Takrur
Takrur | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 500s–1456 | |||||||||
Arabic | |||||||||
| Religion | Serer religion[1][3] Islam (Official) | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
• 1030s | War Jabi | ||||||||
| Historical era | Middle Ages | ||||||||
• Established | 500s | ||||||||
• Establishment of Manna dynasty by Mamadu Sumaare | c. 826 | ||||||||
• Adoption of Islam by War Jabi | 1030s | ||||||||
• Fula Laam Termess dynasty come to power | 1122 | ||||||||
• Conquered and vassalized by Mali Empire | 1285 | ||||||||
• Conquered by Jolof Empire | 1456 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| History of Senegal |
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 Senegal portal |
Takrur, Tekrur or Tekrour (c. 500 – c. 1456) was a state based in the Senegal River valley in West Africa which was at its height in the 10th and 11th centuries, roughly parallel to the Ghana Empire, but lasted in some form into the 18th century.
History
Origin
There are a number of conflicting theories about the origin of the Kingdom of Takrur. The formation of the state may have taken place as an influx of
Early Dynasties
The founding dynasty was called Dya'ogo. Traditional historians disagree on their origin and ethnic background (assuming a relationship can be drawn at all with ethnic labels as understood today). They were blacksmith-kings, and supposedly introduced iron-working and ore extraction to the region.
The Serer lamanic class, whose role also included the safeguarding of Serer spirituality, are believed to have been at the forefront of resisting Islamization, partly to preserve their religion, but also their power and wealth as landowners. It was common for early Arab writers such as Al Bakri to refer to "non-believers" of Islam in their works as lamlam, lemlem, or damdam which scholars like Ibrahima Thiaw and Abdoulaye Bara Diop believe to be a corruption of the Serer title lamaan.[14] [15][16]
Manna
The
Takrur was first mentioned in Arab sources in the 10th century.
During this period Takrur held a dominant position in regional trade, controlling a series of trading posts and cities linking the salt mines of Awlil on the coast north of the mouth of the Senegal to the interior.[19]
The last Manna king, Cengaan Sumaare, is remembered as a bloodthirsty tyrant. Despite Takrur's history of alliance with the Almoravids, he was overthrown by
Vassalage and Decline
The fall of Ghana precipitated an era of political change in the region. The Susu carved out the sizeable, though short-lived,
Tekrur was conquered by the
Timeline
Dates and sequencing from Oumar Kane. Much of it is sourced from oral histories, and details may be disputed by other sources or authors.[6]: 67
| Time | Events |
|---|---|
| 508-720 | Dya-ogo dynasty |
| 720-826 | Tonjon dynasty |
| 826-1082 | Soninke Manna dynasty |
| 1076 | Fall of Kumbi Saleh to Almoravid and Takruri forces |
| 1082-1122 | Berber Laam Taaga dynasty |
| 1122-1456 | Laam Termess dynasty, the first Fula rulers of Takrur |
| 1456-1506 | Jolof rule of Takrur |
| 1506-1526 | Civil war between farbas |
| 1520-1 | Invasion by Koli Tenguella |
| 1526 | Koli Tenguella establishes firm control over Takrur, founds the Denanke Kingdom |
Economy
Located in the Senegal valley, along the border of present-day
Territory
At the height of its power, Takrur controlled the north bank of the Senegal as far as the
Takrur as a toponym
Takruri was a term, like Bilad-ul-Sudan, that was used to refer to all people of West African ancestry,
Takrur was the term used by the region's inhabitants up until the 15th century. During the 16th and 17th centuries, however, it was gradually replaced by
See also
- Serer people
- Fula people
- Toucouleur people
- Serer ancient history
- States headed by Serer Lamanes
- Timeline of Serer history
Notes
- ^ a b c Charles Becker et Victor Martin, « Rites de sépultures préislamiques au Sénégal et vestiges protohistoriques », Archives Suisses d'Anthropologie Générale, Imprimerie du Journal de Genève, Genève, 1982, tome 46, no 2, p. 261-293
- ^ a b Trimingham, John Spencer, "A history of Islam in West Africa", pp 174, 176 & 234, Oxford University Press, USA (1970)
- ^ a b Gravrand, "Pangool", pp 9, 20-77
- ISBN 978-0852550939.
