Tariqa

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A tariqa (

Arabic: طريقة, romanized: ṭarīqa) is a religious order of Sufism, or specifically a concept for the mystical teaching and spiritual practices of such an order with the aim of seeking haqiqa, which translates as "ultimate truth".[1]

A tariqa has a

faqir
). Tariqa is also believed to be the same as Tzadik of Judaism meaning the "rightly guided one".

The metaphor of "way, path" is to be understood in connection of the term sharia which also has

unio mystica
in Western mysticism. Tasawwuf, an Arabic word that refers to mysticism and Islamic esotericism, is known in the West as Sufism.

Orders of Sufism

Main article: List of Sufi orders
marifa
, which is considered "unseen" and actually located at the center of the haqiqa region. It is the essence of all four stations.

The most popular tariqa in the West is the

Maizbhandari Tariqa or Maizbhandari Sufi order[4] is a liberated Sufism order established in the Bangladesh in the 19th century by the Gausul Azam Shah Sufi Syed Ahmadullah Maizbhandari (1826 AD − 1906 AD), 27th descendant of the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. Warsi Tariqa was founded by Waris Ali Shah.[5][6]

Membership in a particular Sufi order is not exclusive, unlike the Christian monastic orders which are demarcated by firm lines of authority and sacrament. Sufis often are members of various Sufi orders.[citation needed] The non-exclusiveness of Sufi orders has consequences for the social extension of Sufism. They cannot be regarded as indulging in a zero sum competition which a purely political analysis might have suggested. Rather, their joint effect is to impart to Sufism a cumulant body of tradition, rather than individual and isolated experiences.[7]

In most cases the

Khalif from the same order as the murshid
. In some groups it is customary for the khalifa to be the son of the sheikh, although in other groups the khalīfa and the sheikh are not normally relatives. In yet other orders a successor may be identified through the spiritual dreams of its members.

Tariqas have

Caliph of Sunni Islam.[10]

Every Murid, on entering the tariqa, gets his awrad, or daily recitations, authorized by his murshid (usually to be recited before or after the pre-dawn prayer, after the afternoon prayer and after the evening prayer). Usually these recitations are extensive and time-consuming (for example the awrad may consist of reciting a certain formula 99, 500 or even 1000 times). One must also be in a state of ritual purity (as one is for the obligatory prayers to perform them while facing Mecca). The recitations change as a student (murid) moves from a mere initiate to other Sufi degrees (usually requiring additional initiations). The Initiation ceremony is routine and consists of reading chapter 1 of the Quran followed by a single phrase prayer. Criteria have to be met to be promoted in rank: the common way is to repeat a single phrase prayer 82,000 times or more as in the case of Burhaniyya, a number that grows with each achieved rank. Murids who experience unusual interaction during meditation: hear voices like "would you like to see a prophet?" or see visions who might even communicate with the Murid are held dear in the "Haḍra", the weekly group-chanting of prayers in attempt of reaching spirits as they are likely to experience something unusual and pass it on. This Murid is promoted faster than others. The least common way is to cause a miracle to happen with criteria similar to that of Catholic Sainthood.

Being mostly followers of the spiritual traditions of Islam loosely referred to as Sufism, these groups were sometimes distinct from the

Tatar
people).

History

The tariqas were particularly influential in the

Sanusi order was also highly involved in missionary work in Africa during the 19th century, spreading both Islam and a high level of literacy into Africa as far south as Lake Chad and beyond by setting up a network of zawiyas
where Islam was taught.

Much of

poetry flourished in a highly sophisticated Persianate society
.

Tariqas were brought to China in the 17th century by Ma Laichi and other Chinese Sufis who had studied in Mecca and Yemen, and had also been influenced by spiritual descendants of the Kashgarian Sufi master Afaq Khoja. On the Chinese soil the institutions became known as menhuan, and are typically headquartered near the tombs (gongbei) of their founders.[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ Tariqa, Britannica.
  2. ^ "Gyarvi Sharif". Retrieved October 3, 2022.
  3. ISBN 978-93-85295-54-6
    , Maktaba Jamia Ltd, Shamshad Market, Aligarh 202002,India.
  4. ^ Harder, Hans (2011). Sufism and Saint Veneration in Contemporary Bangladesh: The Maijbhandaris of Chittagong. Routledge.
  5. ^ Administrator. "Waris Pak". Retrieved October 3, 2022.
  6. ISBN 978-81-7435-523-2
    .
  7. ^ Sufi martyrs of love By Carl W. Ernst, Bruce B. Lawrence. Pg 28
  8. ^ Mohammad, Taher (1997). Encyclopaedic survey of Islamic culture. evolution and practice. Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.
  9. ^ Lloyd., Ridgeon (2008). Sufism. Routledge.
  10. ^ Hisham., Kabbani, Muhammad (2004). Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi tradition. Islamic Supreme Council of America.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ISBN 0-7007-1026-4
    . One of Dillon's main sources is: 馬通 (Ma Tong) (1983). Zhongguo Yisilan jiaopai yu menhuan zhidu shilue 中国伊斯兰教派与门宦制度史略 [A sketch of the history of Chinese Islamic sects and the menhuan system] (in Chinese). Yinchuan: 宁夏人民出版社 (Ningxia Renmin Chubanshe).

Bibliography

External links

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