Tamil Nadu

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Tamil Nadu
State
Clockwise from top:
Brihadisvara Temple
Anthem: "Tamil Thai Valthu
"
(Invocation to Mother Tamil)
Formation
1 November 1956
State Legislature
Unicameral
 • AssemblyTamil Nadu Legislative Assembly (234 seats)
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Rajya Sabha18 seats
 • Lok Sabha39 seats
High CourtMadras High Court
Area
 • Total130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi)
 • Rank
Song
"Tamil Thai Valthu"
(Invocation to Mother Tamil)
Nilgiri Tahr
TreeAsian Palm
State highway mark
State highway of Tamil Nadu
TN SH1 - TN SH223
List of Indian state symbols

Tamil Nadu (

Tamil people, who speak the Tamil language, one of the longest surviving classical languages and serves as its official language. The capital and largest city is Chennai
.

Located on the south-eastern coast of the

maritime border with the Northern Province of Sri Lanka at Pamban Island
.

Indian Independence in 1947. After independence, the region became the Madras State of the Republic of India and was further re-organized when states were redrawn linguistically in 1956 into the current shape. The state was renamed as Tamil Nadu, meaning "Tamil Country", in 1969. Hence, culture, cuisine and architecture
have seen multiple influences over the years and have developed diversely.

As the most urbanised state of India, Tamil Nadu boasts an

bird sanctuaries. The Tamil film industry
, nicknamed as Kollywood, plays an influential role in the state's popular culture.

Etymology

The name is derived from Tamil language with nadu meaning "land" and Tamil Nadu meaning "the land of Tamils". The origin and precise etymology of the word Tamil is unclear with multiple theories attested to it.[5]

History

Main article: History of Tamil Nadu

Prehistory (before 5th century BCE)

Tamil Brahmi, a rudimentary script dated to 5th century BCE.[12] Potsherds uncovered from Keeladi indicate a script which is a transition between the Indus Valley script and Tamil Brahmi script used later.[13]

Sangam period (5th century BCE–3rd century CE)

Sangam Period
(500 BCE–300 CE)
Main articles: Sangam period, Tamilakam, and Sangam landscape

The

Velir chiefs.[17] The rulers patronized multiple religions including vedic religion, Buddhism and Jainism and sponsored some of the earliest Tamil literature with the oldest surviving work being Tolkāppiyam, a book of Tamil grammar.[18]

The kingdoms had significant diplomatic and trade contacts with other kingdoms to the north and

Valluvar, a collection of couplets is attributed to the same period.[25][26]

Medieval era (4th–13th century CE)

Mahabalipuram built by Pallavas

Around the 7th century CE, the Kalabhras were overthrown by the Pandyas and Cholas, who patronised Buddhism and Jainism before the revival of

Pallavas were finally defeated by Aditya I in the 9th century CE.[31]

Rajendra Chola I
in 1030

The Cholas became the dominant kingdom in the 9th century under

Brihadisvara Temple at Thanjavur, one of the foremost temples of the era built by Raja Raja and Gangaikonda Cholapuram built by Rajendra.[36]

The Pandyas again reigned supreme early in the 13th century under

Meenakshi Amman Temple at Madurai.[39]

Vijayanagar and Nayak period (14th–17th century CE)

In the 13th and 14th century, there were repeated attacks from

Vijayanagara kingdom was founded in 1336 CE.[41] The Vijayanagara empire eventually conquered the entire Tamil country by c. 1370 and ruled for almost two centuries until its defeat in the Battle of Talikota in 1565 by a confederacy of Deccan sultanates.[42][43]
Later, the
Nayaks of Thanjavur were the most prominent.[44][45] They introduced the palayakkararar system and re-constructed some of the well-known temples in Tamil Nadu including the Meenakshi Temple in Madurai.[46]

Later conflicts and European colonization (17th to 20th century CE)

In the 18th century, the

Siege of Trichinopoly (1751-1752).[48][49][50] This led to a short-lived Thanjavur Maratha kingdom.[51]

Fort Dansborg at Tharangambadi, built by the Danish

Europeans started to establish trade centers from the 16th century along the eastern coast. The

