Tamil culture

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Tamil culture is the

South East Asia and Caribbean
.

History

Historically, the

Indian Independence in 1947, the region was under European colonization for two centuries during which the Tamils migrated and settled in various regions across the globe.[5][6]
Hence, Tamil culture have seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely.

Language

Main articles: Tamil language and Sri Lankan Tamil dialects

Tamil people speak Tamil, which is one of the oldest languages and was the first to be recognized as a

Devanagri.[13] The existent Tamil grammar is largely based on the 13th-century grammar book Naṉṉūl based on the Tolkāppiyam and the Tamil grammar consists of five parts, namely eḻuttu, sol, poruḷ, yāppu, aṇi.[14]

Literature

Main articles: Tamil literature and Sri Lankan Tamil literature
Agathiar, poet from the first Sangam period

Tirukkural, a book on ethics, by Thiruvalluvar.[25]

In the beginning of the

Tiruppugal by Arunagirinathar.[30]

In 1578, the Portuguese published a Tamil book in old Tamil script named 'Thambiraan Vanakkam', thus making Tamil the first Indian language to be printed and published.

Bharathiar and Bharathidasan.[35]

Art and architecture

According to Sangam literature, there are 64 artforms called aayakalaigal.[36] The art is classified into two broad categories: kavin kalaigal (beautiful art forms) which include architecture, sculpture, painting and poetry and nun kalaigal (fine art forms) which include dance, music and drama.[37]

Architecture

There are a number of rock-cut cave-temples established by the ancient Tamil kings and later by Pandyas and Pallavas.[38] The Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram, built by the Pallavas in the 7th and 8th centuries has more than forty rock-cut temples and monoliths including one of the largest open-air rock reliefs in the world.[39][40]

The large gopuram is a hallmark of Dravidian architecture

Mahabalipuram and Kanchipuram.[45] The Cholas later expanded the same and by the Pandya rule in twelfth century, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance.[46][47] The state emblem also features the Lion Capital of Ashoka with an image of a Gopuram on the background.[48] Vimanam are similar structures built over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams in the Dravidian architecture with a few exceptions including the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur.[49][50]

With the

art deco made its entry upon in the urban landscape.[53] After Independence, the architecture witnessed a rise in the Modernism with the transition from lime-and-brick construction to concrete columns.[54]

Painting and sculpture

Krishna with Rukmini and Satyabhama and his mount Garuda (12th–13th century CE)[55]

Most visual arts are religious in some form and usually centers on

Cholas are considered to be one of the greatest contributions of Tamil art.[58] Unlike most Western art, the material does not influence the sculpture forms and instead, the artist imposes his/her vision of the form on the material in Tamil sculpture.[59]

Brihadeeswarar temple of Thanjavur.[63] One of the major forms of Tamil painting is Thanjavur painting, which originated in the 16th century where a base made of cloth and coated with zinc oxide is painted using dyes and then decorated with semi-precious stones, as well as silver or gold threads.[64]

Music

See also: Music of Tamil Nadu and Ancient Tamil music
Tharai and Thappattai, traditional music instruments

The ancient Tamil country had its own

drum instrument are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.[69] Melam is a group of Maddalams and other similar percussion instruments from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events.[70] The traditional music of Tamil Nadu is known as Carnatic music, which includes rhythmic and structured music by composers such Muthuswami Dikshitar.[71] Gaana, a combination of various folk musics is sung mainly in the working-class area of North Chennai.[72] Villu Paatu is an ancient form of musical story-telling method where narration is interspersed with music played from a string bow and accompanying instruments.[73]

Tiruvaiyaru in Thanjavur district, thousands of music artists congregate every year.[74] Chennaiyil Thiruvaiyaru is a music festival which has been conducted from 18 to 25 December every year in Chennai.[75] Madras Music Season, initiated by Madras Music Academy in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December and features performances of traditional Carnatic music by artists from the city.[76]

Dance

Main article: Dance forms of Tamil Nadu
A Bharatanatyam performance

Bharatanatyam is a major genre of Indian classical dance that originated in Tamilakam.[77][78] It is one of the oldest classical dance forms of India.[77][79] The dancer is usually dressed in a colorful silk sari with various jewelry and anklets called salangai, made up of small bells.[80] All dancers[81][82] The dance is characterized by the fixed upper torso with bent legs or flexed out knees combined with various footwork and a number of gestures known as abhinaya using various hand mudras, expressions using the eyes and other face muscles.[83]

A Mayilattam folk dancer

There are many folk dance forms that originated and are practiced in the region. Karakattam involves dancers balancing clay or metal pot(s) on the head while making movements with the body.[84][85] Kavadiattam is a ceremonial act of sacrifice, wherein the dances bear a kavadi, a wooden stick balanced on the shoulders with weights on both the ends.[86][87] Kolattam is usually performed by women in which two small sticks (kols), one in each hand are crisscrossed to make specific rhythms while singing songs.[88][89] Kummi is similar to Kolattam, with the difference being that hands are used to make sounds while dancing instead of sticks used in the later.[90][91] In Mayilattam, dancers dressed as peacocks with peacock feathers, glittering head-dresses and beak perform to various folk songs and tunes.[92][93]

fangs and a tail, and perform movements imitating a tiger.[101] Puravaiattam involves dancers getting into a wooden frame designed like the body of a horse on his/her hips and make prancing movements.[102][103] Other folk dances include Bhagavatha nadanam, Chakkaiattam, Devarattam, Kai silambattam, Kuravanji, Sevaiattam and Urumiattam.[104]

