Tangier

Coordinates: 35°46′36″N 05°48′14″W / 35.77667°N 5.80389°W / 35.77667; -5.80389
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
"Tanger" redirects here. For other uses of Tanger, see Tanger (disambiguation). For other uses of Tangier, see Tangier (disambiguation).
Tangier
طنجة
City
Clockwise from top: View towards the Medina, courtyard of Kasbah Palace, waterfront from Achakar, Cape Spartel lighthouse
UTC+1 (CET)
Postal codes
  • 90000
  • 90010
  • 90020
  • 90030
  • 90040
  • 90050
  • 90060
  • 90070
  • 90080
  • 90090
  • 90100
Area code0539
Websitetanger.ma
  1. arrondissements of Bni Makada, Charf-Mghogha, Charf-Souani and Tanger-Médina.[1]

Tangier (

Arabic: طنجة, romanized: Ṭanjah, [tˤandʒa], [tˤanʒa]) is a city in northwestern Morocco, on the coasts of the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. The city is the capital of the Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima region, as well as the Tangier-Assilah Prefecture
of Morocco.

Many civilisations and cultures have influenced the history of Tangier, starting from before the 10th century BCE. Starting as a strategic

Moroccan independence
, in phases between 1956 and 1960.

By the early 21st century, Tangier was undergoing rapid development and modernisation. Projects include tourism projects along the bay, a modern business district called Tangier City Centre, an airport terminal, and a football stadium. Tangier's economy is set to benefit greatly from the

Tanger-Med
port.

Names

The

Arabic and modern Berber name of the town is Ṭanjah (طَنجة, ⵟⴰⵏⴵⴰ).[4]

Moroccan historian

Almohads, which is composed of "Tin", and "Amlel" meaning "at foot of the mountain" or "at a low location".[7]

Tangier was formally known as Colonia Julia Tingi ("The

colony status during the Roman Empire. The nicknames "Bride of the North" and "Door of Africa" reference its position in far northwestern Africa near the Strait of Gibraltar
.

History

See also: Timeline of Tangier

Ancient

Main article:
Tingis
Tingis
Ptolemy's 1st African map, showing Roman Mauretania Tingitana

Tangier was founded as a

obverse but an image of the Canaanite god Baal reverse.[3] Some editions of Procopius place his Punic stelae in Tingis rather than Tigisis;[12] in either case, however, their existence is highly dubious.[13]

The Greeks knew this town as

his labors, remain one today.[citation needed
]

Tingis came under the control of the

Sulla's regime in Rome, took and held Tingis for a number of years in the 70s BCE. It was subsequently returned to the Mauretanians but established as a republican free city during the reign of Bocchus III in 38 BCE.[15]

Tingis received certain municipal privileges under

martyrdoms by beheading of Saints Marcellus and Cassian in 298.[8] Tingis remained the largest settlement in its province in the 4th century and was greatly developed.[citation needed
]

Medieval

Entrance gate to the medina

Probably invited by

Aetius, he attempted to compel the Vandals to return to Spain but was instead defeated at Calama in 431.[17]
The Vandals lost control of Tingis and the rest of Mauretania in various Berber uprisings.

Tingis was reconquered by

Visigoth Spain around 618.[19]

Muslim invasion of Spain.[23] Uqba ibn Nafi was frequently but erroneously credited with Tangier's conquest by medieval historians, but only owing to Musa's later commission at the hands of Al-Walid I.[27]

Under the

Kharijite heresy, Barghawata and others under Maysara al-Matghari seized Tangier in the summer of 740.[30][31] In the Battle of the Nobles on the city's outskirts a few months later, Maysara's replacement Khalid ibn Hamid massacred the cream of Arab nobility in North Africa. An enraged Caliph Hisham ordered an attack from a second army "whose beginning is where they are and whose end is where I am," but this army was defeated at Bagdoura the next year.[32] The Barghawata were concentrated further south on the Atlantic coast, and area around Tangier fell into chaos until 785.[33]

The

its other conquests, took Tangier c. 790. During the division of the sultanate that occurred on the death of Idris II, Tangier fell to his son Qasim in 829.[33] It was soon taken by Qasim's brother Umar, who ruled it until his death in 835.[33] Umar's son Ali became sultan (r. 874–883), as did Qasim's son Yahya after him (r. 880–904), but they governed from Fez
.