Anglo-Mysore Wars.[66]

An 18th-century coloured engraving of the Fort St. George and Madras

By the 18th century, the British had conquered most of the region and established the

Vellore mutiny, which was the first instance of a large-scale mutiny by Indian sepoys against the British East India Company took place in Vellore Fort.[69][70] After the Indian Rebellion of 1857, the British Raj was formed after the British crown took over the control of governance from the company.[71]

Failure of the summer monsoons and administrative shortcomings of the

Indian Independence movement gathered momentum in the early 20th century with the formation of Indian National Congress, which was based on an idea propagated by the members of the Theosophical Society movement after a Theosophical convention held in Madras in December 1884.[73][74] Tamil Nadu was the base of various contributors to the Independence movement including V. O. Chidambaram Pillai, Subramaniya Siva and Bharatiyar.[75] The Tamils formed a significant percentage of the members of the Indian National Army (INA), founded by Subhas Chandra Bose.[76]

Post-Independence (1947–present)

After the

reform-oriented economic policies.[82] In the 2000s, the state has become one of the most urbanized states in the country with and a higher standard of living.[83]

Environment

Geography

Main article: Geography of Tamil Nadu
Topographic map of Tamil Nadu
Western Ghats traverse along the western border of Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu covers an area of 130,058 km2 (50,216 sq mi) and is the tenth-largest state in India.

Kanyakumari where the Indian Ocean meets the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea.[87]

The Western Ghats runs south along the western boundary with the highest peak at

Nilgiri mountains which run in a crescent approximately along the borders of Tamil Nadu with northern Kerala and Karnataka, extending to the relatively low-lying hills of the Eastern Ghats on the western portion of the Tamil Nadu–Andhra Pradesh border.[92]

The

Deccan plateau is the elevated region bound by the mountain ranges and the plateau slopes gently from West to East resulting in major rivers arising in the Western Ghats and flowing east into the Bay of Bengal.[93][94][95]

Tamil Nadu has a 1,076 km (669 mi)

Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004.[98]

Geology

Tamil Nadu falls mostly in a region of low seismic hazard with the exception of the western border areas that lie in a low to moderate hazard zone; as per the 2002 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) map, Tamil Nadu falls in Zones II and III.

saline. Red soil with a higher iron content, occupies a larger portion of the state and all the inland districts. Black soil is found in western Tamil Nadu and parts of southern coast. Alluvial soil is found in the fertile Kaveri delta region with laterite soil found in pockets and saline soil across the coast where the evaporation is high.[102]

Climate

Climatic zones of India
Tamil Nadu gets most of the rains from the monsoon. Pictured is the monsoon onset map of India

The region has a

hot semi-arid climate predominates in the land east of the Western Ghats which includes inland south and south central parts of the state and gets between 400 and 750 millimetres (15.7 and 29.5 in) of rainfall annually, with hot summers and dry winters with temperatures around 20–24 °C (68–75 °F). The months between March and May are hot and dry, with mean monthly temperatures hovering around 32 °C (90 °F), with 320 millimetres (13 in) precipitation. Without artificial irrigation, this region is not suitable for agriculture.[106]

The

severe drought.[113][114]

Flora and fauna

Main articles: Wildlife of Tamil Nadu and List of birds of Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu has one of the largest Asian elephant population

Forests occupy an area of 22,643 km2 (8,743 sq mi) constituting 17.4% of the geographic area.

Alsophila, Impatiens elegans, Ranunculus reniformis, and royal fern.[119]

Nilgiri tahr, an endangered animal found only in the Nilgiri Mountains is the state animal

Important ecological regions of Tamil Nadu are the

Neelapattu, and Pulicat are home to numerous migratory and local birds.[123][124]

wildlife sanctuary
in South India

Protected areas cover an area of 3,305 km2 (1,276 sq mi), constituting 2.54% of the geographic area and 15% of the 22,643 km2 (8,743 sq mi) recorded forest area of the state.

