Taovaya people
Total population | |
---|---|
fewer than 2,953 Wichita and Affiliated Tribes |
The Taovaya tribe of the
Synonymy
The Taovaya have also been called the Aijado, Tahuayase, Taouaize, Tawehash, Teguayo, Toaya, and Towash.[2]
Culture
Taovaya culture and language was closely related to those of other tribes of the Wichita. They were a semi-agrarian society whose main crops consisted of maize (corn), beans, melons, gourds, and tobacco. Hunting practices consisted of taking on bison, deer and other smaller game.[2]
Early history
The Taovaya are part of the Wichita tribes, which also include the
In 1541,
From about 1630 to 1710, the Taovaya might have lived near present-day Marion, Kansas, where archaeological sites belonging to the Great Bend aspect have been discovered.[5]
18th-century history
In 1719, French explorer
By the 18th century, the
The Taovaya were allied with the French, and in 1746 the French brokered a peace between the Taovaya and other Wichita with the Comanche. The Taovaya achieved their maximum influence during the next few decades. The village at Spanish Fort was "a lively emporium where Comanches brought Apache slaves, horses and mules to trade for French packs of powder, balls, knives, and textiles and for Taovayas-grown maize, melons, pumpkins, squash, and tobacco."[7]
As French allies, the Taovaya ran afoul of the
The Taovaya continued to wage war against the Spanish and their
The French loss of their American colonies in 1763 in the
19th-century history
The Taovaya as a distinct tribe ended rather suddenly. In 1811, their chief, Awahakei, died during a visit to Americans in Natchitoches, Louisiana. The tribe did not select another leader and fragmented. Some joined the Tawakoni on the Brazos River. The Americans came to collectively call them "Wichita."[14]
In 1835, the Taovaya signed a treaty with the Americans and were relocated from Texas to an Indian reservation in southwest Indian Territory.[2]
Legacy
The site of the 1759 Taovaya victory over Spain during the Battle of the Twin Villages received a historic marker in 1976.[15] Its coordinates are 33°56′52.9434″N 97°36′58.33″W / 33.948039833°N 97.6162028°W.
The Taovayan Valley, a geographic region encompassing the area between the Wichita Mountains and the Red River of the South, is named after the tribe. The region was the tribe's last stronghold prior to removal to Indian Territory.
See also
- Southern Plains villagers
- Etzanoa, Kansas
- Francisco Xavier Chaves, 1760-1832, Negotiated peace for Texas with Taovaya and Comanche in 1785.
- Pedro Vial, 1746-1814, Frenchman who lived with Taovaya as gunsmith and trader.
- Spanish Fort, Texas
Notes
- ^ Gately, Paul (8 July 2018). "Native Americans chose Waco for water and abundance, like others". 10 KWTX. Retrieved 8 December 2018.
- ^ a b c d Jelks, Edward B. "Taovaya Indians". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 11 December 2018.
- ^ Susan C. Vehik, "Wichita Culture History," Plains Anthropologist 37, no. 131 (1992): p. 311.
- ^ Elizabeth Ann Harper [John], "The Taovaya Indians in Frontier Trade and Diplomacy 1719–1768," Chronicles of Oklahoma, 31, no. 3 (1953): p. 269.
- ^ Vehik, 328; Roper, Donna C. "The Marion Great Bend Aspect Sits: Floodplain Settlement on the Plains." Plains Anthropologist, 47, no. 180 (2002): p. 17–32.
- ^ Anna Lewis, "La Harpe's First Expedition in Oklahoma," Chronicles of Oklahoma, 2, no.4 (December 1924): p. 344.
- ^ Earl Henry Elam, "Anglo-American Relations with the Wichita Indians in Texas, 1822–1859," Master's Thesis, Texas Technological College, 1967, p. 11.
- ^ Sam D. Ratcliffe, "'Escenas de Maritiro': Notes on the Destruction of Mission San Sabá", The Southwestern Historical Quarterly, 94, no. 4 (April 1991): pp. 507–34.
- ^ Elizabeth A. H. John, Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds (College Station: Texas A&M University Press, 1975), p. 32.
- ^ Juliana Barr, Peace Came in the Form of a Woman: Indians and Spaniards in the Texas Borderlands (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina, 2007), p. 197-99.
- ^ Pekka Haalainen, The Comanche Empire (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008), p. 96-97; Earl Henry Elam, "Anglo-American Relations with the Wichita Indians in Texas, 1822–1839," "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), 18. - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), 17. - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), 19 - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-08-15. Retrieved 2010-08-03.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link), pp. 19-20. - ^ Site of the 1759 Taovayo Victory Over Spain, From Nocona take FM 103 approximately 17 miles to Spanish Fort Marker is located next to large granite monument in center of town: Texas marker #4922.
External links
- Taovaya Indians, Texas State Historical Society
- Tawehash[usurped], Four Directions Institute
- Article about 18th-century Taovaya fortress and battle with the Spanish, Western Digs