Taiwanese animation
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Taiwanese animation or Taiwanese donghua can be traced back to 1954's black-and-white animation
1950s and 1960s
In the 1950s and 1960s, Taiwanese leisure activities were primarily watching film, television, folk opera and glove puppetry. Although American cartoons were broadcast in Taiwan, it was generally perceived to be detrimental to students' studies and increased risk of dropping out, however there were already some Taiwanese experimenting with making short length animations. In 1961, Fr. Philip L. Bourett, S.J. (卜立輝神父) founded the Kuangchi Program Service (KPS) and began the development of Taiwan's multimedia industry by purchasing used animation equipment from the United States, this could be considered the formal beginnings of Taiwanese animation.
In 1963, Fr. Bourret recommended
1970s
Japanese animation developed at a rapid pace between 1962 and 1970, so much so that Toei in Japan built a new film factory specifically for TV animation. With such rapid development gave rise to the problem of increased production costs so Japanese companies looked overseas to foreign animation companies to take over production work.
In 1970, Ying Jen Cartoon Production Center (影人卡通製作中心) was set up, consisting of twelve animators. Japanese animators
In 1971, Teng You-li (鄧有立), who would later be named in 1975 as one of the Republic of China Ten Outstanding Young Persons (中華民國十大傑出青年), hired several animation artists from Ying Jen and founded Chinese Cartoon Production. But Teng decided to go a different route than Ying Jen by making homemade animation. In 1972, New Journey to the West (新西遊記), an experimental film directed by Chu Ming-tsan (朱明燦) was released and reported about by TTV, CTV and other cable television networks and print media. The news reached the ear of South Sea Film & Co (香港南海影業公司)[7] director Chang Ying (張英), who discussed working with Chinese Cartoon Production and decided to fund the making of the animated film Creation of the Gods.
When making
In 1979,
In 1974, Linus Zao's protégé Huang Mu-tsun (黃木村 Huang Mucun) founded China Youth Animation Development Company (中國青年動畫開發公司), abbreviated to Chung Ching (中青 Zhongqing), which mainly produced animated social education works. In 1977, Before It Rains (未雨綢繆) whose theme is family planning, won the
In 1974,
1980s
In 1978,
Original animation in the 1970s mostly derived from adaptations of traditional Chinese stories, however in the 1980s Taiwanese animation turned to adapting best-selling manhua, an example is Far East Cartoon's adaptation of the Hong Kong comic directed by Joseph Wong Chak and 謝金塗 (Che Gam-Tiu/Tse Cham To/Hsieh Chin-tu) called Old Master Q. It was adapted from the four panel style comic and in addition to its funny plots, it incorporated showdown duels of Bruce Lee, the blind swordsman (Zatoichi), and Ore wa Teppei. It was a big success at the box office in both Hong Kong and Taiwan with turnover in excess of 100 million NTD. It won the Best Cartoon award at the 18th Golden Horse Awards in 1981.
In 1983, Far East Cartoon adapted Ao You-hsiang's (敖幼祥)[8] four panel comic Messy Temple (烏龍院) for the big screen and directed by Tsai Chih-chung. But due to quality issues by its partner company, the finished work was very flawed and compounded by the lack of introducing fresh new story plots, it did not perform well at the box office and subsequently the popularity of manhua adaptations quickly faded. Wang Film Productions's adaptation of Brother Ox Cartoons' (牛哥漫畫) Uncle Niou's Great Adventure (牛伯伯牛小妹大破鑽石黨),[9] directed by Yu Wei-cheng (余為政), was the last of the wave in popularity of manhua adaptation. It was not shown on the big screen.
Unlike adapting traditional stories, there were problems of character design when adapting manhua. Often audience would lose interest if the character design differed too much from the original or if there is a change in style of drawing. Funding and scripts were also problems that plagued Taiwanese animation. In 1983, although Uncle Ox (牛伯伯) was nominated for a Golden Horse award in 1981, the last best cartoon award went to Bremen 4: Angels in Hell (四神奇 Japanese: ブレーメン4 地獄の中の天使たち) produced by Tai Wei Cartoon (泰威公司) in collaboration with Osamu Tezuka. This also led to the decline in homemade Taiwanese animation.
After mid-1980s, Taiwan's animation industry largely depended upon American subcontracting to support it. Initially, TV animation was undertaken then gradually Disney animated films. At this time Taiwan's subcontracted animation industry had surprisingly matured: by 1987, when Wang Film Productions opened a new building, they were producing as many as 170 to 190 works yearly and hired over one hundred concept artists. Due to its staggering output and efficiency, Wang Film Productions was nicknamed the "Magic Cuckoo's Nest" by Hollywood.