Sathyamangalam and Megamalai.[127][131][132] There are seventeen declared bird sanctuaries in Tamil Nadu.[127][133][134]

Pichavaram, one of the few mangrove forests in India

There is one conservation reserve at

grey slender loris,[137] sloth bear,[138] Nilgiri tahr,[139] Nilgiri langur,[140] lion-tailed macaque,[141] and the Indian leopard.[142]

Symbols of Tamil Nadu[143][144]
Animal Bird Butterfly Tree Fruit Flower
Nilgiri tahr (Nilgiritragus hylocrius) Emerald dove (Chalcophaps indica) Tamil Yeoman (Cirrochroa thais) Palmyra palm (Borassus flabellifer) Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) Glory lily (Gloriosa superba)

Administration and politics

Administration

Administrative officials
Title Name
Governor
 R. N. Ravi[145]
Chief minister
 M. K. Stalin[146]
Chief Justice
 S. V. Gangapurwala[147]
Further information:
Local government bodies in Tamil Nadu

Chennai is the capital of the state and houses the

village panchayats, administered by Village Administrative Officers (VAO).[151][150][152] Greater Chennai Corporation, established in 1688, is the second oldest in the world and Tamil Nadu was the first state to establish town panchayats as a new administrative unit.[153][151]

Legislature

Fort St. George hosts the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly

In accordance with the

Fort St. George in Chennai.[159] The state elects 39 members to the Lok Sabha and 18 to the Rajya Sabha of the Indian Parliament.[160]

Madras High Court, the highest judicial authority

Law and order

The

Director General of Police.[164][165] Women form 17.6% of the police force and specifically handle violence against women through 222 special all-women police stations.[166][167][168] As of 2023, the state has 1854 police stations, the highest in the country, including 47 railway and 243 traffic police stations.[166][169] The traffic police under different district administrations is responsible for the traffic management in the respective regions.[170] The state is consistently ranked as one of the safest for women with a crime rate of 22 per 100,000 in 2018.[171]

Politics

Main articles: Elections in Tamil Nadu and Politics of Tamil Nadu

Elections in India are conducted by the

Chakravarti Rajagopalachari became the chief minister of the Madras Presidency.[173] In 1944, Periyar transformed the Justice party into a social organisation, renaming the party Dravidar Kazhagam, and withdrew from electoral politics.[175] After independence, Indian National Congress dominated the political scene in Tamil Nadu in the 1950s and 1960s under the leadership of K. Kamaraj, who led the party after the death of Jawaharlal Nehru and ensured the selection of Prime Ministers Lal Bahadur Shastri and Indira Gandhi.[176][177] C. N. Annadurai, a follower of Periyar, formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1949.[178]

The Anti-Hindi agitations of Tamil Nadu led to the rise of Dravidian parties that formed Tamil Nadu's first government, in 1967.[179] In 1972, a split in the DMK resulted in the formation of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK) led by M. G. Ramachandran.[180] Dravidian parties continue to dominate Tamil Nadu electoral politics with the national parties usually aligning as junior partners to the major Dravidian parties, AIADMK and DMK.[181] M. Karunanidhi became the leader of the DMK after Annadurai and J. Jayalalithaa succeeded as the leader of AIADMK after M. G. Ramachandran.[182][176] Karunanidhi and Jayalalithaa dominated the state politics from the 1980s to early 2010s, serving as chief ministers combined for over 32 years.[176]

C. Rajagopalachari, the first Indian Governor General of India post independence, was from Tamil Nadu. The state has produced three Indian presidents, namely,

APJ Abdul Kalam.[185]

Demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
190119,252,630—    
191120,902,616+8.6%
192121,628,518+3.5%
193123,472,099+8.5%
194126,267,507+11.9%
195130,119,047+14.7%
196133,686,953+11.8%
197141,199,168+22.3%
198148,408,077+17.5%
199155,858,946+15.4%
200162,405,679+11.7%
201172,147,030+15.6%
Source:Census of India[186]
Main article: Demographics of Tamil Nadu

As per the

Scheduled tribes (ST).[193]

As of 2017[update], the state had the

poverty line as per the Multidimensional Poverty Index in 2023, one of the lowest amongst Indian states.[197]

Cities and towns

Main article: List of cities in Tamil Nadu by population
Further information: List of towns in Tamil Nadu by population

