Tantric sex
Tantric sex or sexual yoga refers to a range of practices in
The actual terms used in the classical texts to refer to this practice include "
While there may be some connection between these practices and the Kāmashāstra literature (which include the Kāmasūtra), the two practice traditions are separate methods with separate goals. As the British Indologist Geoffrey Samuel notes, while the kāmasāstra literature is about the pursuit of sexual pleasure (kāmā), sexual yoga practices are often aimed towards the quest for liberation (moksha).[3]
History
In its earliest forms, Tantric intercourse was usually directed to generate sexual fluids that constituted the "preferred offering of the Tantric deities."
The Brhadaranyaka Upanisad contains various sexual rituals and practices which are mostly aimed at obtaining a child which are concerned with the loss of male virility and power.[6] One passage from the Brhadaranyaka Upanishad states:
Her vulva is the sacrificial ground; her pubic hair is the sacred grass; her labia majora are the Soma-press; and her labia minora are the fire blazing at the centre. A man who engages in sexual intercourse with this knowledge obtains as great a world as a man who performs a Soma sacrifice, and he appropriates to himself the merits of the women with whom he has sex. The women, on the other hand, appropriate to themselves the merits of a man who engages in sexual intercourse with them without this knowledge. (
Brhadaranyaka Upanishad 6.4.3, trans. Olivelle 1998: 88)[7]
According to Samuel, late Vedic texts like the
Tantric sexual practices are often seen as exceptional and elite, and not accepted by all sects. They are found only in some tantric literature belonging to Buddhist and Hindu Tantra, but are entirely absent from Jain Tantra.[9] In the Kaula tradition and others where sexual fluids as power substances and ritual sex are mentioned, scholars disagree in their translations, interpretations and practical significance.[10][11][12]
Emotions, eroticism and sex are universally regarded in Tantric literature as natural, desirable, a means of transformation of the deity within. Pleasure and sex is another aspect of life and a "root of the universe", whose purpose extends beyond procreation and is another means to spiritual journey and fulfillment.[13] This idea flowers with the inclusion of kama art in Hindu temple arts, and its various temple architecture and design manuals such as the Shilpa-prakasha by the Hindu scholar Ramachandra Kulacara.[13]
Practice
In Hinduism
The actual term used in Hindu classical texts to refer to this practice is
Jayanta Bhatta, the 9th-century scholar of the Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy and who commented on Tantra literature, stated that the Tantric ideas and spiritual practices are mostly well placed, but it also has "immoral teachings" such as by the so-called "Nilambara" sect where its practitioners "wear simply one blue garment, and then as a group engage in unconstrained public sex" on festivals. He wrote, this practice is unnecessary and it threatens fundamental values of society.[15]
Ascetics of the Shaivite school of Mantramarga, in order to gain supernatural power, reenacted the penance of Shiva after cutting off one of Brahma's heads (Bhikshatana). They worshipped Shiva with impure substances like alcohol, blood and sexual fluids generated in orgiastic rites with their consorts.[16]
Douglas Renfrew Brooks states that the antinomian elements such as the use of intoxicating substances and sex were not
As part of tantric inversion of social regulations, sexual yoga often recommends the usage of consorts from the most taboo groups available, such as close relatives or people from the lowest, most contaminated castes. They must be young and beautiful, as well as initiates in tantra.[19]
In Buddhism
According to English, Buddhist sexual rites were incorporated from Shaiva tantra.[19] One of the earliest mentions of sexual yoga is in the Mahayana Buddhist Mahāyānasūtrālamkāra of Asanga (c. 5th century). The passage states:
Supreme self-control is achieved in the reversal of sexual intercourse in the blissful Buddha-poise and the untrammelled vision of one's spouse.[8]
According to David Snellgrove, the text's mention of a ‘reversal of sexual intercourse’ might indicate the practice of withholding ejaculation. Snellgrove states:
It is by no means improbable that already by the fifth century when Asanga was writing, these techniques of sexual yoga were being used in reputable Buddhist circles, and that Asanga himself accepted such a practice as valid. The natural power of the breath, inhaling and exhaling, was certainly accepted as an essential force to be controlled in Buddhist as well as Hindu yoga. Why therefore not the natural power of the sexual force? [...] Once it is established that sexual yoga was already regarded by Asanga as an acceptable yogic practice, it becomes far easier to understand how Tantric treatises, despite their apparent contradiction of previous Buddhist teachings, were so readily canonized in the following centuries.[20]
Deities like
In some forms of Buddhism, tantric sex is strongly associated with the practice of
Japanese Buddhism
12th-century Japanese school
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Tibetan Buddhism
In Tibetan Buddhism, the higher tantric yogas are generally preceded by preliminary practices (Tib. ngondro), which include sutrayana practices (i.e. non-tantric Mahayana practices) as well as preliminary tantric meditations. Tantric initiation is required to enter into the practice of tantra.
