the

dassie (the South African name, from Afrikaans, pronounced "dussy"), or rock hyrax. Between about 2000 and 2004 (no one is certain about the exact year or years) their numbers suddenly plummeted for unknown reasons. They used to cluster around the restaurant at the upper cable station, near areas where tourists discarded or (inadvisably) supplied food. The population crash of the dassies may have been responsible for the decline in the Verreaux's eagle population on the Peninsula, which is believed to have consisted of three breeding pairs during the period 1950-90, with only two pairs, maximally, ever having been reported to fledge a chick each in any given year.[27] With the commencement of formal monitoring in 1993, two breeding pairs were recorded on the Cape Peninsula Mountain Chain in 2004: one below the upper cable station at the western end of Table Mountain, in Blinkwater Ravine, the other on the cliffs below Noordhoek Peak.[28] The nest near the cable station was abandoned in 2006, leaving only the Noordhoek pair, which continued to fledge chicks reasonably regularly until 2013, at which point one member of the pair disappeared. From 2013 until January 2017 only a single Verreaux's Eagle, presumed to be a female, remained on the Peninsula. She continued to maintain the nest under Noordhoek Peak, but seemed unable to attract a mate. But in early 2017 a pair of eagles was seen by at least 7 independent observers during the course of 10 days (27 January – 5 February). It remains to be seen whether they will breed later in the year. Dassies are an important part the Verreaux's eagle's prey on the Peninsula.[29] (See Foot note[nb 1]
)

Table Mountain is also home to

African fish eagles
on the Peninsula, but they nest in trees generally as far away from human habitation and activity as is possible on the Peninsula. Their numbers in 2017 is unknown.

Up until the late 1990s baboons lived on all the mountains of the Peninsula, including the Back Table immediately behind Table Mountain. Since then they have abandoned Table Mountain and the Back Table, and only occur south of Constantia Nek. They have also abandoned the tops of many of the mountains, in favor of the lower slopes, particularly when these were covered in pine plantations which seemed to provide them with more, or higher quality food than the fynbos on the mountain tops. However these new haunts are also within easy reach of Cape Town's suburbs, which brings them into conflict with humans and dogs, and the risk of traffic accidents. There are now (2014) a dozen troops on the Peninsula, varying in size from 7 to over 100 individuals, scattered on the mountains from the Constantiaberg to Cape Point.[31][32] The baboon troops are the subject of intense research into their physiology, genetics social interactions and habits. In addition, their sleeping sites are noted each evening, so that monitors armed with paint ball guns can stay with the troop all day, to ward them off from wandering into the suburbs. From when this initiative was started in 2009 the number of baboons on the Peninsula has increased from 350 to 450, and the number of baboons killed or injured by residents has decreased.[32]

Rau quagga in the animal camp on the slopes of Devil's Peak, above Groote Schuur Hospital.

Himalayan tahrs, fugitive descendants of tahrs that escaped from Groote Schuur Zoo in 1936, used to be common on the less accessible upper parts of the mountain. As an exotic species, they were almost eradicated through a culling programme initiated by the South African National Parks to make way for the reintroduction of indigenous klipspringers. Until recently there were also small numbers of fallow deer of European origin and sambar deer from southeast Asia. These were mainly in the Rhodes Memorial area but during the 1960s they could be found as far afield as Signal Hill. These animals may still be seen occasionally despite efforts to eliminate or relocate them.

Himalayan tahr in Skeleton Gorge on Table Mountain.

On the lower slopes of

back-breed the quagga, after it had been established, using mitochondrial DNA obtained from museum specimens, that the quagga was closely related to the plains zebra
, and on 20 January 2005 a foal considered to be the first quagga-like individual because of a visible reduced striping, was born. These quagga-like zebras are officially known as Rau quaggas, as no one can be certain that they are anything more than quagga look-alikes. The animal camp above Groote Schuur Hospital has several good looking Rau quaggas, but they are unfortunately not easily seen except from within the game camp, which is quite large and undulating, and the animals are few. The animal camp is not open to the public.

History

Table Mountain from Capt. Cook's ship HMS Resolution by William Hodges (1772)
De Villiers reservoir, just to the left as the Bridle Path reaches the top of the Back Table

Prehistoric inhabitation of the district is well attested (see for example the article on

Khoe-speaking peoples migrated towards the Cape Peninsula from the north. This countryside was before that occupied by nomadic !Ui speakers (who were foragers). The pastoralist
influx brought herds of cattle and sheep into the region, which then formed part of a larger grazing land that was seasonally rotated. It was the !Uriǁʼaekua ("Highclansmen", often written in Dutch as Goringhaiqua) who were the dominant local people when the Europeans first sailed into Table Bay. This clan is said to be the ancestral population of the !Ora nations of today (so-called "Korana" people).