The

Maghrawa Berbers overrun Melilla in 927, Ceuta in 931, and Tangier in 949.[33] Tangier's governor was subsequently named chief over Cordova's Moroccan possessions and allies.[33] Ali ibn Hammud, named Cordova's governor for Ceuta in 1013, took advantage of the realm's civil wars to conquer Tangier and Málaga before overrunning Cordova itself and proclaiming himself caliph in 1016. His Barghawata ally Rizḳ Allāh was then permitted to rule from Tangier with general autonomy.[33]

Abd al-Mumin's Almohads in the 1147 and then flourished under his dynasty, with its port highly active.[33]

Like Ceuta, Tangier did not initially acknowledge the

Abbasids in the east before being killed in AH 665 (late 1266 or early 1267).[33] Abu Yusuf Yaqub compelled Tangier's allegiance with a three months' siege in 1274.[33]

The next century was an obscure time of rebellions and difficulties for the city. During this time, the traveler

North Atlantic in the late 14th century.[18] A partial plan of the late medieval kasbah was found in a Portuguese document now held by the Military Archives of Sweden in Stockholm.[35]

Early modern

When the Portuguese started their

Wattasids assaulted Tangier in 1508, 1511, and 1515 but without success. In the 17th century, it passed with the rest of Portugal's domains into Spanish control as part of the personal union of the crowns[4] but maintained its Portuguese garrison and administration.[33]

Tangier in the 17th century

Iberian rule lasted until 1661,

Alawid sultan Al-Rashid and things subsequently went so badly for him that he was obliged to abide by its terms until his death in 1673.[33]

The English took advantage of the respite to improve greatly the Portuguese defences.

£340,000 and reached 1,436 ft (438 m) long before its destruction.[44][45][46] Although funding was found for the fortifications, the garrison's pay was delayed until in December 1677 it was 21⁄4 years in arrears; Governor Fairborne dealt with the ensuing mutiny by seizing one of the soldier's muskets
and killing him with it on the spot.

An attempt by Sultan Moulay Ismail of Morocco to seize the town in 1679 was unsuccessful; but longstanding exasperation with the colony's finances[47] and a crippling blockade by Jaysh al-Rifi[citation needed] pushed Parliament to write off the effort in 1680.[47] At the time, Tangier's population consisted of only about 700 apart from the thousand-man garrison; Governor Kirke estimated 400 of them had suffered gonorrhea from the same "mighty pretty" sex worker.[47] Forces under Lord Dartmouth (including Samuel Pepys) methodically destroyed the town and its port facilities for five months prior to Morocco's occupation of the city on 7 February 1684.[48]

Ali ibn Abdallah and his son Ahmed ibn Ali served in turn as the town's governors until 1743, repopulating it with populace from the surrounding countryside.[49] They were powerful enough to oppose Sultan Abdallah through his various reigns, giving support and asylum to his various rivals within and without the royal family.[50]

The Spanish attacked the city in 1790[16] but the city grew until, by 1810, its population reached 5,000.

Internationalisation

See also: Tangier International Zone and Spanish occupation of Tangier (1940–1945)
Renschhausen building, erected around 1913 by German businessman Adolf Renschhausen, exemplar of German influence in pre-World-War-I Tangier
Former stock exchange building in the Ville Nouvelle

From the 18th century, Tangier served as Morocco's diplomatic headquarters.

the Legation Building in Tangier became the first piece of property acquired abroad by the U.S. government—a gift to the U.S. from Sultan Moulay Suliman
.