The capital of Chennai is the most populous urban agglomeration in the state with more than 8.6 million residents, followed by Coimbatore, Madurai, Tiruchirappalli and Tiruppur, respectively.[198]

 
Largest cities or towns in Tamil Nadu
(2011)[198]
Rank
Name
District
Pop.
Chennai
Chennai
Coimbatore
Coimbatore 		1 Chennai Chennai 8,696,010 Madurai
Madurai
Tiruchirappalli
Tiruchirappalli
2 Coimbatore Coimbatore 2,151,466
3 Madurai Madurai 1,462,420
4 Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli 1,021,717
5 Tiruppur Tiruppur 962,982
6 Salem Salem 919,150
7 Erode Erode 521,776
8 Vellore Vellore 504,079
9 Tirunelveli Tirunelveli 498,984
10 Thoothukudi Thoothukudi 410,760

Religion and ethnicity

Religion in Tamil Nadu (2011)[199]

  Hinduism (87.6%)
  Christianity (6.1%)
  Islam (5.86%)
  Jainism (0.1%)
  Others/Not stated (0.3%)
Main article: Religion in Tamil Nadu

The state is home to a diverse population of ethno-religious communities.

Malayalees.[213] The state also has a significant expatriate population.[214][215] As of 2011, the state had 3.49 million immigrants.[216]

Language

Distribution of languages in Tamil Nadu (2011)[217]

  Tamil (88.35%)
  Telugu (5.87%)
  Urdu (1.67%)
  Kannada (1.58%)
  Malayalam (1%)
  Others (1.53%)

Tamil is the official language of Tamil Nadu, while

Spanish are spoken by foreign expatriates in the state.[225]

LGBT rights

Main article: LGBT rights in Tamil Nadu

The

sex reassignment surgery in government hospitals.[230] Chennai Rainbow Pride has been held in Chennai annually since 2009.[231] In 2021, Tamil Nadu became the first Indian state to ban conversion therapy and forced sex-selective surgeries on intersex infants, following the directions of the Madras High Court.[232][233][234] In 2019, the Madras High Court ruled that the term "bride" under the Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 includes trans-women, thereby legalizing marriage between a man and a transgender woman.[235]

Culture and heritage

Main article: Tamil culture

Clothing

Kanchipuram silk saris worn by women on special occasions

Tamil women traditionally wear a

saree made in the Coimbatore.[243][244]

Cuisine

A traditional meal served on a banana leaf

paniyaram are popular breakfast dishes in Tamil Nadu.[252]

Literature

Sculpture of Sage Agastya

Tamil Nadu has an independent literary tradition dating back over 2500 years from the Sangam era.[5] Early Tamil literature was composed in three successive poetic assemblies known as the Tamil Sangams, the earliest of which, according to legend, were held on a now vanished continent far to the south of India.[253] This includes the oldest grammatical treatise, Tolkappiyam, and the epics Cilappatikaram and Manimekalai.[254] The earliest epigraphic records found on rock edicts and hero stones date from around the 3rd century BCE.[255]

Tirukkural, a book on ethics by Thiruvalluvar, is amongst the most popular works of Tamil literature.[258]

In the early medieval period,

Indian Independence Movement, many Tamil poets and writers sought to provoke national spirit, social equity and secularist thoughts, notably Subramania Bharati and Bharathidasan.[268]

Architecture

The large gopuram is a hallmark of Dravidian architecture

Mahabalipuram and Kanchipuram.[29] The Cholas later expanded the same and by the Pandya rule in twelfth century, these gateways became a dominant feature of a temple's outer appearance.[273][274] The state emblem also features the Lion Capital of Ashoka with an image of a Gopuram on the background.[275] Vimanam are similar structures built over the garbhagriha or inner sanctum of the temple but are usually smaller than the gopurams in the Dravidian architecture with a few exceptions including the Brihadisvara Temple in Thanjavur.[276][277]

With the

art deco made its entry upon in the urban landscape.[280] After Independence, the architecture witnessed a rise in the Modernism with the transition from lime-and-brick construction to concrete columns.[281]

Arts

Further information: Dance forms of Tamil Nadu
Bharatanatyam
is a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu and is one of the oldest dances of India.