Tibetan tantric practice refers to the main
In the completion stage, the focus is shifted from the form of the deity to direct realization of ultimate reality (which is defined and explained in various ways). Completion stage practices also include techniques that work with the subtle body substances (Skt. bindu, Tib. thigle) and "vital winds" (vayu, lung), as well as the luminous or clear light nature of the mind. They are often grouped into different systems, such as the six dharmas of Naropa, or the six yogas of Kalachakra.
Karmamudrā refers to the female
See also
- Coitus reservatus
- Mahamudra
- Yab-yum
- Yogini
References
- ^ Flood 1996, pp. 159–160.
- ^ Flood 2006, pp. i–ii.
- ^ Samuel 2010, p. 273.
- ^ a b c d White 2000, p. 17.
- ^ a b Baier, Maas & Preisendanz 2018, p. [page needed]
- ^ a b Samuel 2010, p. 283.
- ^ Samuel 2010, p. 282.
- ^ a b Samuel 2010, p. 276.
- ^ Gray 2016, p. 17.
- ^ Flood 2006, pp. 164–168.
- ^ Larson 2008, pp. 154–157.
- ^ Payne 2006, pp. 19–20.
- ^ a b Flood 2006, pp. 84–86.
- ^ Rawson 1978, p. [page needed].
- ^ Flood 2006, pp. 48–49.
- ^ English 2013, p. 40.
- ^ Brooks 1990, pp. 69–71.
- ^ Gray 2016, p. 11.
- ^ a b c English 2013, p. 41.
- ^ Snellgrove 1987, p. 127.
- ^ Flood 2006, pp. 84–85.
- ^ a b c Stevens 1990, p. [page needed]
- ^ Jamgön Kongtrül 2005, p. 74.
- ^ Jamgön Kongtrül 2008.
- ^ Powers 2007, p. 250.
- ^ Garson 2004, p. 52.
- ^ Kragh (2015), pp. 381–386
- ^ Tsong-Kha-Pa (2005), p. 70
Works cited
- Baier, Karl; Maas, Philipp André; Preisendanz, Karin (2018). Yoga in Transformation: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. V&R Unipress. ISBN 978-3-73700-862-4.
- Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1990). The Secret of the Three Cities: An Introduction to Hindu Sakta Tantrism. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-07569-3.
- English, Elizabeth (2013). Vajrayogini: Her Visualization, Rituals, and Forms. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-861-71657-9.
- ISBN 978-0-521-43878-0.
- ISBN 978-1-84511-011-6.
- Garson, Nathaniel DeWitt (2004). Penetrating the Secret Essence Tantra: Context and Philosophy in the Mahayoga System of rNying-ma Tantra.[full citation needed]
- Gray, David B. (2016). "Tantra and the Tantric Traditions of Hinduism and Buddhism". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199340378.
- Jamgön Kongtrül (2005). The Treasury of Knowledge, Book Six, Part Four Systems of Buddhist Tantra. Translated by Elio Guarisco and Ingrid McLeod. Snow Lion Publications.
- Jamgön Kongtrül (2008). The Treasury of Knowledge: Book Eight, Part Three: The Elements of Tantric Practice. Translated by Elio Guarisco and Ingrid McLeod. Shambhala Publications.
- Kragh, Ulrich Timme (2015). Tibetan Yoga and Mysticism A Textual Study of the Yogas of Naropa and Mahamudra Meditation in the Medieval Tradition of Dags po. Studia Philologica Buddhica. Tokyo: International Institute for Buddhist Studies. ISBN 978-4-906267-72-9.
- JSTOR 25608318.
- Payne, Richard K. (2006). Tantric Buddhism in East Asia. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 978-0-86171-487-2.
- Powers, J. (2007). Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism (Rev ed.). Ithaca: Shambhala. ISBN 978-1559392822.
- Rawson, Philip (1978). The Art of Tantra. Thames & Hudson.
- ISBN 978-0521695343.
- Snellgrove, D. L. (1987). Indo-Tibetan Buddhism: Indian Buddhists and their Tibetan Successors. Serindia.
- ISBN 978-0834829343.
- ISBN 1-55939-234-7.
- White, David Gordon, ed. (2000). Tantra in Practice. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-05779-8.
Further reading
- Boner, Alice; Śarmā, Sadāśiva Rath (1966). Silpa Prakasa Medieval Orissan Sanskrit Text on Temple Architecture. Brill Archive. OCLC 29092186.
- Harle, James C. (1994). The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-06217-5.
- Rabe, Michael (2001). David Gordon White (ed.). Tantra in Practice. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 442–443. ISBN 978-81-208-1778-4.
- ISBN 978-0-226-02783-8.
- White, David Gordon (2005). "Tantrism: An Overview". In Jones, Lindsay (ed.). MacMillan Encyclopedia of Religion. Macmillan Publishers.