In 1828,

Algeria, France declared war over Moroccan tolerance of Abd el-Kader; Tangier was bombarded by a French fleet under the Prince of Joinville on 6 August 1844.[50] What little of its fortifications were damaged[54] were later repaired by English engineers,[28] but French victory at Isly near the disputed border ended the conflict on French terms
.

Italian revolutionary hero

Roman Republic
.

Tangier's geographic location made it a center of

customs collections in international hands[51] but Britain's strong support of its "Entente Cordiale
" with France ended German hopes concerning Morocco.

Improved harbour facilities were completed in 1907, with an inner and outer

Jewish, and a quarter European Christians. Of the Europeans, about three-quarters were Spanish artisans and labourers.[51][4]

In 1912, the

standard-gauge Franco-Spanish Tangier–Fez Railway (French
: Compagnie Franco-Espagnole du Tanger–Fès) was constructed from 1919 to 1927.

The Tangier International Zone was created under the joint administration of France, Spain and the United Kingdom by an international convention signed in Paris on 18 December 1923.[61] Ratifications were exchanged in Paris on 14 May 1924, and the convention was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 13 September 1924.[62] It was amended by a protocol of July 1928 to elevate the status of Italy, an idea put forth by Sir Austen Chamberlain of Great Britain.[63] The European powers' creation of the statute of Tangier promoted the formation of a cosmopolitan society where Muslims, Christians, and Jews lived together with reciprocal respect and tolerance. A town where men and women, with many different political and ideological tendencies, found refuge, including Spaniards from the right or from the left, Jews fleeing Nazi Germany and Moroccan dissidents. With very liberal economic and fiscal laws, Tangier became - in an international environment full of restrictions, prohibitions and monopolies - a tax haven with absolute freedom of trade.[64] The International Zone of Tangier had a 373 km2 (144 sq mi) area and, by the mid-1930s, a population of about 50,000 inhabitants: 30,000 Muslims; 12,000 Jews; and 8,000-odd Europeans, with a decreasing proportion of working-class Spaniards.[15]

Spanish troops occupied Tangier on 14 June 1940, the same day

wartime measure.[65] A diplomatic dispute between Britain and Spain over the latter's abolition of the city's international institutions in November 1940 led to a further guarantee of British rights and a Spanish promise not to fortify the area.[66] The territory was restored to its pre-war status on October 11, 1945.[67]

Moroccan independence

The Tangier International Zone played an important role in the campaign for Moroccan independence.[68] Because of its legal status as an international zone, activists were able to meet in Tangier, relatively protected from the French and Spanish authorities.[68] In 1951, the National Front was created in Tangier, a pact between Morocco's four nationalist parties to coordinate their campaign to achieve Moroccan independence.[69]

In July 1952 the protecting powers met at Rabat to discuss the International Zone's future, agreeing to abolish it. Tangier joined with the rest of Morocco following the restoration of full sovereignty in 1956.[70] At the time of the handover, Tangier had a population of around 40,000 Muslims; 31,000 Christians; and 15,000 Jews.[71]

Geography

Tangier from space (2005)

Central Tangier lies about 23 km (14 mi) east of Cape Spartel, the southern half of the Strait of Gibraltar.[51] It nestles between two hills at the northwest end of the Bay of Tangier, which historically formed the best natural harbour anywhere on the Moroccan coast before the increasing size of ships required anchorage to be made further and further from shore.[51] The shape of the gradually-rising underlying terrain creates the effect of the city as an amphitheatre, with the commercial district in the middle.[51] The western hill (French: La Montagne) is the site of the city's citadel or kasbah. The eastern hill forms Cape Malabata,[15] sometimes proposed as the point for a strait crossing.[72] (Years of studies have, however, made no real progress thus far.)[73]

The Marshan is a plateau about 1,189 metres (3,900 ft) long spreading west of downtown along the sea.[15]