These original inhabitants of the area so-called "

Khoekhoen", called Table Mountain Huriǂ'oaxa – "ocean-emerging (mountain)".[34][35]

António de Saldanha was the first European to land in Table Bay. He climbed the mighty mountain in 1503 and named it Taboa do Cabo (Table of the Cape, in his native Portuguese). The great cross that the Portuguese navigator carved into the rock of Lion's Head is still traceable.

In 1796, during the British occupation of the Cape, Major-General Sir James Craig ordered three blockhouses to be built on Table Mountain: the King's blockhouse, Duke of York blockhouse (later renamed Queen's blockhouse) and the Prince of Wales blockhouse. Two of these are in ruins today, but the King's blockhouse is still in good condition.[36][37][38] and easily accessible from the Rhodes Memorial.

Between 1896 and 1907, five dams, the Woodhead, Hely-Hutchinson, De Villiers, Alexandria and Victoria reservoirs, were opened on the Back Table to supply Cape Town's water needs. A ropeway ascending from Camps Bay via Kasteelspoort ravine was used to ferry materials and manpower (the anchor points at the old top station can still be seen). There is a well-preserved steam locomotive from this period housed in the Waterworks Museum at the top of the mountain near the Hely-Hutchinson dam. It had been used to haul materials for the dam across the flat top of the mountain. Cape Town's water requirements have since far outpaced the capacity of the dams and they are no longer an important part of the water supply.

Arguments for a national park on the Cape Peninsula, centred on Table Mountain, began in earnest in the mid-1930s. Following a big fire in 1986, the Cape Times started a 'save the mountain' campaign, and in 1989 the Cape Peninsula Protected Natural Environment (CPPNE) area was established. However, environmental management was still bedeviled by the fragmented nature of land ownership on the Peninsula. Following another big fire in 1991, Attorney General Frank Kahn was appointed to reach consensus on a plan for rationalizing management of the CPPNE. In 1995, Prof. Brian Huntley recommended that SANParks be appointed to manage the CPPNE, with an agreement signed in April 1998 to transfer around 39,500 acres to SANParks. On 29 May 1998, then-president Nelson Mandela proclaimed the Cape Peninsula National Park. The park was later renamed to the Table Mountain National Park.[39]

Fires are common on the mountain. The most recent major fires include those of January 2006, which burned large amounts of vegetation and resulted in the death of a tourist (a charge of arson and culpable homicide was laid against a British man who was suspected of starting the blaze), and March 2015.[40] There was a major fire in April 2021 that affected the Rhodes Memorial and the University of Cape Town.[41]

In November 2011, Table Mountain was named one of the

New7Wonders of Nature.[42]

Cableway

Table Mountain "Rotair" Aerial Cable Car (1997)

The

Atlantic
seaboard to the west and south.

The original construction was awarded in 1926 to the former world-renowned cable way company Adolf Bleichert & Co. of Leipzig, Germany,[44] taking more than two years to build the Table Mountain Aerial Cableway, due to infrastructural works, official opening was on 4 October 1929.

The Table Mountain Aerial Cableway has been refurbished three times since its first inauguration in 1929. The first refurbishment occurred in 1958, the second in 1974, whereas the third, latest and most important reconstruction has been started in 1996, which began operation in 1997 and included a "Rotair" panorama gondola manufactured by the Swiss company Garaventa AG – CWA (

Doppelmayr Garaventa Group
).

Many improvements have been introduced since 1929, with new and bigger gondolas that increased capacity from 20 up to 65 passengers per gondola. However, both the valley and mountain station buildings are original, even they have been extensively upgraded. The new cable cars give a faster journey to the summit, and rotate through 360 degrees during the ascent or descent, giving a panoramic view over the city.

The top cable station offers viewpoints, curio shops, a restaurant and walking trails of various lengths.

Activities

Hiking on Table Mountain

Hiking on Table Mountain is popular amongst locals and tourists, and a number of trails of varying difficulty are available. Because of the steep cliffs around the summit, direct ascents from the city side are limited. Platteklip Gorge, a prominent gorge up the centre of the main table, is a popular and straightforward direct ascent to the summit. Par for the course is about 2.5 hours depending on fitness. This route is very hot in summer, as it is located on the north facing slope of the mountain, with almost no shade along the 600 m climb from Tafelberg Road to the Table Mountain plateau.