Although Taiwan's subcontracted animation industry underwent amazing development, this was a time when much of American and Japanese subcontracted animations were rapidly dumped back in Taiwan. Foreign animation eroded the original animation market so much so that there was hardly any homemade animations on any television channels in Taiwan.
Non-celluloid animations include Cheng Chen-yi's (張振益) Impression from My Childhood (兒時印象) in 1985 and the clay animation Cat Hiding (躲貓貓) in 1987. There is also Broadcast Development Foundation's (廣電基金會) Grandfather's Stories (阿公講古) and Li Han-wen's (李漢文) and David Tao Sr.'s (陶大偉)[10] collaborative paper carving animation work The Adventures of Little Calabash (小葫蘆歷險記). However, these animations were not combined with any business models.
1990s
In the early 1990s, Taiwan's economy picked up, the
As the subcontract industry relocated abroad, Taiwan's animation industry gradually geared towards creativity and research and development to survive. In the 1990s, the information bureau used funds to subsidize several feature-length animation works, including Far East's Tsai Chih-chung's original work Zen Taipei Ah-Kuan (禪說阿寬) directed by You Jing-Yuan (游景源). Animation and coloring were produced on the mainland while directing, original concept and editing were all produced in Taiwan, although its box office performance did not fair too well, videotape sales did, and it won the Special Jury Award (金馬獎評審特別獎) at the 31st Golden Horse award.
In 1998, Grandma and Her Ghosts (魔法阿媽), directed by Wang Hsiao-ti (王小棣) and with South Korean collaboration, used the theme of Taiwanese local customs and folk beliefs which resonated with the Taiwanese community and was recognized for Best Film at the 1st Taipei Film Festival, but because the Gold Horse Award judges deemed the film's plot to be outlandish, the film missed out on Best animated film award at the 35th Gold Horse Award.
Also in 1998,
Apart from homemade films, Taiwanese animation also sought collaboration with other countries. In 1994, in preparation for public broadcast,
In 1995, the feature-length American 3D animation Toy Story had a great impact on the animation industry. At the same time Taiwan's 3D animation short The Sky of Little-Sun (小陽光的天空) directed by Cheng Fen-Fen (鄭芬芬) and produced by the Sunshine Social Welfare Foundation had just been completed, the story follows the story between an ordinary girl and girl with burns; at this time Wang Film Productions also entered into the 3D animation subcontracting industry.
2000s
The wave of digitization was sweeping the world and animation was no exception. Globalization and creativity became increasingly important to animation production. In view of the success of South Korea's government subsidized internet gaming and digital animation industries, the Taiwanese government set up the Digital Content Institute (數位內容學院) in 2003 to encourage the development of Taiwan's digital gaming and animation industries.
In 1989,
Towards the end of the 1990s,
Animation in the 2000s, aside from simple productions, also needed to solve the problems of script writing, marketing, and globalization, which can't be solved just by training animation artists. As a result, several animation companies actively sought international collaboration, to absorb the internationally successful business model and seize the opportunity for expansion.
"Huei Yu? (no English equivalent)" (會宇多媒體股份有限公司) produced The Kids' Ten Commandments (兒童十誡) targeted at the European and North American market in collaboration with Mondo Media. In 2004, the TV animation Pandamonium was broadcast in Taiwan, Japan, Chinese mainland, Europe, United States, South Korea, etc. They also experimented with selling merchandise through trade partnership with companies in other industries to increase revenue. In summer of 2007, Matsu: Legend of the Sea (海之傳說-媽祖) was produced by Chinese Cartoon Production (中華卡通) in collaboration with Dajia Jenn Lann Temple to release merchandise and do publicity. In this way, the business model of Taiwanese model gradually matured.
In 2007, early 2D subcontract factory Far Eastern Cartoons (遠東卡通公司) last owned by
In 2009, the 44th Golden Bell Awards introduced the Best Animation Programme category which has been awarded every year since.
2010s
With the rise of digital media after 2010, 3D animation, visual effects, and digital media were being promoted as universities set up relevant departments to cultivate new talent. Students who studied abroad return with new concepts and technologies, start up their own animation studios. By converging digital technology with international standards and through interaction and sharing of experiences over the web, a fresh atmosphere has been injected into a new generation. Some independent studios began to actively invest in developing homemade animation.
In recent years, particularly Venerable Jian-Zhen[11] (鑑真大和尚) in 2010, Memory Loss[12] (憶世界大冒險) in 2011, Silent Code[13] (BBS鄉民的正義) in 2012, Mida[14] (夢見), A Little Bird[15] (我是隻小小鳥) in 2013, Barion[16] (重甲機神 Baryon) in 2016, one by one Taiwanese animation are being created for the cinema and appears to be on a slow but gradual reemergence possibly one day joining American and Japanese animation to be enjoyed around the world.