Tamil Nadu is a major centre for music, art and dance in India.

Paraiattam and Puravaiattam.[288][289][290][291] The dance, clothing, and sculptures of Tamil Nadu exemplify the beauty of the body and motherhood.[292] Koothu is an ancient folk art, where artists tell stories from the epics accompanied by dance and music.[293]

The ancient Tamil country had its own

drum instrument are the major musical instruments used in temples and weddings.[298] Melam is a group of Maddalams and other similar percussion instruments from the ancient Tamilakam which are played during events.[299] The traditional music of Tamil Nadu is known as Carnatic music, which includes rhythmic and structured music by composers such Muthuswami Dikshitar.[300] Gaana, a combination of various folk musics is sung mainly in the working-class area of North Chennai.[301]

Government Museum in Chennai, the second oldest museum in India

The state is home to many museums, galleries, and other institutions which engage in arts research and are major tourist attractions.[302] Established in the early 18th century, Government Museum and National Art Gallery are amongst the oldest in the country.[303] The museum inside the premises of Fort St. George maintains a collection of objects of the British era.[304] The museum is managed by the Archaeological Survey of India and has in its possession, the first Flag of India hoisted at Fort St George after the declaration of India's Independence on 15 August 1947.[305]

Tamil Nadu is also home to the Tamil film industry nicknamed as "Kollywood" and is one of the largest industries of film production in India.[306][307] The term Kollywood is a blend of Kodambakkam and Hollywood.[308] The first silent film in South India was produced in Tamil in 1916 and the first talkie was a multi-lingual film, Kalidas, which released on 31 October 1931, barely seven months after India's first talking picture Alam Ara.[309][310] Samikannu Vincent, who had built the first cinema of South India in Coimbatore, introduced the concept of "Tent Cinema" in which a tent was erected on a stretch of open land close to a town or village to screen the films. The first of its kind was established in Madras, called "Edison's Grand Cinemamegaphone".[311][312][313]

Festivals

Jallikattu, a traditional bull taming event held during Pongal festivities, attracts huge crowds

Pongal is a major and multi-day harvest festival celebrated by Tamils.[314] It is observed in the month of Thai according to the Tamil solar calendar and usually falls on 14 or 15 January.[315] It is dedicated to the Surya, the Sun God and the festival is named after the ceremonial "Pongal", which means "to boil, overflow" and refers to the traditional dish prepared from the new harvest of rice boiled in milk with jaggery offered to Surya.[316][317][318] Mattu Pongal is meant for celebration of cattle when the cattle are bathed, their horns polished and painted in bright colors, garlands of flowers placed around their necks and processions.[319] Jallikattu is a traditional event held during the period attracting huge crowds in which a bull is released into a crowd of people, and multiple human participants attempt to grab the large hump on the bull's back with both arms and hang on to it while the bull attempts to escape.[320]

Tamils decorate their homes with colorful geometric designs called Kolam made from rice powder[321]

Ayyanar deities are organized during the month in temples across Tamil Nadu with much fanfare.[299] Panguni Uthiram is marked on the purnima (full moon) of the month of Panguni and celebrates the wedding of various Hindu gods.[327]

Tamil cultural festival held in Chennai with the intention of rejuvenating the old village festivals, art and artists.[330] Madras Music Season, initiated by Madras Music Academy in 1927, is celebrated every year during the month of December and features performances of traditional Carnatic music by artists from the city.[331]

Economy

Main article: Economy of Tamil Nadu

The economy of the state consistently exceeded national average growth rates, due to

GSDP was ₹23.65 trillion (US$300 billion), second highest amongst Indian states which had grown significantly from ₹2.19 trillion (US$27 billion) in 2004.[3] The per-capita NDSP is ₹275,583 (US$3,500).[4] Tamil Nadu is the most urbanized state in India.[333] Though the state had the lowest % of people under the poverty line, rural unemployment rate is considerably higher at 47 per thousand compared to the national average of 28.[197][334] As of 2020, the state had the most number of factories at 38,837 units with an engaged work-force of 2.6 million.[335][336]

The state has a diversified industrial base anchored by different sectors including

