Electroacoustic music
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Electroacoustic music is a
Tape music
Tape music is an integral part of
Composer
Electronic music
In Cologne, elektronische Musik, pioneered in 1949–51 by the composer Herbert Eimert and the physicist Werner Meyer-Eppler, was based solely on electronically generated (synthetic) sounds, particularly sine waves.[5][6][7] The beginning of the development of electronic music has been traced back to "the invention of the valve [vacuum tube] in 1906".[5] The precise control afforded by the studio allowed for what Eimert considered to be the subjection of everything, "to the last element of the single note", to serial permutation, "resulting in a completely new way of composing sound";[8] in the studio, serial operations could be applied to elements such as timbre and dynamics. The common link between the two schools is that the music is recorded and performed through loudspeakers, without a human performer. The majority of electroacoustic pieces use a combination of recorded sound and synthesized or processed sounds, and the schism between Schaeffer's and Eimert's approaches has been overcome, the first major example being Karlheinz Stockhausen's Gesang der Jünglinge of 1955–56.[9][10]
Circuit bending
Examples of notable works
- Milton Babbitt – Philomel (1964)
- Luciano Berio – Thema (Omaggio a Joyce) (1958–59)
- Johanna Beyer – Music of the Spheres (1938)
- Konrad Boehmer – Aspekt (1964–66), Apocalipsis cum figuris (1984)
- Pierre Boulez – Répons (1981–84)
- John Cage – Imaginary Landscape No. 1 (1939)
- Synchronisms No. 6for Piano and Electronic Sound (1970)
- Halim El-Dabh – Leiyla and the Poet (1961)
- Karel Goeyvaerts – Nummer 5 met zuivere tonen (1953)
- Virgins(2013)
- Jean-Michel Jarre – Deserted Palace (1972)
- Phil Kline – Unsilent Night (1992), for cassettes in boomboxes[12]
- Gottfried Michael Koenig – Project 1 (1964), Project 2 (1966)
- Alvin Lucier – I Am Sitting in a Room (1969)
- Ivo Malec – Triola, ou Symphonie pour moi-même (1977–78)
- Luigi Nono – La fabbrica illuminata (1964), A floresta é jovem e cheia de vida (1966), Contrappunto dialettico alla mente (1968), Como una ola de fuerza y luz (1971–72)
- Pauline Oliveros – Sonic Meditations, "Teach Yourself to Fly" (1961)
- Daphne Oram - "Still Point" (1948)
- Else Marie Pade – Symphonie Magnétophonique (1958)
- Henri Pousseur – Scambi (1957), Trois Visages de Liège (1961), Paraboles-Mix (1972), Seize Paysages planétairesl (2000)
- Steve Reich – Pendulum Music (1968), for microphones, amplifiers, speakers and performers
- Pierre Schaeffer – Cinq études de bruits (1948)
- Karlheinz Stockhausen – Gesang der Jünglinge (1955–56), Kontakte (1958–60), Mixtur (1964), Mikrophonie I & II (1964 and 1965), Telemusik (1966), Hymnen (1966–67), Oktophonie (1991), Cosmic Pulses (2006–2007)
- James Tenney – For Ann (rising) (1969)
- Edgard Varèse – Poème électronique (1958)
- Charles Wuorinen – Time's Encomium (1969)
- Iannis Xenakis – Persepolis (1971)
Electronic and electroacoustic instruments
- Birotron (1974), Dave Biro
- Buchla 100 and 200 serie (1960s–70s), Buchla Lightning I (1991) and Buchla Lightning II (1995) by Don Buchla
- Cembaphon (1951), Harald Bode
- Chamberlin (1946)
- Clavinet (1964)
- Clavioline (early 1950s) and Concert Clavioline (1953), Harald Bode
- Clavivox, Circle Machine, Bass Line Generator, Rhythm Modulator, Bandito the Bongo Artist, and Electronium (1950s–60s), Raymond Scott
- DX7 (1983), Yamaha
- Elektronium (in German)
- EMS Synthi AKS (1972)
- Fairlight CMI (1978)
- Gravikord (1986), Robert Grawi
- Kraakdoos / Cracklebox (1960s–70s), Michel Waisvisz
- Mellotron (1960s)
- Melochord (1947–49), Harald Bode
- Melodium (1938), Harald Bode
- Moog synthesizer (1965), Robert Moog
- Ondioline (1939), Georges Jenny
- Optigan (1971)
- Orchestron (1975), Vako Synthesizers
- Polychord (1950) and Polychord III (1951), Harald Bode
- Electronic Sackbut (1945), Hugh Le Caine
- Sampler (musical instrument)
- Synclavier (1975), Jon Appleton, Sydney A. Alonso and Cameron Jones
- Telharmonium (1897), Thaddeus Cahill
- Theremin (1928), Leon Theremin
- Tuttivox (1953), Harald Bode
- UPIC (1977), Iannis Xenakis and CEMAMu
- Warbo Formant organ (1937), Harald Bode
Important centers of research and composition can be found around the world, and there are numerous conferences and festivals which present electroacoustic music, notably the International Computer Music Conference, the international conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression, the Electroacoustic Music Studies Conference, and the Ars Electronica Festival (Linz, Austria).
