Tanukhids
Tanukh تنوخ | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
196 AD–1100 AD | |||||||||||||
Queen Mavia | |||||||||||||
Historical era | Classical Age to the Early Middle Ages | ||||||||||||
• Established | 196 AD | ||||||||||||
• Conversion to Christianity | 3rd or 4th century | ||||||||||||
• Revolt of Queen Mavia | 378 AD | ||||||||||||
• Conversion to Islam | 8th century | ||||||||||||
1096–1099 AD | |||||||||||||
• Disestablished | 1100 AD | ||||||||||||
|
The Tanûkhids (
Queen Mavia, was in Aleppo.[1] During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Tanukhid strongholds were the cities of Qinnasrin and Maarat al-Numan
.
Historical Arab states and dynasties |
---|
History
In the late 2nd century, a branch of the tribe of Azd, from Southern Arabia, migrated to
Lakhmid, because Jadhima had no sons, thus establishing the Lakhmid dynasty. Other Tanukhids settled in Syria.[citation needed] 'Amr ibn 'Adi is claimed in the Arab legends to have been the sole victor in the war against Zenobia's Palmyrene Empire, but these myths "are probably an amalgam of fact and fiction."[2] It is clear, however, that the Tanukhids played a key role in the defeat of Zenobia's forces by Emperor Aurelian
.
In the 4th century AD, the Tanukhids became the first Arab tribe to serve as Queen Mavia led them in a revolt against Emperor Valens. A truce was struck and was respected for a time, with Mavia even sending a fleet of cavalry in response to Roman requests for assistance in staving off an attack by the Goths. The alliance crumbled under Theodosius I, with the Tanukhids again revolting against Roman rule.[6]
The Tanukhids were Christianised in the 3rd or 4th centuries, likely while in the eastern half of the
Battle of Yarmouk. After Yarmouk, their status as foederati ended.[8] They were described as an "autonomous Christian community in Bilad al-Sham" up until the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi (r. 775–785), after which they appear as Muslims. Their conversion to Islam is believed to have been forced upon them by al-Mahdi.[9][10]
In the 11th century, the
Druze community in Lebanon, when most of them accepted and adopted the new message, due to their leadership's close ties with then Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.[11] In the 14th century, the central parts of Mount Lebanon were described as a Tanukhid stronghold, housing both Druze and Shiite Muslims.[12] Members of the Tanukhids in Mount Lebanon include Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi, a prominent 15th century Druze theologian and commentator; and Muhammad bin al-Muwaffaq al-Tanukhi, an emir and Shiite Muslim who lived in the 13th century.[13]
See also
References
- ISBN 0-415-11376-8p. 98-102
- ^ Southern, P. (2008) Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen, Continuum, London, p.108
- ISBN 9781780765648.
- ISBN 9781451408126.
The Tanukhids (whose territory spread from southwestern Iraq to southern Syria) were known for their devotion to Saint Thomas...
- ISBN 9780884023470.
- ^ Ball, 2001, pp. 97-102
- ISBN 9780884021162.
- ^ Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Bernard Lewis; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 10, Parts 163-178. Brill. pp. 191–2.
- ISBN 9780884023470.
- ISBN 9789069800547.
- ISBN 9780195181111.
- ISBN 9786144451366.
- ^ Yunini, Abu'l-Fath. Dhayl Mir'at Al Zaman (in Arabic).
Bibliography
- Ball, Warwick (2001), Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire, ISBN 0-415-11376-8
Further reading
- Shahîd, Rome and the Arabs: a Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs (Washington: Dumbarton Oaks) 1984. The opening volume of Shahîd's multi-volume history of Byzantium and the Arabs.