Special Economic Zones (SEZ) in the state.[340] As per a report by Government of India, Tamil Nadu is the most export competitive state of India in 2023.[341]

Services
SEZ
in the state

As of 2022[update], the state is amongst the major

SEZs and government policies have contributed to the growth of the sector which has attracted foreign investments and job seekers from other parts of the country.[345][346] In the 2020s, Chennai has become a major provider of SaaS and has been dubbed the "SaaS Capital of India".[347][348]

The state has two

south zonal office of the Reserve Bank of India, the country's central bank, along with its zonal training center and staff college at Chennai.[357] There is a permanent back office of the World Bank in the state.[358]

Manufacturing

Manufacturing is various states are governed by state owned industrial corporation

Detroit of India".[361][362][363] Integral Coach Factory in Chennai manufactures railway coaches and other rolling stock for Indian Railways.[364]

AVANI
in Chennai

Another major industry is textiles with the state being home to more than half of the operating fiber textile mills in India.[365][366] Coimbatore is often referred to as the Manchester of South India due to its cotton production and textile industries.[367] As of 2022, Tiruppur exported garments worth $480 billion, contributing to nearly 54% of the all the textile exports from India and the city is known as the knitwear capital due to its cotton knitwear export.[368][369] As of 2015, the textile industry in Tamil Nadu accounts for 17% of the total invested capital in all the industries.[370] As of 2021, 40% of leather goods exported from India worth ₹92.52 billion (US$1.2 billion) are being manufactured in the state.[371] The state supplies two-thirds of India's requirements of motors and pumps, and is one of the largest exporters of wet grinders with "Coimbatore Wet Grinder", a recognized Geographical indication.[372][373]

There are two ordnance factories in Aruvankadu and

AVANI, headquartered in Chennai manufactures Armoured fighting vehicles, Main battle tanks, tank engines and armored clothing for the use of the Indian Armed Forces.[376][377] ISRO, the Indian space agency operates a propulsion facility at Mahendragiri.[378]

Agriculture
Rice is the staple food grain with the state being one of the largest producer

Agriculture contributes 13% to the GSDP and is a major employment generator in rural areas.

natural rubber and coconuts.[388] Tea is a popular crop in hill-stations with the state being a major producer of a unique flavored Nilgiri tea.[389][390]

As of 2022[update], the state is a largest producer of

sea weed, mussel, clam and oyster farming across more than 6000 hectares.[394] M. S. Swaminathan, known as the "father of the Indian Green Revolution" was from Tamil Nadu.[395]

Infrastructure

Water supply

Kaveri river is one of the major water sources in the state

The state accounts for nearly 4% of the land area and 6% of the population, but has only 3% of the water resources of the country and the per capita water availability is 800 m3 (28,000 cu ft) which is lower than the national average of 2,300 m3 (81,000 cu ft).

tanks and 1.68 million wells across the state.[379]

Water supply and sewage treatment are managed by the respective local administrative bodies such as the

environmental pollution and effluent discharge from industries.[403]

Health and sanitation

The state is one of the leading states in terms of sanitation facilities with more than 99.96% of people having access to toilets.[404] The state has robust health facilities and ranks higher in all health related parameters such as high life expectancy of 74 years (sixth) and 98.4% institutional delivery (second).[196][405] Of the three demographically related targets of the Millennium Development Goals set by the United Nations and expected to be achieved by 2015, Tamil Nadu achieved the goals related to improvement of maternal health and of reducing infant mortality and child mortality by 2009.[406][407]

The health infrastructure in the state includes both government-run and private hospitals. As of 2023, the state had 404 public hospitals, 1,776 public dispensaries, 11,030 health centers and 481 mobile units run by the government with a capacity of more than 94,700 beds.

