Tanukhids

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Tanukh
تنوخ
196 AD–1100 AD
Queen Mavia
Historical eraClassical Age to the Early Middle Ages
• Established
196 AD
• Conversion to Christianity
3rd or 4th century
• Revolt of Queen Mavia
378 AD
• Conversion to Islam
8th century
1096–1099 AD
• Disestablished
1100 AD
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Arabia Petraea
Roman Syria
Salihids
Lakhmids

The Tanûkhids (

Queen Mavia, was in Aleppo.[1] During the 8th and 9th centuries, the Tanukhid strongholds were the cities of Qinnasrin and Maarat al-Numan
.

History

In the late 2nd century, a branch of the tribe of Azd, from Southern Arabia, migrated to

Lakhmid, because Jadhima had no sons, thus establishing the Lakhmid dynasty. Other Tanukhids settled in Syria.[citation needed] 'Amr ibn 'Adi is claimed in the Arab legends to have been the sole victor in the war against Zenobia's Palmyrene Empire, but these myths "are probably an amalgam of fact and fiction."[2] It is clear, however, that the Tanukhids played a key role in the defeat of Zenobia's forces by Emperor Aurelian
.

In the 4th century AD, the Tanukhids became the first Arab tribe to serve as

Queen Mavia led them in a revolt against Emperor Valens. A truce was struck and was respected for a time, with Mavia even sending a fleet of cavalry in response to Roman requests for assistance in staving off an attack by the Goths. The alliance crumbled under Theodosius I, with the Tanukhids again revolting against Roman rule.[6]

The Tanukhids were Christianised in the 3rd or 4th centuries, likely while in the eastern half of the

Battle of Yarmouk. After Yarmouk, their status as foederati ended.[8] They were described as an "autonomous Christian community in Bilad al-Sham" up until the reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Mahdi (r. 775–785), after which they appear as Muslims. Their conversion to Islam is believed to have been forced upon them by al-Mahdi.[9][10]

In the 11th century, the

Druze community in Lebanon, when most of them accepted and adopted the new message, due to their leadership's close ties with then Fatimid caliph al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah.[11] In the 14th century, the central parts of Mount Lebanon were described as a Tanukhid stronghold, housing both Druze and Shiite Muslims.[12] Members of the Tanukhids in Mount Lebanon include Al-Sayyid al-Tanukhi, a prominent 15th century Druze theologian and commentator; and Muhammad bin al-Muwaffaq al-Tanukhi, an emir and Shiite Muslim who lived in the 13th century.[13]

See also

References

  1. p. 98-102
  2. ^ Southern, P. (2008) Zenobia: Palmyra's Rebel Queen, Continuum, London, p.108
  3. .
  4. . The Tanukhids (whose territory spread from southwestern Iraq to southern Syria) were known for their devotion to Saint Thomas...
  5. .
  6. ^ Ball, 2001, pp. 97-102
  7. .
  8. ^ Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb; Bernard Lewis; Johannes Hendrik Kramers; Charles Pellat; Joseph Schacht (1998). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume 10, Parts 163-178. Brill. pp. 191–2.
  9. .
  10. .
  11. .
  12. .
  13. ^ Yunini, Abu'l-Fath. Dhayl Mir'at Al Zaman (in Arabic).

Bibliography

  • Ball, Warwick (2001), Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire,

Further reading

  • Shahîd, Rome and the Arabs: a Prolegomenon to the Study of Byzantium and the Arabs (Washington: Dumbarton Oaks) 1984. The opening volume of Shahîd's multi-volume history of Byzantium and the Arabs.