Tailcoat

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and corresponding attires
Formal (full dress)
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= Day (before 6 p.m.)
= Evening (after 6 p.m.)
    = Bow tie colour
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A tailcoat is a knee-length

coat characterised by a rear section of the skirt
(known as the tails), with the front of the skirt cut away.

The tailcoat shares its historical origins in clothes cut for convenient

lounge suit succeeded the frock coat (19th century) and the justacorps
(18th century).

Thus, in 21st-century

Western dress codes
for men, mainly two types of tailcoats have survived:

  1. Dress coat, an evening wear item with a squarely cut-away front, worn for formal white tie
  2. Morning coat (or cutaway in American English), a day-wear item with a gradually tapered front cut away, worn for formal morning dress

In

colloquial language
without further specification, "tailcoat" typically designates the former, that is the evening (1) dress coat for white tie.

History

Beau Brummell wears a Regency period dress coat as daytime dress. The coat is able to close and the tails are knee length.
Battle of Veracruz
A women's black wool tailcoat, 1939

Shadbelly

Further information: Shadbelly

In

Beau Brummel
than to the modern version worn with evening formal dress. The male version of the shadbelly is often called a "weaselbelly".

Levée dress coat

See also: Court uniform and dress in the United Kingdom

This is a type of dress coat traditionally worn with court dress, until the mid-twentieth century. It was made of black velvet and traditionally worn at court, levées, and evening state parties by those who did not wear uniforms. A version made of black barathea was also worn as diplomatic dress.

It was single breasted with a stand-up collar, with plain gauntlet cuffs, and two three-pointed flap pockets on the waist seam. It had six metal buttons at the front, and two decorative buttons at the back. The body of the coat was lined with black silk, and skirts with white silk. It was worn with breeches, black silk hose, white bow tie, white gloves, and court shoes (pumps) with steel buckles. The front of the coat was cut away squarely like a standard dress coat.[1]

Military coatee

Further information: Coatee
Military issue tail coat, 1789

From c. 1790 until after the

British army. The collar and cuffs were in the regimental colors and the coats had white braid on the front.[2]
Elite light infantry units like the 95th Rifles were issued short green coats to provide camouflage and ease of movement.

The Americans issued a similar uniform in dark blue to enlisted men during the

M1858 uniform
was introduced tail coats had been relegated to full dress.

The Royal Navy had an elaborate hierarchy of tailcoats for the officers, allowing further buttons and gilding according to rank and seniority. These were single-breasted for junior officers and double-breasted for those with the rank of lieutenant and above.

Highland coatee

Further information: Highland dress

This is worn with Highland dress, and has a square cut away front like a dress coat, but the tails are cut significantly shorter.

Footman's coat

Further information: Livery

This was worn as livery, a servant's uniform. It was knee length with a sloped cut-away front like a morning coat. It was single breasted with a stand-up collar and gilt buttons. There were three-pronged side pockets similar in style to the levée dress coat.

Dress coat

Main article: White tie § Dress coat
Caricature of Mr John Delacour (19th century) wearing dress coat with top hat for white tie.

A dress coat, sometimes called a swallow-tail or claw-hammer coat, is the coat that has, since the 1850s, come to be worn only in the evening by men as part of the

formal evening occasions. It is commonly referred to as just a tailcoat, but amongst tailors (both British and American) and dress historians
it is traditionally called a dress coat to differentiate it from other types of tailcoats.

The modern dress coat is an evolution of the coat that was once both day and evening dress. It became increasingly popular from around the late 1790s and was particularly widespread during the

morning coat
. In the Regency period, the dress coat with gilt buttons was always worn with non-matching trousers, pantaloons or breeches. Since the Victorian era, the modern dress coat for evening wear has been worn with matching trousers of the same cloth with two stripes of braiding down the side. The resulting suit is traditionally referred to by tailors as a dress suit.

A dress coat is waist length in the front and sides, and has two long tails reaching to the knees in back. Sometimes there is a pocket on the inside to hold

gloves. Since around the 1840s the dress coat has lacked outside side pockets, but prior to this it took flapped side pockets. Since the early twentieth century, it has become acceptable to have a welted pocket on the outside of the chest to hold a pocket square, but prior to this dress coats lacked any outer pockets. The front of the skirt is squarely cut away. Since around the 1830s the coat has been constructed with a waist seam that allows greater waist suppression. From the Victorian era, the revers has taken facings in silk (grosgrain or satin) on the lapels. Although it is double-breasted, since the 1870s, the dress coat no longer fastens in the front.[5]
As a result, although there are two rows of buttons, these are all non-functional, serving only a decorative function.

As part of modern white tie, a black dress coat is worn with a stiff, white wing-collar

single cuffs fastened with cufflinks (of a white metal); a matching white marcella cotton or satin silk bowtie and white waistcoat; black trousers with one or two silk galon; and black oxfords (without a toe cap) or pumps; the shoes must be polished to a mirror shine or be made of patent leather
and are worn with black, over-the-calf silk socks. Additionally, a top hat, silk dress scarf, and white dress gloves are also seen as acceptable.

Morning coat

Main article: Morning dress § Morning coat
Two men wearing morning coats at a wedding. 1929

A morning coat is a single-breasted coat, with the front parts usually meeting at one button in the middle, and curving away gradually into a pair of tails behind, topped by two ornamental buttons on the waist seam. The lapels are usually

step (notch), since the coat is now only worn as formalwear. When it was first introduced, the step lapel was common, since it was worn as half dress. The coat can be grey or black as part of morning dress
, and is usually worn with striped, or very occasionally checked, trousers.

The morning coat may also be worn as part of a morning suit, which is mid-grey with matching trousers and waistcoat.

A modern traditional morning tailcoat, made of mohair

The modern morning coat (or cutaway in American English) is a man's coat worn as the principal item in morning dress. The name derives from morning nineteenth-century

Royal Ascot, the Derby and the Victoria Derby where it is worn with a contrasting waistcoat, usually light grey or sometimes 'fancy'. It is very occasionally seen at funerals but more often it is used as day wear at formal luncheons, especially civic occasions under formal gowns, when worn with a black matching waistcoat (or 'vest'). Male members of the cabinet of Japan
wear it in their first public appearance following the formation of the cabinet.

The Marshal and Clerk of the

United States Solicitor General (when the office is held by a male) and his or her male deputies continue the tradition of wearing morning dress when arguing before the court.[6]

In modern American English, morning coats are referred to as cutaway coats.

References

  1. ^ An example of such a levée coat can be seen at "Henry Poole — Court Dress". Archived from the original on 2008-10-13. Retrieved 2008-10-08.
  2. ^ "19th Regiment of Foot, The Green Howards - Crimean War Impression". www.19thfoot.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2021-04-22. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  3. ^ "C&D Jarnagin 1812 Catalog in "Frames" mode". www.jarnaginco.com. Archived from the original on 2021-02-26. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
  4. ^ "An Introduction to Gentlemen's Fashions During the Regency Era". We Make History. Archived from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2008-01-06.
  5. ^ "White Tie – Coat". Cambridge University Heraldic and Genealogical Society. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2008-04-12.
  6. ^ "The Supreme Court". C-SPAN. Archived from the original on 2015-03-09. Retrieved 2009-10-07.

Bibliography

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tailcoats.
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