Directors
This list of "famous" or "notable" people has no clear exclusion criteria. Please help to define clear inclusion criteria and edit the list to contain only subjects that fit those criteria. (January 2018) ) |
The following are well known animation directors who produced feature-length animated films and animated television programs since the 1990s.
- Wang Ya-chuan (王亞泉 Wang Yaquan)
- Wang Hsiao-ti (王小棣 Wang Xiaodi)
- Shih Chang-chieh (石昌杰 Shi Changjie)
- Lin Po-liang (林博良 Lin Boliang)
- Wang Tung(王童 Wang Tong)
- Chiu Li-wei (邱立偉 Qiu Liwei)
- Yang Shao-chang (楊紹昌 Yang Shaochang)
- Wang Shih-wei (王世偉 Wang Shiwei)
- Tsai Ming-chin (蔡明欽 Cai Mingqin)
- Bunny Lin (林世仁 Lin Shih-jen / Lin Shiren)
- Chu Chi (朱騏 Zhu Qi)
- Jerry Lee (李春永 Lee Chun-yung / Li Chunyong)
- Oscar Lin (林明杰 Lin Ming-chieh / Lin Mingjie)
- Tsai Chih-chung(蔡志忠 Cai Zhizhong)
- Other directors
- Chi Po-chou (紀柏舟Ji Bozhou)
- Tsai Jhih-wei (蔡至維 Cai Zhiwei)
- Chiu Yi-hsun (邱奕勳 Qiu Yixun): Magical Painting (神畫)
See also
- Anime
- Chinese animation
- Dongman
- Korean animation
- Manhua
References
- ^ ISBN 978-3-3192-0934-0. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
- ^ a b c d e f "Linus Zao". 中誠國際藝術2015年春季拍賣 (Spring 2015, Zhongcheng International Arts Auction). 16 May 2015. p. 309. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ "LIFE生活網 – 多汁報53期@漫潮報‧動漫畫教養【多汁報●總主筆鄭松維_特稿】趙澤修 台灣動畫影片製作先驅、金馬獎獲獎第一人 與前輩畫家王藍、劉其偉、馬白水 同輩分".
- ^ "台灣動畫影片製作先驅、金馬獎獲獎第一人 與前輩畫家王藍、劉其偉、馬白水 同輩分 (LIFE生活網)".
- ^ "Uncle Stone's Letter". Taiwan Film Institute.
- ^ a b "Linus Zao". Zhong Cheng Auction. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ "South Sea Film & Co, H.K." Hong Kong Movie Database.
- ^ "Ao You-hsian". WorldCat Identities. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
- ^ "Arts Link (November 2014)" (PDF). Hong Kong Arts Centre. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
- ^ "Tao Da-wei dies in Taipei". Taipei Times. Taipei. 13 September 2012. Retrieved 30 April 2017.
- ^ "Venerable Jian-Zhen (Animation Feature)". Eventbrite (Tzu Chi Foundation). Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ "Memory Loss". Taiwan Cinema. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ "Silent Code". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ "Mida". Hong-Gi International Video. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ "A Little Bird". Yahoo! Movies. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- ^ "Original Taiwanese mecha anime smashes crowdfunding goal". Sora News 24. 21 January 2016. Retrieved 9 May 2017.
- Cheng, Jim; Wicks, James; Noguchi, Sachie (2016). An Annotated Bibliography for Taiwan Film Studies. New York City: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-2315-4033-9. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
- Lee, Daw-Ming (2013). Historical Dictionary of Taiwan Cinema. Plymouth, United Kingdom: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6792-5. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
- Bendazzi, Giannaberto (2016). Animation: A World History: Volume III: Contemporary Times. Florida, USA: CRC Press. pp. 274–276. ISBN 978-1-1388-5482-6. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
- Lin, Fabia Ling-Yuan (2014). Doubling the Duality: A Theoretical and Practical Investigation into Materiality and Embodiment of Meaning in the Integration of Live Action and Animation. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4438-5550-1. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
- Huang, Fay; Wang, Reen-Cheng (2009). Arts and Technology: First International Conference, ArtsIT 2009. New York City: Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-3-6421-1576-9. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
- Sharma, Anita; Chakrabarti, Sreemati (2007). Taiwan Today. New Delhi, India: Anthem Press. ISBN 978-0-8572-8966-7. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
- Libbey, John (2000). Animation in Asia and the Pacific. N/A: John Libbey Cinema and Animation. ISBN 978-1-8646-2036-8. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
- Rau, Patrick Pei-Luen (2015). Cross-Cultural Design Applications in Mobile Interaction, Education, Health, Transport and Cultural Heritage. N/A: Springer. ISBN 978-3-3192-0934-0. Retrieved 7 May 2017.