General Hospital in Chennai was established on 16 November 1664 and was the first major hospital in India.[410] The state government administers free polio vaccine for eligible age groups.[411] Tamil Nadu is a major center for medical tourism and Chennai is termed as "India's health capital".[412] Medical tourism forms an important part of the economy with more than 40% of total medical tourists visiting India making it to Tamil Nadu.[413]

Communication

Tamil Nadu is one of four Indian states connected by

Reliance Jio offering 4G and 5G mobile services.[417][418] Wireline and broadband services are offered by five major operators and other smaller local operators.[418] Tamil Nadu is amongst the states with a high internet usage and penetration.[419] In 2018, the state government unveiled a plan to lay 55,000 km (34,000 mi) of optical fiber across the state to provide high-speed internet.[420]

Power and energy

Kudankulam, the largest nuclear power station in India

Electricity distribution in the state is done by the

Palghat Gap and Muppandal, one of the largest operational onshore wind farms in the world.[430]

Media

Sun Network
, India's largest private TV broadcaster

Newspaper publishing started in the state started with the launch of the weekly The Madras Courier in 1785.

The Deccan Chronicle.[438] Several periodicals and local newspapers prevalent in select localities also bring out editions from multiple cities.[439]

Government run

Direct to Home has become increasingly popular replacing cable television services.[451] Tamil television serials form a major prime time source of entertainment.[452]

Others

Fire services are handled by the Tamil Nadu Fire and Rescue Services which operates 356 operating fire stations.[453] Postal service is handled by India Post, which operates more than 11,800 post offices in the state.[454] The first post office was established on 1 June 1786 at Fort St. George on 1 June 1786.[455]

Transportation

Road

Map indicating Highways network of Tamil Nadu
Main article: Road network in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu has an extensive road network covering about 271,000 km as of 2023 with a road density of 2,084.71 kilometres (1,295.38 mi) per 1000 km2 which is higher than the national average of 1,926.02 kilometres (1,196.77 mi) per 1000 km2.

national highways, state highways, major district roads and other roads in the state.[457] It operates through eleven wings with 120 divisions and maintains 73,187 kilometres (45,476 mi) of highways in the state.[458][459]

Road length in TN[459]
Type NH SH MDR ODR OR Total
Length (km) 6,805 12,291 12,034 42,057 197,542 271,000
Kathipara flyover Cloverleaf interchange in Chennai

There are 48 national highways of length 6,805 kilometres (4,228 mi) in the state and the National Highways Wing of the highways department of Tamil Nadu, established in 1971, is responsbile for the maintenance of

State Express Transport Corporation Limited (SETC) which runs long-distance express services.Metropolitan Transport Corporation in Chennai and State Express Transport Corporation.[463][464] As of 2020, Tamil Nadu had 32.1 million registered vehicles.[465]

Rail

Main article: Southern Railway zone
Chennai Central
, one of the major railway stations
Chennai Metro is the only metro operational in the state

The rail network in Tamil Nadu forms a part of

Chennai Central, Chennai Egmore, Coimbatore Junction and Madurai Junction being the top revenue earning stations.[468][469] Indian railways also has a coach manufacturing unit at Chennai, electric locomotive sheds at Arakkonam, Erode and Royapuram, diesel locomotive sheds at Erode, Tiruchirappalli and Tondiarpet, Steam locomotive shed at Coonoor
along with various maintenance depots. [470][471]

Railway in Tamil Nadu[467]
Route length (km) Track length (km)
Broad Gauge Metre Gauge Total Broad Gauge Metre Gauge Total
Electrified Non electrified Total
3,476 336 3,812 46 3,858 5,555 46 5,601

Chennai has a well-established suburban railway network operated by Southern railway, covering 212 km (132 mi) which was established in 1928.

metre gauge railway in Nilgiris district which was built by the British in 1908 and is the only rack railway in India.[476][477][478]

Air and space

Chennai International Airport is one of the busiest airports in South Asia

The aviation history of the state began in 1910, when

limited international and six domestic or private airports in Tamil Nadu.[483][484]

Chennai port
, amongst the busiest in South India

Kulasekharapatnam in Thoothukudi district.[490]

Water

There are three major ports

Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways of Government of India.[491] There is an intermediate sea port at Nagapattinam and sixteen other minor ports which are managed by the department of highways and minor ports of Government of Tamil Nadu.[456] Tamil Nadu forms part of both the Eastern Naval Command and Southern Naval Command the Indian Navy which has a major base at Chennai and logistics support base at Thoothukudi.[492][493]