Longer routes to the summit go via the Back Table, a lower area of Table Mountain south of the main plateau which constitutes the flat summit of Table Mountain as seen from the north. From the Southern Suburbs side, the Nursery Ravine and Skeleton Gorge routes start at

.

There are a number of ascents on the Atlantic side of the mountain, the most popular being Kasteelspoort, a ravine overlooking Camps Bay.

There is a popular "Contour Path" that runs from

Cecilia Park and Kirstenbosch, then climbs to 470 m to the scree below the cliffs of Fernwood Buttress. It then descends to 350 m, only to ascend to 400 m 1 km later and remains on this contour until the King's Blockhouse, and from there, eventually, to Tafelberg Road (at 400 m). From the King's Blockhouse it is possible to choose a footpath that will lead to the "upper contour path" which traverses the front (north face) of Devil's Peak and Table Mountain at 500 m, to just beyond the Lower Cable Station. From there it is possible, from either contour path, to join up with the "Pipe Track" which starts from Kloof Nek, and then runs at an elevation of about 300 m, below the cliffs of the Twelve Apostles, on the Atlantic side of the mountain range as far as the Oudekraal Ravine, where the path goes up the ravine to join the "Apostles Path" on top of the Back Table at an elevation of 685 m.[46] There are innumerable paths which join the contour path from below (at least five from Kirstenbosch alone), and somewhat fewer that join it from above.[45][46]

On top of the mountain, and particularly on the Back Table, there is an extensive network of well marked hiking paths over a variety of terrains and distances and durations up to several hours or all day.[45] Maps of all the routes are available at bookshops and outdoor recreation stores, which hikers are advised to use, as dense mist and cold weather (or extreme heat) can descend without warning at any time of the year.

The

Victoria & Alfred Waterfront and Cape Point. Today (2017) the trails can no longer be undertaken with an official SANPARKS guide, and only four of the original accommodation facilities are operational (the Overseer's Cottage on the Back Table, the Orange Kloof Tented Camp, the Slangkop Tented Camp and the Smitswinkel Tented Camp). These camps are "self-catering", each with communal ablution facilities, with large communal kitchen/lounge areas, fully equipped for 12 persons.[48] SANPARKS arranges for luggage and provisions to be transported to the operational cottages and tented camps, so that the hikers can ascend the mountain unencumbered by heavy backpacks. The four Table Mountain Hoerikwaggo hiking trails were called the People's Trail, Table Mountain Trail, Orangekloof Hiking Trail and Top to Tip Trail.[49]

Rock climbing

Rock climbing on Table Mountain is a very popular pastime. There are well-documented climbing routes of varying degrees of difficulty up the many faces of the mountain. The main climbs are located on cliffs below the upper cable station. No bolting can be done here and only traditional climbing is allowed. Commercial groups also offer abseiling from the upper cable station.

Caving

Most of the world's important caves occur in limestone but Table Mountain is unusual in having several large cave systems that have developed in sandstone. The biggest systems are the Wynberg Caves, located on the Back Table, not far from the Jeep Track, in ridges overlooking Orange Kloof and Hout Bay.

Mountain biking

The slopes of Table Mountain have many jeep tracks that allow mountain biking. The route to the Block House is a popular route for bike riding. Plum Pudding Hill is the name of a very steep jeep track. Bike riders should follow the directional signs on display for mountain bike riders.

"Mensa" constellation

Table Mountain is the only

Nicolas de Lacaille during his stay at the Cape in the mid-18th century.[50]

