Tamarin

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
This article is about the New World monkey. For the tropical plant, see Tamarind. For other uses, see Tamarin (disambiguation).

Tamarins[1][2]
Emperor tamarin (Saguinus imperator)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Callitrichidae
Genus: Saguinus
Hoffmannsegg, 1807
Type species
Saguinus ursulus
, 1807
Species

22 species, see text

Synonyms
  • Hapanella Gray, 1870
  • Marikina Lesson, 1840
  • Midas E. Geoffroy, 1812
  • Mystax Gray, 1870
  • Oedipomidus Reichenbach, 1862
  • Oedipus Lesson, 1840
  • Seniocebus Gray, 1870
  • Tamarin Gray, 1870

The tamarins are squirrel-sized New World monkeys from the family Callitrichidae in the genus Saguinus. They are the first offshoot in the Callitrichidae tree, and therefore are the sister group of a clade formed by the lion tamarins, Goeldi's monkeys and marmosets.[3]

Taxonomy and evolutionary history

Hershkovitz (1977) recognised ten species in the genus Saguinus, further divided into 33 morphotypes based on facial pelage.

Leontocebus (saddle-back tamarins).[6][7] While a 2018 study proposed that Leontocebus does not have sufficient enough divergence from Saguinus to be in its own genus, and thus should be reclassified it as a subgenus of Saguinus, this proposal has since found significant traction.[8] The same study found the mystax group of tamarins to be distinct enough to be classified in the subgenus Tamarinus.[3] As of 2021 this proposal has not been universally accepted by primatologists.[9]

Taxonomic classification

Following the taxonomic review of tamarins by Rylands et al. (2016) and Garbino & Martins-Junior (2018), there are 22 species in the genus Saguinus with 19 subspecies.[6][3][10]

Description

Tamarin species vary considerably in appearance, ranging from nearly all black through mixtures of black, brown and white.

red-bellied tamarins have been recorded living up to 20.5 years,[13] while cotton-top tamarins can live up to 23 years old.[14]

Distribution

Tamarins range from southern Central America through central South America, where they are found in northwestern Colombia, the Amazon basin, and the Guianas.[4]

Behavior and reproduction

Tamarins are inhabitants of

arboreal
, and run and jump quickly through the trees. Tamarins live together in groups of up to 40 members consisting of one or more families. More frequently, though, groups are composed of just three to nine members.

Tamarins are omnivores, eating fruits and other plant parts as well as spiders, insects, small vertebrates and bird eggs.

polyandrous
.

Cottontop tamarins (Saguinus oedipus) breed cooperatively in the wild. Cronin, Kurian, and Snowdon tested eight cottontop tamarins in a series of cooperative pulling experiments. Two monkeys were put on opposite sides of a transparent apparatus containing food. Only if both monkeys pulled a handle on their side of the apparatus towards themselves at the same time would food drop down for them to obtain. The results showed that tamarins pulled the handles at a lower rate when alone with the apparatus than when in the presence of a partner. Cronin, Kurian, and Snowdon concluded from this that cottontop tamarins have a good understanding of cooperation. They suggest that cottontop tamarins have developed cooperative behaviour as a cognitive adaptation.[15]

In some locations, saddle-back tamarins (subgenus Leontocebus) live

leaf litter, while Sanguinus species are more likely to forage for insects that are exposed on surfaces such as leaves or branches.[6] This differentiation in lifestyles was why both were formerly considered different genera.[6]

Predators

While tamarins spend much of their day foraging, they must be on high alert for aerial and terrestrial predators. Due to their small size compared to other primates, they are an easy target for predatory birds, snakes, and mammals.[16]

References

  1. OCLC 62265494
    .
  2. ISBN 978-0-387-78704-6
    .
  3. ^
    PMID 28989098
    .
  4. ^
    ISBN 9780226327884
    .
  5. PMID 1612537
    .
  6. ^
    doi:10.1111/zoj.12386
    . Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  7. ^ "Leontocebus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  8. ^ "Leontocebus". ITIS. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  9. ^ "Tamarinus". ITIS. Retrieved 2021-11-12.
  10. doi:10.5281/zenodo.5651212
    , retrieved 11 November 2021
  11. PMID 26120667
    .
  12. PMID 9210017
    .
  13. ISBN 978-3-510-61379-3
    .
  14. ^ Hakeem, A.; Sandoval, R.; Jones, M.; Allman, J. (1996). "Brain and life span in primates". In Birren, J. (ed.). Handbook of the Psychology of Aging. Academic Press. pp. 78–104.
  15. PMID 16804561
    .
  16. ISBN 978-0-521-01104-4
    .

External links

Wikispecies has information related to Tamarin.
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