Climate

Tangier has a mediterranean climate (Köppen Csa) with heavier rainfall than most parts of North Africa and nearby areas on the Iberian Peninsula owing to its exposed location.[74] The prevailing winds blow from the sea and have kept the site generally healthy even in earlier times with much poorer sanitation.[28] The summers are relatively hot and sunny and the winters are wet and mild. Frost is rare, although a new low of −4.2 °C (24.4 °F) was recorded in January 2005.[74]

Climate data for Tangier (
Tangier Airport
) 1961–1990, extremes 1917–1963
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.0
(71.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		24.0
(75.2) 		29.1
(84.4) 		31.9
(89.4) 		33.5
(92.3) 		36.7
(98.1) 		38.2
(100.8) 		35.8
(96.4) 		30.4
(86.7) 		27.0
(80.6) 		24.0
(75.2) 		38.2
(100.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 16.2
(61.2) 		16.8
(62.2) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.2
(66.6) 		21.9
(71.4) 		24.9
(76.8) 		28.3
(82.9) 		28.6
(83.5) 		27.3
(81.1) 		23.7
(74.7) 		19.6
(67.3) 		17.0
(62.6) 		21.8
(71.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 12.5
(54.5) 		13.1
(55.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.7
(63.9) 		20.6
(69.1) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		19.7
(67.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		13.3
(55.9) 		17.7
(63.9)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.8
(47.8) 		9.4
(48.9) 		10.1
(50.2) 		11.2
(52.2) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		18.7
(65.7) 		19.1
(66.4) 		18.3
(64.9) 		15.6
(60.1) 		12.2
(54.0) 		9.7
(49.5) 		13.6
(56.5)
Record low °C (°F) −4.2
(24.4) 		0.8
(33.4) 		4.2
(39.6) 		5.8
(42.4) 		7.4
(45.3) 		10.2
(50.4) 		10.5
(50.9) 		14.0
(57.2) 		10.0
(50.0) 		9.0
(48.2) 		4.8
(40.6) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		−4.2
(24.4)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 103.5
(4.07) 		98.7
(3.89) 		71.8
(2.83) 		62.2
(2.45) 		37.3
(1.47) 		13.9
(0.55) 		2.1
(0.08) 		2.5
(0.10) 		14.9
(0.59) 		65.1
(2.56) 		134.6
(5.30) 		129.3
(5.09) 		735.9
(28.97)
Average precipitation days 11.2 11.4 10.1 9.3 6.1 3.7 0.8 0.8 3.1 8.0 11.1 12.0 87.6
Average
relative humidity
(%) 		80 81 78 78 76 74 70 72 73 76 79 81 76
Mean monthly sunshine hours 169.2 166.9 231.7 251.7 298.9 306.8 344.0 330.7 275.6 238.2 180.6 166.9 2,960.7
Source 1: NOAA[75]
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1973–1993)[76]

Subdivisions

The current prefecture is divided administratively into the following:[77]

Name Geographic code Type Households Population (2004) Foreign population Moroccan population Notes
Assilah
 511.01.01. Municipality 6,245 28,217 66 28,151
Bni Makada 511.01.03. Arrondissement 47,384 238,382 74 238,308
Charf-Mghogha 511.01.05. Arrondissement 30,036 141,987 342 141,645
Charf-Souani 511.01.06. Arrondissement 25,948 115,839 273 115,566
Tanger-Medina 511.01.07. Arrondissement 40,929 173,477 2,323 171,154
Al Manzla 511.03.01. Rural commune 555 3,031 0 3,031
Aquouass Briech 511.03.03. Rural commune 787 4,132 3 4,129
Azzinate 511.03.05. Rural commune 920 4,895 0 4,895
Dar Chaoui 511.03.07. Rural commune 877 4,495 0 4,495 1,424 residents live in the centre, called Dar Chaoui; 3,071 residents live in rural areas.
Lkhaloua 511.03.09. Rural commune 2,405 12,946 1 12,945
Sahel Chamali 511.03.11. Rural commune 1,087 5,588 2 5,586
Sidi Lyamani 511.03.13. Rural commune 1,883 10,895 1 10,894 1,101 residents live in the centre, called Sidi Lyamani; 9,794 residents live in rural areas.
Boukhalef 511.81.03. Rural commune 3,657 18,699 4 18,695 3,187 residents live in the centre, called Gueznaia; 15,512 residents live in rural areas.