Education

Main article: Education in Tamil Nadu

Tamil Nadu is one of the most literate states in India with a literacy rate was estimated to be 82.9% as per the 2017 National Statistical Commission survey, higher than the national average of 77.7%.[191][494] The state had seen one of the highest literacy growth since the 1960s due to the midday meal scheme introduced on a large scale by K. Kamaraj to increase school enrollment.[495][496] The scheme was further upgraded in 1982 to 'Nutritious noon-meal scheme' to combat malnutrition.[497][498] As of 2022, the state has one of the highest enrollment to secondary education at 95.6%, far above the national average of 79.6%.[499] An analysis of primary school education by Pratham showed a low drop-off rate but poor quality of education compared to certain other states.[500]

As of 2022, the state had over 37,211 government schools, 8,403 government-aided schools and 12,631 private schools which educate 5.47 million, 2.84 million, and 5.69 million students respectively.

Tamil Nadu State Board, while private schools may be affiliated with either of Tamil Nadu Board of Secondary Education, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), Council for the Indian School Certificate Examinations (ICSE) or National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS).[504] School education starts with two years of Kindergarten from age three onwards and then follows the Indian 10+2 plan, ten years of school and two years of higher secondary education.[505]

University of Madras, one of the oldest universities in India

As of 2023, there are 56 universities in the state including 24

Presidency College (1840) and Pachaiyappa's College (1842) are amongst the oldest arts and science colleges in the country.[514]

Connemara Public Library is one of the oldest and is amongst the four National Depository Centres in India

There are over 870 medical, nursing and dental colleges in the state including 21 for traditional medicine and four for modern medicine.

Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding (IFGTB) and Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education are involved in agricultural research.[521][522][523]

As of 2023[update], the state has 4622 public libraries.[524] Established in 1896, Connemara Public Library is one of the oldest and is amongst the four National Depository Centres in India that receive a copy of all newspapers and books published in the country and the Anna Centenary Library is the largest library in Asia.[525][526] There are many research institutions spread across the state.[527] Chennai book fair is an annual book fair organized by the Booksellers and Publishers Association of South India (BAPASI) and is typically held in December–January.[528]

Tourism and recreation

Main article: Tourism in Tamil Nadu
Nilgiri hills is a declared World Heritage Site

With its diverse culture and architecture and varied geographies, Tamil Nadu has a robust tourism industry. In 1971, Government of Tamil Nadu established the Tamil Nadu Tourism Development Corporation, which is the nodal agency responsible for the promotion of tourism and development of tourist related infrastructure in the state.[529] It is managed by the Tourism,Culture and Religious Endowments Department.[530] The tag line "Enchating Tamil Nadu" was adopted in the tourism promotions.[531][532] In the 21st century, the state has been amongst the top destinations for domestic and international tourists.[532][533] As of 2020, Tamil Nadu recorded the most tourist foot-falls with more than 140.7 million tourists visiting the state.[534]

Tamil Nadu has a 1,076 kilometres (669 mi) long coastline with many beaches dotting the coast.

Nilgiri Hills and Kodaikanal in the Palani hills.[537][538][539] There are a number of rock-cut cave-temples and more than 34,000 temples in Tamil Nadu built across various periods some of which are several centuries old.[540][541] With many rivers and streams, there are a number of waterfalls in the state including the Courtallam and Hogenakkal Falls.[542][543] There are four World Heritage Sites declared by UNESCO in the state: Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram,[544] Great Living Chola Temples,[36] Nilgiri Mountain Railway,[545][546] and Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.[547][548]

Sports

Main article: Sports in Tamil Nadu
Kabaddi is the state game of Tamil Nadu

Silambattam,[564] Gatta gusthi,[565] and Adimurai.[566]

M. A. Chidambaram Stadium in Chennai, one of the oldest cricketing venues

Cricket is the most popular sport in the state.

2011 and 2012 seasons.[572][573] Football is also popular with the Indian Super League being the major club competition and Chennaiyin FC representing the state.[574][575][576]

There are multi-purpose venues in major cities including

Gymkhana Club and the Coimbatore Golf Club.[585]

See also

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External links

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