Taulantii
Taulantii or Taulantians
Name
The Taulantii, along with the
The term taulantii is connected with the Albanian word dallëndyshe, or tallandushe, meaning 'swallow'.[9] The ethnonym Chelidonioi also reported by Hecateus as the name of a tribe neighboring the Taulantii is the translation of the name Taulantii as khelīdṓn (χελιδών) means "swallow" in Ancient Greek.[10][11][12] The name suggests the practice of animal totemism, which was widespread among Illyrian peoples.[13]
Hecataeus reported that the tribe of Chelidonioi (Χελιδόνιοι) lived to the north of the
According to a mythological tradition reported by
Geography
▴▴▴
Meropus
)(
i n t h e 3rd – 2nd
c e n t u r i e s B C E
The Taulantii lived on the southeastern
The extension of the Taulantii to the limits of the Apollonian territory is not very clear in the data provided by Pseudo-Skylax. The southern border of the Taulantii was likely the
History
Early Iron Age
The Taulantii are one of the most anciently known Illyrian group of tribes.[25][5] Taulantian settlement at the site of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion is estimated to have happened not later than the 10th century BC. After their occupation of the site, Illyrian tribes most likely left the eastern coast of the Adriatic for Italy departing from the region of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion for the best crossing to Bari, in Apulia.[26][27] When they settled in the area of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion, it seems that the Taulantii replaced the previous inhabitants, the Bryges.[26][28] According to another ancient tradition the Taulantii replaced the Parthini, who were pushed more inland losing their coastal holdings.[29]
Archaic period
About the 9th century BC the
When describing the Illyrian invasion of
Friendly relationships were created between
Classical period
The Taulantii continued to play an important role in Illyrian history between the 5th and 4th–3rd centuries BC, and in particular in the history of Epidamnos-Dyrrhachion, not only as its neighbors but also as part of its population.[41] [38] Although the Epidamnians established the figure of a trade magistrate (poletes) to avoid the influence of the native people surrounding Epidamnos, it wasn't enough to prevent intervention of neighboring Illyrians in the internal affairs of the city.[39] The constitution of Epidamnos was initially oligarchic, and many inhabitants were not citizens. In 435 BC, the city suffered an intence civil war undertaken between the democratic faction and the aristocratic faction. After the democrats had seized power, the exiled oligarchs joined with the neighboring Taulantii to retake the city. The Illyrians besieged the city in strength, and through the occupation of the surrounding region, they caused much damage to the economy of the city.[42][38] The social crisis caused the intervention of the two mother cities: Corinth on the side of the democrats and Corcyra on the side of the aristocrats and native Illyrians. Corcyra won the naval battle against Corinth, taking Epidamnos and driving out the demos. At the end of the naval battle Athens, the leader of the Delian League, took sides with the Corcyreans, as Corinth was already allied with Sparta within the Peloponnesian League. This was the pretext for the Peloponnesian War as reported by Thucydides.[42][38]
In the well attested historical period, the Taulantian kingdom seems to have reached its apex during
Hellenistic period
After 323 BC Epidamnus-Dyrrhachium was involved in the intervention in Illyria of the
The Taulantii were involved in the struggle between
From about 280 BC Glaukias'successor,
Roman period
As reported by
The Taulantii appear as one of the Illyrian peoples defeated by
Culture
Language
The idiom spoken by the Taulanti is included in the southern Illyrian onomastic province in modern linguistics.[59][60] The territory they inhabited belongs to the area that is considered in current scholarship as the linguistic core of Illyrian.[61]
Cuisine
The Abri, a northern subgroup of the Taulantii, were known to the ancient Greek writers for their technique of preparing mead from honey.[11]
Taulantian dynasty
The following names are recorded in ancient sources as Taulantian chieftains and/or Illyrian kings:[62][63][64][24]
- Galaurus or Galabrus (latter part of the 7th century BC), the oldest known Illyrian king, recorded by Polyaenus (fl. 2nd-century AD);[65] the authenticity of Polyaenus' passage is disputed;[32]
- Pleuratus I (fl. c. 345 – 344 BC);
- Glaucias (fl. c. 335 – 295 BC),[43] who fought against Alexander the Great and raised Pyrrhus of Epirus, briefly installing him on the throne.