Economy

Main articles:
Tanger-Med
The Port of Tangier harbor
Port of Tangier
Street in Tangier's Medina ("Old City")

Tangier is Morocco's second most important industrial centre after

Tangier Free Zone
).

Tangier's economy relies heavily on tourism. In the 1960s and '70s, Tangier formed part of the hippie trail.[78] It became less popular and tourist attractions became run-down as cheap flights made central Moroccan cities like Marrakesh more accessible to European tourists; crime rose and a somewhat dangerous reputation drove more tourists away.[78] Since 2010, however, King Mohammed VI has made a point of restoring the city's shipping and tourist facilities and improving its industrial base. Among other improvements, the beach was cleaned and lined with new cafes and clubs; the new commercial port means cruise ships no longer unload beside cargo containers.[78]

Seaside resorts have been increasing with projects funded by foreign investments.

Tanger-Med
") and its industrial parks, a 45,000-seat sports stadium, an expanded business district, and renovated tourist infrastructure.

Tanger-Med, a new port 40 km (25 mi) outside Tangier proper, began construction in 2004 and became functional in 2007. Its site plays a key role in connecting maritime regions, as it is in a very critical position on the Strait of Gibraltar, which passes between Europe and Africa. The makeup of the new port is 85% transhipment 15% for domestic import and export activities.[79] The port is distinguished by its size, infrastructure, and efficiency in managing the flow of ships. Tanger-Med has linked Morocco to Europe's freight industry. It has also helped connect Morocco to countries in the Mediterranean, Africa, and America. The port has allowed Tangier to become a more globalised city with new international opportunities that will help facilitate economic growth.[80] The construction and operation of the port aimed to create 120,000 new jobs, 20,000 at the port and 100,000 resulting from growing economic activity.

Tetuan and elsewhere.[81] Mass farming of tangerines instead began in Florida in the United States, where the first tree was introduced at Palatka by a Major Atway sometime before 1843.[82]

Artisanal trade in the medina ("Old City") specialises mainly in

leather working
, handicrafts made from wood and silver, traditional clothing, and Moroccan-style shoes.

The city has grown quickly due to

rural exodus from other smaller cities and villages. The 2014 population is more than three-times larger than 32 years ago (850.000 inhabitants in 2014 vs. 250,000 in 1982).[citation needed
] This phenomenon has resulted in the appearance of peripheral suburban districts, mainly inhabited by poor people, that often lack sufficient infrastructure.

In 2023 Tangier hosted the Connect route development forum.[83][84]

Notable landmarks

Gate of the Kasabah
Portal of the Grand Mosque of Tangier
Fountains of Bab al-Assa

The old town is still surrounded by the remains of what was once more than 1,829 metres (6,000 ft) of stone rampart. Most of it dates to the town's Portuguese occupation, with restoration work later undertaken at different times. Three major bastions were the Irish Tower (Bordj al-Naʿam), York Castle (Bordj dar al-Barud), and the Bordj al-Salam.[15]

Transport

Al Boraq at the Tanger-Ville Railway Terminal

Kenitra–Tangier high-speed rail line, was inaugurated, linking Tangier to Casablanca in 2 hours, 10 minutes. By 2020 improvements between Casablanca and Kenitra
are planned to further reduce the journey to 1 hour and 30 minutes.

The

Ibn Batouta International Airport
(formerly known as Tangier-Boukhalef) is 15 km (9 mi) south-west of the city centre.

The new

A. P. Moller–Maersk Group
and will free up the old port for tourist and recreational development.

Tangier's

Mediterranean. It is slated for rapid urban development. The Ibn Batouta International Airport has been modernised to accommodate more flights. The biggest airline at the airport is Royal Air Maroc
.

