Tap and flap consonants
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In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another.
Contrast with stops and trills
The main difference between a tap or flap and a
Taps and flaps also contrast with trills, where the airstream causes the articulator to vibrate. Trills may be realized as a single contact, like a tap or flap, but are variable, whereas a tap/flap is limited to a single contact. When a trill is brief and made with a single contact it is sometimes erroneously described as an (allophonic) tap/flap, but a true tap or flap is an active articulation whereas a trill is a passive articulation. That is, for a tap or flap the tongue makes an active gesture to contact the target place of articulation, whereas with a trill the contact is due to the vibration caused by the airstream rather than any active movement.
Tap vs. flap
Many
Later, however, he used the term flap in all cases.[2] Subsequent work on the labiodental flap has clarified the issue: flaps involve retraction of the active articulator, and a forward-striking movement.[3]
For linguists who do not make the proposed distinction above, alveolars are typically called taps, and other articulations are called flaps.
A few languages have been reported to contrast a tap and a flap (as in the proposed definition cited above) at the same place of articulation. This is the case for Norwegian, in which the alveolar apical tap /ɾ/ and the post-alveolar/retroflex apical flap /ɽ/ have the same place of articulation for some speakers,[4] and
IPA symbols
The tap and flap consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
IPA | Description | Example | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
ɾ | alveolar tap
|
Spanish | pero | [peɾo] | "but" |
ɺ | alveolar lateral flap
|
Venda | vula | [vuɺa] | "to open" |
ɽ | retroflex flap
|
Warlpiri | rdupa | [ɽupa] | "windbreak" |
ⱱ | labiodental flap
|
Karang | vbara | [ⱱara] | "animal" |
The
Tap or flaps: where no independent symbol for a tap is provided, the breve diacritic should be used, e.g. [ʀ̆] or [n̆].[6]
However, the former could be mistaken for a short trill, and is more clearly transcribed ⟨ɢ̆⟩, whereas for a nasal tap the unambiguous transcription ⟨ɾ̃⟩ is generally used.
Types of taps and flaps
Bilabial | Labio- dental |
Linguo- labial |
Dental | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | Epi- glottal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Central oral | ⱱ̟ (b̆, w̆)
|
ⱱ (v̆)
|
ɾ̼
|
ɾ̪
|
ɾ
|
ɾ̠
|
ɽ
|
ɢ̆ (ʀ̆)
|
ʡ̮ (ʢ̮)
| ||
Central nasal | ⱱ̟̃ (m̆) | ɾ̪̃ | ɾ̃ (n̆)
|
ɽ̃ (ɳ̆ )
|
|||||||
Central fricative | ɾ̞
|
||||||||||
Lateral oral | ɺ̪
|
ɺ
|
ɺ̠
|
𝼈 (ɭ̆ )
|
ʎ̮
|
ʟ̆
|
|||||
Lateral nasal | ɺ̃ |
Most of the alternative transcriptions in parentheses imply a tap rather than flap articulation, so for example the flap [ⱱ̟] and the tapped stop [b̆] are arguably distinct, as are flapped [ɽ̃] and tapped [ɳ̆].
Alveolar taps and flaps
In
Retroflex flaps
Most Indic and Dravidian languages have retroflex flaps. In Hindi there are three, a simple retroflex flap as in [bɐɽɑː] big, a murmured retroflex flap as in [koɽʱiː] leper, and a retroflex nasal flap in the Hindicized pronunciation of Sanskrit [mɐɽ̃i] ruby. Some of these may be allophonic.
A retroflex flap is also common in Norwegian dialects and some Swedish dialects.
Lateral taps and flaps
Many of the languages of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific that do not distinguish [r] from l may have a lateral flap. However, it is also possible that many of these languages do not have a lateral–central contrast at all, so that even a consistently neutral articulation may be perceived as sometimes lateral [ɺ] or [l], sometimes central [ɾ]. This has been suggested to be the case for Japanese, for example.[9]
The
A
Non-coronal flaps
The only common non-
for this sound. (Supported by some fonts: [ⱱ].) Previously, it had been transcribed with the use of the breve diacritic, [v̆], or other ad hoc symbols.
Other taps or flaps are much less common. They include an
If other flaps are found, the breve diacritic could be used to represent them, but would more properly be combined with the symbol for the corresponding voiced stop. A palatal or uvular tap or flap, which unlike a velar tap is believed to be articulatorily possible, could be represented this way (by *[ɟ̆, ɢ̆~ʀ̆]).[10]
Though deemed impossible on the IPA chart, a velar tap has been reported to occur allophonically in the Kamviri dialect of the Kamkata-vari language[11] and in Dàgáárè, though at least in the latter case this may in fact be a palatal tap.[12][13]
Nasal taps and flaps
Tapped fricatives
Voiced and voiceless tapped alveolar fricatives have been reported from a few languages. Flapped fricatives are possible but do not seem to be used.
See also
- List of phonetics topics
Notes
- ^ Ladefoged, P. (1975, 1982, 1993) A Course in Phonetics. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 1st, 2nd & 3rd editions
- ^ Spajić, Ladefoged & Bhaskararao (1996), 'The Trills of Toda', Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 26:1-21. p. 2
- ^ Olson, K. S. & Hajek, J. (2003). Crosslinguistic insights on the labial flap, "Linguistic Typology", 7: 157–186.
- ^ Moen et al. (2003) "The Articulation of the East Norwegian Apical Liquids /ɭ ɾ ɽ/"
- ^ Richard Strand, The Sound System of kâmvʹiri
- ^ "Report on the Kiel Convention", Journal of the International Phonetic Association 19:2, p 70.
- ^ Bickford & Floyd (2006) Articulatory Phonetics, Table 25.1, augmented by sources at the articles on individual consonants.
- ^ Phillips, Donald (1976) "Wahgi phonology and morphology". Pacific Linguistics B, issue 36
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), p. 243.
- ^ The IPA has recommended ⟨ʀ̆⟩, but that could be confused with an extra-short (e.g. one-contact) trill. ⟨ɢ̆⟩ is less ambiguous, because articulatorily taps are extra-short stops.
- ^ Strand, Richard F. (2010). "Nurestâni Languages". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Online Edition. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
- ISBN 978-3-96110-340-9.
- S2CID 243402135.
- ^ Laver (1994) Principles of Phonetics, p. 263.
References
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.