Tau

Greek alphabet
Αα Alpha Νν Nu Ββ Beta Ξξ Xi Γγ Gamma Οο Omicron Δδ Delta Ππ Pi Εε Epsilon Ρρ Rho Ζζ Zeta Σσς Sigma Ηη Eta Ττ Tau Θθ Theta Υυ Upsilon Ιι Iota Φφ Phi Κκ Kappa Χχ Chi Λλ Lambda Ψψ Psi Μμ Mu Ωω Omega
History
Archaic local variants tsan digamma Diacritics Ligatures Numerals ϛ (6) ϟ (90) ϡ (900)
Use in other languages
Bactrian Coptic Albanian
Related topics
Use as scientific symbols
Category
v t e

Tau (/ˈtɔː, ˈtɒ, ˈtaʊ/;^[1] uppercase Τ, lowercase τ or ${\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\tau }}}$;

The name in English is pronounced /taʊ/ or /tɔː/,^[2] but in Greek it is [taf].^[3][4] This is because the pronunciation of the combination of Greek letters αυ can have the pronunciation of either [ai], [av] or [af], depending on what follows and if a diaeresis is present on the second vowel (see Greek orthography).

Tau was derived from the Phoenician letter taw (𐤕).^[5] Letters that arose from tau include Roman T and Cyrillic Te (Т, т).

The letter occupies the Unicode slots U+03C4 (lowercase) and U+03A4 (uppercase). In HTML, they can be produced with named entities (τ and Τ), decimal references (τ and Τ), or hexadecimal references (τ and Τ).

Modern usage

The lower-case letter τ is used as a symbol for:

• Specific tax amount^[6]

Biology

• The expressed period of the freerunning rhythm of an animal, i.e., the length of the daily cycle of an animal when kept in constant light or constant darkness
• The dose interval in pharmacokinetics^[7]
• The core variable in general tau theory
• Tau in biochemistry, a protein associated with microtubules and implicated in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, some forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy^[8][9]

• Divisor function in number theory, also denoted d or σ₀^{[10][note 1]}
• Golden ratio (1.618...), although φ (phi) is more common^{[11][note 1]}
• Kendall tau rank correlation coefficient in statistics^[12]
• Stopping time in stochastic processes.^{[13][note 2]}
• Tau, the ratio of the circumference to the radius of a circle, which is equal to 2π (6.28318...)^[14][15]
• Tau functions, several
• Torsion of a curve in differential geometry^{[16][note 1]}
• Translation in Euclidean geometry (although the Latin letter T is used more often)
• The Prouhet–Thue–Morse constant

Physics

• Proper time in relativity
• Shear stress in continuum mechanics
• The lifetime of a spontaneous emission process
• Tau, an elementary particle in particle physics
• Tau in astronomy is a measure of optical depth, or how much sunlight cannot penetrate the atmosphere
• In the physical sciences, tau is sometimes used as time variable, to avoid confusing t as temperature
• relaxation time) of any system, such as an RC circuit
• Torque, the rotational force in mechanics
• The symbol for tortuosity in hydrogeology
• In thermal physics, the symbol for the fundamental temperature ${\displaystyle \tau =k_{B}T}$

Symbolism

• In ancient times, tau was used as a symbol for life or resurrection, whereas the eighth letter of the Greek alphabet, theta, was considered the symbol of death.^{[citation needed]}
• In Biblical times, the
  voiceless alveolar plosive, IPA /t/^{[citation needed}
  ]
• The symbolism of the
  Cross of Tau.^{[citation needed}
  ]
• An essay written around 160 AD, attributed to
  Sigma
  petitions the court to sentence Tau to death by crucifixion, saying:

  Men weep, and bewail their lot, and curse Cadmus with many curses for introducing Tau into the family of letters; they say it was his body that tyrants took for a model, his shape that they imitated, when they set up structures on which men are crucified. Stauros (cross) the vile engine is called, and it derives its vile name from him. Now, with all these crimes upon him, does he not deserve death, nay, many deaths? For my part I know none bad enough but that supplied by his own shape — that shape which he gave to the

  gibbet

  named stauros after him by men

• St. Francis' love for it, symbol of the redemption and of the Cross. Almost all Franciscan churches have painted a tau with two crossing arms, both with stigmata, the one of Jesus and the other of Francis; members of the Secular Franciscan Order
  usually wear a wooden τ in a string with three knots around the neck
• The title and symbol of "Tau" is used by
  neo-Gnostic
  bishops as it has some symbolism in many of the modern branches of Gnosticism.

For the Greek and Coptic letter tau:[17]

For the mathematical letter tau:^{[18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27]}

These characters are used only as mathematical symbols. Stylized Greek text should be encoded using the normal Greek letters, with markup and formatting to indicate text style.

See also

• Greek letters used in mathematics, science, and engineering

Notes

References

Look up Τ or τ in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.