A number of national associations promote the art form, notably the Canadian Electroacoustic Community (CEC) in Canada, the Society for Electro-Acoustic Music in the United States (SEAMUS) in the US, the Australasian Computer Music Association in Australia and New Zealand, and Sound and Music (previously the Sonic Arts Network) in the UK. The Computer Music Journal and Organised Sound are the two most important peer-reviewed journals dedicated to electroacoustic studies, while several national associations produce print and electronic publications.
Festivals
There have been a number of festivals that feature electroacoustic music. Early festivals such as Donaueschingen Festival, founded in 1921, were some of the first to include electroacoustic instruments and pieces. This was followed by ONCE Festival of New Music in the 1950s, and since the 1960s there has been a growth of festivals that focus exclusively on electroacoustic music.
- 60x60 (Intl.)
- Akousma (Canada)
- Ars Electronica (Austria)
- Berlin Atonal (Germany)
- Cybersonica (UK)
- Dias de Música Electroacústica (Intl.)
- Electro-music (UK)
- Electroacoustic Music Days(Greece)
- Electronic Music Midwest (US)
- Electrofringe (Australia)
- Expo '70 (Japan)
- International Computer Music Conference (Intl.)
- International Electroacoustic Music Festival (Cuba)
- L'espace du son (Belgium)
- Les Siestes Electroniques (France)
- Music For People & Thingamajigs Festival (US)
- New Interfaces for Musical Expression (Int.)
- Numusic (Norway)
- NWEAMO (US)
- Olympia Experimental Music Festival (US)
- ONCE Festival of New Music (US)
- Présences Électroniques (France)
- Pro Musica Nova (Germany)
- Spark Festival (US)
- TodaysArt (The Netherlands)
Conferences and symposiums
Alongside paper presentations, workshops and seminars, many of these events also feature concert performances or sound installations created by those attending or which are related to the theme of the conference / symposium.
See also
- Acousmatic music
- Computer music
- Digital signal processing
- Experimental music
- International Documentation of Electroacoustic Music
- Japanoise
- List of acousmatic-music composers
- Live electronic music
- Sonology
- Sound recording and reproduction
- Sound art
References
- ^ Anon.a.
- ^ Anon.b.
- ^ Holmes 2008, 153–154, 157.
- ^ Chaudron n.d.
- ^ a b Eimert 1957, 2.
- ^ Morawska-Büngeler 1988, 11–13.
- ^ Ungeheuer 1992, 13.
- ^ Eimert 1957, 8.
- ^ Morawska-Büngeler 1988, 17.
- ^ Stockhausen 1996, 93–94.
- ^ Collins 2006, [page needed].
- ^ Midgette 2004.
Works cited
- Anon.a. Avant-Garde » Modern Composition » Tape Music at AllMusic. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
- Anon.b. Electro-Acoustic: Overview at AllMusic. Retrieved 25 May 2022.
- Chaudron, André. n.d. "Williams Mix" (Accessed 9 July 2011).
- Collins, Nicolas. 2006. Handmade Electronic Music: The Art of Hardware Hacking. New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-97592-1(pbk).