Performance arts

Doll marionettes used in Bommalattam

Koothu is a form of street theater that consists of a play performance which consists of dance along with music, narration and singing.[105] The performers wear elaborate wooden headgear, special costumes with swirling skirts, ornaments such as heavy anklets along with prominent face painting and make-up.[106] The art is performed during festivals in open public places and is usually dedicated to goddesses such as Mariamman or Draupadi with stories drawn from Hindu epics such as Ramayana and Mahabharata, mythology and folklore.[106]such as temples or village squares.[106] The dance is accompanied by music played from traditional instruments and a kattiyakaran narrates the story during the performance.[106]

Tamil cultural festival held in Chennai with the intention of rejuvenating the old village festivals, art and artists.[110]

Martial arts

sword fighting.[117]

Tamil martial arts uses various types of weapons such as

martyrdom was glorified in ancient Tamil literature. The Tamil kings and warriors followed an honour code and committed martial suicide to save their honor.[120]

Modern arts

Main articles:
Tamil television soap opera

Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as Kollywood" and is one of the largest industries of film production in India.[121][122] The term "Kollywood" is a blend of Kodambakkam and Hollywood.[123] Samikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in the early 1900s, in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone".[124][125][126] The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first talkie was a multi-lingual film, Kalidas, which released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture Alam Ara.[127][128]

Clothing

Kanchipuram silk saris worn by women on special occasions

Tamil women traditionally wear a

silk sarees on special occasions such as marriages.[132] The men wear a dhoti, a 4.5 metres (15 ft) long, white rectangular piece of non-stitched cloth often bordered in brightly coloured stripes. It is usually wrapped around the waist and the legs and knotted at the waist.[133]

A colourful

saree made in the Coimbatore.[136][137]

Cuisine

A traditional meal served on a banana leaf
Main article: Tamil cuisine

kootu and kuzhambu.[146] Other dishes particular to the Tamil people include sevai, paniyaram, parotta and opputtu.[147]

Festivals

Jallikattu, a traditional bull taming event held during Pongal festivities, attracts huge crowds

Pongal is a major and multi-day harvest festival celebrated by Tamils.[148] It is observed in the month of Thai according to the Tamil solar calendar and usually falls on 14 or 15 January.[149] It is dedicated to the Surya, the Sun God and the festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "to boil, overflow" and refers to the traditional dish prepared from the new harvest of rice boiled in milk with jaggery offered to Surya.[150][151][152] Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of cattle when the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colors, garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions.[153] Jallikattu is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.[154]

Tamils decorate their homes with colorful geometric designs called Kolam made from rice powder[155]

Ayyanar deities are organized during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare.[70] Panguni Uthiram is marked on the purnima (full moon) of the month of Panguni and celebrates the wedding of various Hindu gods.[161]

Religion

As per the sangam era works, the

Murugan became regarded as the Tamil kadavul ("God of the Tamils").[165][166][167]

Aiyyan̲ār
, guardian folk deity of Tamils

Saivism and Vaishnavism during the Bhakti movement led by Alwars and Nayanmars.[174][26]

In Tamil tradition, Murugan is the youngest son of Shiva and

Aiyyan̲ār (also known as Karuppan, Karrupasami), are worshipped who are thought to protect the villages from harm.[176][178]

The Christian apostle,

neo-Gothic style.[179] Islam was introduced due to the influence of the Muslim rulers from the north in the medieval ages and the majority of Tamil Muslims speak Tamil rather than Urdu as their mother tongue.[180][181]

As of the 21st century, majority of the Tamils are adherents of Hinduism.[182] Atheist, rationalist, and humanist philosophies are also adhered by sizeable minorities, as a result of Tamil cultural revivalism in the 20th century, and its antipathy to what it saw as Brahminical Hinduism.[183]

Places of Worship
Meenakshi Temple at Madurai (left) and Nallur Kandaswamy temple in Sri Lanka

There are more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old.

Rajagopuram, one of the tallest in the world.[191]

South East Asia notably in Malaysia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Indonesia and Myanmar, other countries with significant people of Tamil origin like Fiji, Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, South Africa and Canada, Caribbean countries including Trinidad and Tobago, Guyana and Suriname, countries with significant Indian migrants including United States and Australia.[198] In Sri Lanka, Murugan is predominantly worshiped by Tamil people and numerous Murugan temples exist throughout the island including Kataragama temple, Nallur Kandaswamy temple and Maviddapuram Kandaswamy Temple.[199][200] Sri Subramanyar Temple at Batu Caves temple complex in Malaysia is dedicated to Murugan, which has a 42.7-m-high statue of Murugan at the entrance, one of the largest Murugan statues in the world.[201][202]

Tirumalai Mahavira
temple

Raja Raja Chola I in early 11th century CE.[209]

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