Image gallery

  • Devil's Peak seen from Signal Hill
    Devil's Peak seen from Signal Hill
  • View from Signal Hill with Devil's Peak to the left
    View from Signal Hill with Devil's Peak to the left
  • The "tablecloth" cloud formation over the north face of Table Mountain
    The "tablecloth" cloud formation over the north face of Table Mountain
  • North face of Table Mountain seen from above the lower cable station.
    North face of Table Mountain seen from above the lower cable station.
  • Upper Cable Station from the summit of Lion's Head
    Upper Cable Station from the summit of Lion's Head
  • The cable car with Robben Island in the background
    The cable car with Robben Island in the background
  • Lion's Head as seen from Table Mountain cable car.
    Lion's Head as seen from Table Mountain cable car.
  • Cape Town, Signal Hill, Table Bay and Robben Island as seen from the upper cable station.
    Cape Town, Signal Hill, Table Bay and Robben Island as seen from the upper cable station.
  • Cape Town and Table Bay from the slopes of Devil's Peak, showing some of the mountain biking jeep tracks.
    Cape Town and Table Bay from the slopes of Devil's Peak, showing some of the mountain biking jeep tracks.
  • The concrete part of the Bridle Path—the most gradually-inclined route to the Back Table
    The concrete part of the Bridle Path—the most gradually-inclined route to the Back Table
  • Time is a Gift, one of several plaques at the top of Table Mountain
    Time is a Gift, one of several plaques at the top of Table Mountain
  • Warning sign at India Venster, Contour Path, Table Mountain
    Warning sign at India Venster, Contour Path, Table Mountain
  • Shop at the Top, Table Mountain
    Shop at the Top, Table Mountain
  • Table Mountain and Cape Town seen from Bloubergstrand.
    Table Mountain and
    Bloubergstrand
    .
  • View from Milnerton beach
    View from Milnerton beach
  • View of Table Mountain from Blouberg beach.
    View of Table Mountain from Blouberg beach.
  • View of Table Mountain at sunset.
    View of Table Mountain at sunset.
  • As seen from the other side of Table Bay at sunset.
    As seen from the other side of Table Bay at sunset.
A 360° panorama of the Cape Town surrounds as seen from Devil's Peak. Table Mountain is obvious, occupying a large portion of the view. The edges of the panorama point approximately southeast.

See also

  • Cape Peninsula – Rocky peninsula in the Western Cape, South Africa
  • Western Cape – Province of South Africa on the south-western coast
  • Cape Fold Mountains – Late Paleozoic fold and thrust belt in southwestern South Africa
  • Devil's Peak – Mountain peak in Cape Town, South Africa
  • Lion's Head – Mountain in Cape Town, South Africa
  • Mesa – Elevated area of land with a flat top and sides
  • Table Mountain National Park – A nature conservation area on the Cape Peninsula in Cape Town, South Africa

Footnotes

  1. ^ In 2011–2012 dassies began to be seen in Bakoven, on the Atlantic coast, below the Twelve Apostles Mountains. They were then seen in the Silvermine region of the Table Mountain National Park, and in 2015 at the restaurant on the top of the western end of Table Mountain, as well as elsewhere in the mountains. But even in 2017 dassies are still not as abundant as they were on the Peninsula Mountain Chain in the 1990s.

References

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  3. ^ "33 cool facts about Table Mountain". news.uct.ac.za. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  4. ^ "15 Things You Didn't Know About Table Mountain". 2017.
  5. ^ "Table Mountain". BootsnAll Travel. December 2002. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  6. ^ "Cape Town Info". Retrieved 27 March 2009.
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  25. ^ "Brochures, booklets and posters". Capetown.gov.za. Archived from the original on 23 December 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2013.
  26. .
  27. ^ Information gleaned from reports in the Cape Bird Club's newsletters from the 1950s onwards
  28. S2CID 84239150
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  29. ^ .
  30. ^ Jenkins, Andrew; van Zyl, Anthony (2002). "Home on the range. Raptor riches of the Cape Peninsula". Africa Birds & Birding. 7: 38–46.
  31. ^ Cape Peninsula Baboon Research Unit Archived 11 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ a b "Managing baboon-human conflict: City of Cape Town – Case Studies- NCC Environmental Services". ncc-group.co.za. 22 January 2020.
  33. ^ "The Quagga Project". The Quagga Project.
  34. ^ van Sitters, Bradley (2 August 2012). "Place Names of Pre-colonial Origin and their Use Today". The Archival Platform. Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
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  38. ^ "THE BATTLE OF BLAAUWBERG – 200 YEARS AGO". Military History Journal. 13 (4). The South African Military History Society. Retrieved 3 June 2016.
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  40. ^ Pooley, Simon (6 March 2015). "Independent Online". Retrieved 10 January 2017 – via Google.
  41. ^ "Table Mountain fire 'burns out of control' in Cape Town". BBC News. 18 April 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2021.
  42. ^ "The Provisional New 7 Wonders of Nature". new7wonders.com. Retrieved 11 November 2011.
  43. ^ "Table Mountain Aerial Cableway Company". Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  44. ^ "Bleichert Passenger Cable Way Order Book: Order November 16, 1926 – Exhibit No.3013"
  45. ^ .
  46. ^ .
  47. ^ "Hoerikwaggo Trails". SANParks. Archived from the original on 17 February 2006. Retrieved 21 December 2006.
  48. ^ "Hoerikwaggo Tented Camps". Table Mountain National Park. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  49. ^ "Table Mountain Trails". Cape Town Direct. Archived from the original on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 19 March 2007.
  50. .

External links