Education

Tangier offers four types of education systems: Arabic, French, Spanish and English. Each offers classes starting from pre-Kindergarten up to the 12th grade, as for German in the three last years of high school. The Baccalauréat, or high school diploma are the diplomas offered after clearing the 12 grades.

Many universities are inside and outside the city. Universities like the Institut Supérieur International de Tourisme (ISIT), which grants diplomas, offer courses ranging from

engineering school for applied sciences. University known as Abdelmaled Essaadi holding many what they mainly known as faculties; Law, Economics and Social sciences (FSJEST
) and the FST of Technical Sciences. and the most attended Institut of ISTA of the OFPPT.

Primary education

There are more than a hundred Moroccan primary schools, dispersed across the city. Private and public schools, they offer education in Arabic, French and some school English until the 5th grade. Mathematics, Arts, Science Activities and nonreligious modules are commonly taught in the primary school.

International primary institutions

  • American School of Tangier
  • École Adrien Berchet (French primary school)
  • Groupe scolaire Le Détroit
    (French school)
  • Colegio Ramón y Cajal (Spanish primary school)
  • English College of Tangier

International high schools

Culture

The Fanatics of Tangier (1830s) by Eugène Delacroix
Mequinez Palace (1845) by Eugène Delacroix
Young Ladies on a Terrace in Tangiers (1880s) by Rudolf Ernst
Dusk at Tangier (1914) by Enrique Simonet

Never in my life have I observed anything more bizarre than the first sight of Tangier. It is a tale out of the

Thousand and One Nights... A prodigious mix of races and costumes...This whole world moves about with an activity that seems feverish.

— Eugène Delacroix, in a letter to Alexis de Tocqueville[85]

When

Matisse made several sojourns in Tangier, always staying at the Grand Hotel Villa de France. "I have found landscapes in Morocco," he claimed, "exactly as they are described in Delacroix's paintings." His students in turn had their own; the Californian artist Richard Diebenkorn
was directly influenced by the haunting colours and rhythmic patterns of Matisse's Morocco paintings.

The multicultural placement of

Rolling Stones
, who all lived in or visited Tangier during different periods of the 20th century.

In the 1940s and until 1956 when the city was an

Second World War the Office of Strategic Services operated out of Tangier for various operations in North Africa.[88]

Around the same time, a circle of writers emerged which was to have a profound and lasting literary influence. This included

Mohammed Mrabet and Ahmed Yacoubi. Among the best known works from this period is Choukri's For Bread Alone. Originally written in Classical Arabic, the English edition was the result of close collaboration with Bowles (who worked with Choukri to provide the translation and supplied the introduction). Tennessee Williams described it as "a true document of human desperation, shattering in its impact." Independently, William S. Burroughs lived in Tangier for four years and wrote Naked Lunch, whose locale of Interzone
is an allusion to the city.

After several years of gradual disentanglement from Spanish and French colonial control, Morocco reintegrated the city of Tangier at the signing of the

Tangier Protocol on 29 October 1956. Tangier remains a very popular tourist destination for cruise ships and day visitors from Spain and Gibraltar
.

Language

Most of the inhabitants of Tangier speak a very distinctive variety of Moroccan Arabic which differs from other Darija counterparts. The difference resides in pronunciation, tempo, grammar and a unique vocabulary. Arabic is used in government documentation and on road signs together with French. French is taught in primary schools and high schools and used in universities and large businesses. Spanish is well understood and spoken fluently, mainly exclusively by Tangierian locals. English, on the other hand, has been and still is used in tourist sectors.

The autochthonous population of Tangier has been declining drastically since the mid 2000s, as many locals, especially those from the younger generations, have moved to nearby Spain. While the industrial sector is expanding constantly, the internal immigration from the south to north is increasing rapidly. As a consequence, the Tangierian dialect is losing its distinctiveness or is being altered (in a recent study, social media has been depicted as one of these factors).