- JSTOR 1581646.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul. Paris: Karthala. Retrieved 12 July 2023.
- ISBN 978-0521209816.
- ^ a b Brooks, George E. (August 1985). "WESTERN AFRICA TO c1860 A.D. A PROVISIONAL HISTORICAL SCHW BASED ON CLIMATE PERIODS". Indiana University African Studies Program: 36.
- ISBN 2-86537-143-3
- ISBN 0-8160-4472-4
- ISBN 1-57505-951-7
- ^ Oliver, Roland Anthony; Fage, J. D., "Journal of African history", Volume 10, Cambridge University Press (1969), p. 367
- ISBN 9987-9322-2-3
- ISBN 2-86537-143-3
- ISBN 9004251154
- ^ Diop, Abdoulaye Bara, "Le tenure foncière en milieu rural Wolof (Sénégal): Historique et actualité." Notes Africaines, no. 118, (April 1968), IFAN, Dakar, pp. 48–52
- ^ a b c Davis, R. Hunt (ed.). Encyclopedia Of African History And Culture, Vol. 2 (E-book ed.). The Learning Source. p. 129. Retrieved 18 May 2023.
- ^ ISBN 0-8108-1369-6
- ISBN 9780691177427.
- ISBN 2-7236-0817-4
- ISBN 0-520-06700-2, p 146 [1]
- ^ ISBN 0841904316.
- ISBN 9780230308473.
- ^ a b Boulegue, Jean (2013). Les royaumes wolof dans l'espace sénégambien (XIIIe-XVIIIe siècle) (in French). Paris: Karthala Editions.
- JSTOR 179671.
- ^ Ibn Khalikan, op. cit. vi, 14.
- ^ Smidt 2010, p. 998.
Sources
- J. F. Ade Ajayi, ISBN 0-231-03628-0
- J. Hunwick. "Takrur", Encyclopaedia of Islam, Leiden 2000, X, 142–3.
- Mary Antin, Nehemia Levtzion. Medieval West Africa Before 1400: Ghana, Takrur, Gao (Songhay) and Mali. Translated by Nehemia Levtzion. J. F. Hopkins: Contributor. Markus Wiener Publishing, New Jersey (1998). ISBN 1-55876-165-9
- J. D. Fage (ed.). The Cambridge History of Africa, vol. II, Cambridge University Press (1978), 675–7.
- H. T. Norris. "The Wind of Change in the Western Sahara". The Geographical Journal, Vol. 130, No. 1 (Mar., 1964), pp. 1–14
- D.W. Phillipson. African Archaeology, Cambridge University Press (Revised Edition 2005). ISBN 978-0-521-83236-6
- Leyti, Oumar Ndiaye. Le Djoloff et ses Bourba. Nouvelles Editions Africaines, 1981. ISBN 2-7236-0817-4
- Ogot, Bethwell A. General history of Africa: Africa from the sixteenth to the eighteenth century. University of California Press, 1999, ISBN 0-520-06700-2, p 146.
- Oliver, Roland. The Cambridge history of Africa: From c. 1600 to c. 1790. Cambridge University Press, 1982. ISBN 0-521-20981-1, p484
- Smidt, Wolbert (2010). "Tukrir". In Siegbert Uhlig, Alessandro Bausi (ed.). Encyclopedia Aethiopica. Vol. 4. Harrassowitz. pp. 998–1000. ISBN 9783447062466.
Further reading
- McIntosh, Roderick J.; McIntosh, Susan Keech; Bocoum, Hamady (2016). The Search for Takrur: Archaeological Excavations and Reconnaissance Along the Middle Senegal Valley. The Yale Peabody Museum.