- Eimert, Herbert. 1957. "What is Electronic Music?" Die Reihe 1 [English edition] ("Electronic Music"): 1–10.
- Holmes, Thom. 2008. "Early Synthesizers and Experimenters". In his Electronic and Experimental Music: Technology, Music, and Culture, third edition. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-95782-3(pbk), (accessed 4 June 2011).
- Midgette, Anne. 2004. "Noises Off! Making a Boombox Cacophony". The New York Times (20 December).
- Morawska-Büngeler, Marietta. 1988. Schwingende Elektronen: Eine Dokumentation über das Studio für Elektronische Musik des Westdeutschen Rundfunk in Köln 1951–1986. Cologne-Rodenkirchen: P. J. Tonger Musikverlag.
- Stockhausen, Karlheinz. 1996. "Electroacoustic Performance Practice", translated by Jerome Kohl. Perspectives of New Music 34, no. 1 (Fall): 74–105.
- Ungeheuer, Elena. 1992. "Wie die elektronische Musik „erfunden" wurde...: Quellenstudie zu Werner Meyer-Epplers musikalische Entwurf zwischen 1949 und 1953." Kölner Schriften zur Neuen Musik 2, edited by ISBN 3-7957-1891-0.
Further reading
- Anon. 2007. "Untitled". The Wire 275–280.
- Beecroft, Norma. 2009. "Electronic Music in Toronto and Canada in the Analogue Era[permanent dead link]." eContact! 11.2 – Figures canadiennes (2) / Canadian Figures (2) (July 2009). Montréal: CEC.
- ISBN 0-13-303231-0.
- Doornbusch, P. 2015. "A Chronology / History of Electronic and Computer Music and Related Events 1906 – 2015" http://www.doornbusch.net/chronology/ Archived 2020-08-18 at the Wayback Machine
- Emmerson, Simon (ed.). 1986. The Language of Electroacoustic Music. London: Macmillan. ISBN 0-333-39760-6(pbk).
- Emmerson, Simon (ed.). 2000. Music, Electronic Media and Culture. Aldershot (UK) and Burlington, Vermont (US): Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 0-7546-0109-9.
- Gann, Kyle. 2000a. "It's Sound, It's Art, and Some Call It Music." The New York Times (January 9).
- Gann, Kyle. 2000. "Music; Electronic Music, Always Current." The New York Times (July 9).
- ISBN 0-19-816511-0(pbk).
- Guérin, François. 1983. Les musiques électroacoustiques. À l'écoute de la musique d'ici 2. Montréal: Centre de musique canadienne. [N.B.: Bibliographical list of Canadian electro-acoustic works.] Without ISBN.
- Heifetz, Robin Julian. 1989. On the Wires of Our Nerves: The Art of Electroacoustic Music. Cranbury, New Jersey: Associated University Presses. ISBN 0-8387-5155-5.
- ISBN 0-262-61172-4.
- Licata, Thomas (ed.). 2002. Electroacoustic Music: Analytical Perspectives. Contributions to the Study of Music and Dance, 0193-9041; no. 63. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31420-9.
- Manning, Peter. 2004. Electronic and Computer Music. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-517085-7(pbk).
- Normandeau, Robert. n.d. "Robert Normandeau Interview". Interview with Robert Normandeau On Outsight Radio Hours about electroacoustic compositions and if they are "music".
- Roads, Curtis. 1996. The Computer Music Tutorial. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-68082-3(pbk).
- Smalley, Denis. 1997. "Spectromorphology: Explaining Sound-Shapes." Organised Sound 2, no. 2:107–126.
- ISBN 3-7186-5848-8(CD).
- Wright, Edward. 2010. "Symbiosis: A Portfolio of Work Focusing on the Tensions Between Electroacoustic and Instrumental Music". PhD diss. Bangor: Bangor University.
External links
- eContact!. Freely available online, four themed issues published each year by the Canadian Electroacoustic Community.
- "Electroacoustic Bibliography" published in eContact! 8.4 – Ressources éducatives / Educational Resources (Montréal: CEC), an annotated list of journals publishing articles related to electroacoustics.