Nowadays, the Tangierian dialect is less prominent in public places, with the southern Darija dialect being more common in the area, to the extent that some observers question if Tangier retains its identity as it was before.

Religion

The Catholic Cathedral of Tangier

Due to its Christian past before the Muslim conquest, it remains a

Roman Catholic Church.[4] Originally, the city was part of the larger Roman province of Mauretania Caesariensis, which included much of North Africa. Later the area was subdivided, with the eastern part keeping the former name and the newer part receiving the name of Mauretania Tingitana. It is not known exactly at what period there may have been an episcopal see at Tangier in ancient times, but in the Middle Ages Tangier was used as a titular see (i.e., an honorific fiction for the appointment of curial and auxiliary bishops), placing it in Mauretania Tingitana. For the historical reasons given above, one official list of the Roman Curia
places the see in Mauretania Caesarea.

Towards the end of the 3rd century, Tangier was the scene of the martyrdoms of St. Marcellus, mentioned in the Roman Martyrology on 30 October, and of St. Cassian, mentioned on 3 December.[4]

Under the Portuguese, the

Archdiocese of Tangier.[89]

Moroccan Christians from Tangier.

The city also has the Anglican

Protestant residents.[90][91]

Jews have a

Jews formed almost a quarter the population of Tangier.[51][4] According to the World Jewish Congress there were only 150 Moroccan Jews remaining in Tangier.[92]

Sport

Tangierians regard football as the primary entertainment when it comes to sport-material. There are several football fields around the city. Tangier would have been one of the host cities for the 2015 Africa Cup of Nations football tournament, which would be played at the new Ibn Batouta Stadium and in other cities across Morocco, until Morocco was banned from participating the Africa Cup of Nations due to their denial.[93] Instead Tangier will host matches for the 2025 edition after Guinea withdraw from hosting. It could also host matches for the 2030 FIFA World Cup.

Basketball comes the second most practised sport in Tangier. The city is known for their local teams IRT, Ajax Tanger, Juventus Tangier and so on.

Sri Lanka competed in a 50-overs one day triangular series. The International Cricket Council has granted international status to the Tangier Cricket Stadium, official approval that will allow it to become North Africa
's first international cricket venue.

Museums

The Museum of the American Legation, whose building was granted to the United States in 1821 by the Sultan Moulay Suliman served as a consulate of the United States and a later legation, as well as a high traffic post for the intelligence agents of the Second World War and a Peace Corps training facility. Today, its courtyards and narrow corridors serve as an elaborate museum that demonstrates relations between the United States and Morocco and the Moroccan heritage, including a wing dedicated to Paul Bowles, where you can see the documents and photographs of the writer donated to the museum by the gallerist and friend of the writer Gloria Kirby in 2010.[94]

Fondation Lorin (Musée de la Fondation Lorin) opened in 1930 in a former synagogue. In addition to art, there are newspapers, photographs and posters on display.[95]

In popular culture

Main article: Tangier in popular culture

Espionage

Tangier has been reputed as a

spying activities.[96] Its position during the Cold War
and during other spying periods of the 19th and 20th centuries is legendary.

Tangier acquired the reputation of a spying and smuggling centre and attracted foreign capital due to political neutrality and commercial liberty at that time. It was via a British bank in Tangier that the Bank of England in 1943 for the first time obtained samples of the high-quality forged British currency produced by the Nazis in "Operation Bernhard".

The city has also been a subject for many spy fiction books and films.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Tangier

Twin towns – sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Morocco

Tangier is twinned with:[99]

Gallery

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^
    High Commission for Planning
    . 20 March 2015. p. 8. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  2. ^ Ghaki (2015), p. 67.
  3. ^ a b Head et al. (1911).
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i Cath. Enc. (1913).
  5. ISBN 978-92-3-102376-7
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General bibliography

See also: Bibliography of the history of Tangier

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tangier.
Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article "Tangier".
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Tangier.
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