The Illyrian king
See also
- List of ancient Illyrian peoples and tribes
- List of ancient tribes in Illyria
- Taulas (Epoymous ancestor)
References
Citations
- ^ James R. Ashley, The Macedonian Empire, McFarland, 2004, p. 172.
- ^ a b Gavoille 2019, p. 7
- ^ Katičić 1976, p. 158; Eichner 2004, pp. 97, 99; Mesihović 2014, p. 219.
- ^ a b Mesihović & Šačić 2015, p. 44: "Taulanti se ubrajuju među narode koji su najviše obilježili ilirsku historiju, te su tako našli svoje mjesto u brojnim radovima klasičnih historičara poput Tukidida, Polibija, Diodora Sicilijanskog, Tita Livija, Plinija Starijeg, Apijana i drugih. Njihovo ime se veže za lastavice, tako da bi Taulanti u slobodnom prevodu bili „narod lastavica“."
- ^ a b Eichner 2004, pp. 97, 99.
- ^ a b Eichner 2004, p. 97.
- ^ Cabanes 2002b, p. 163.
- ^ Stipčević 1989, p. 35.
- ^ Wilkes 1992, p. 244; Šašel Kos 1993, p. 119; Matzinger 2018, p. 1790; Lafe 2022, pp. 356–358.
- ^ Šašel Kos 1993, p. 119.
- ^ a b c d e Wilkes 1992, p. 98.
- ^ a b Eichner 2004, pp. 107–108.
- ^ Stipčević 1974, pp. 196–197.
- ^ Papazoglu 1978, p. 213: "The tribes which took their names from the first generation of Illyrius' descendants belong mostly to the group of the so-called South-Illyrian tribes: the Taulantii, the Parthini, the Enchelei, the Dassaretii".
- ^ Šašel Kos 2004, p. 502.
- ^ Mesihović & Šačić 2015, pp. 23–24.
- ^ Wilkes 1992, pp. 97–98.
- ^ a b Stipčević 1974, p. 31.
- ^ Shpuza 2017, p. 43; Jaupaj 2019, pp. 68–69, 81; Gavoille 2019, p. 7
- ^ Cabanes 2007, p. 579; Stocker 2009, p. 217
- ^ Stocker 2009, p. 219.
- ^ Cabanes 2007, p. 579.
- ^ Jaupaj 2019, p. 69.
- ^ a b Jaupaj 2019, p. 81.
- ^ Katičić 1976, p. 158.
- ^ a b c Hammond 1982, p. 628.
- ^ a b Wilkes 1992, pp. 110–111.
- ^ a b c Wilkes 1992, p. 111.
- ^ Stocker 2009, p. 217
- ISBN 9789602133712.
This enterprising and martial people expanded again after 800 B.C.... the Taulantioi seized the Malakastra plain and reached the mouth of the Aoous
- ^ Jaupaj 2019, p. 81; Hammond & Griffith 1972, p. 21; Cabanes 2002a, p. 51; Cabanes 2002b, p. 163.
- ^ a b Cabanes 2002a, p. 51.
- ^ a b Greenwalt 2011, p. 281.
- ^ a b Stallo 2007, p. 29.
- ^ a b c Hammond 1982, p. 267.
- ^ Sassi 2018, pp. 942, 951, 952
- ^ Sassi 2018, pp. 942–943
- ^ a b c d Wilkes 1992, p. 112.
- ^ a b Cabanes 2008, p. 172.
- ^ Greenwalt 2011, pp. 281–282.
- ^ Mesihović 2014, p. 39.
- ^ a b Cabanes 2008, pp. 172–173.
- ^ a b Gjongecaj 1998, p. 99.
- ^ Dzino 2014, p. 49.
- ^ Wilkes 1992, pp. 112, 122–126.
- ^ Vujčić 2021, pp. 497, 499.
- ^ Cabanes 2008, p. 179
- ^ a b Zimi 2006, p. 377.
- ^ a b Greenwalt 2011, p. 296.
- ^ Greenwalt 2011, pp. 296–297.
- ^ Greenwalt 2011, p. 297.
- ^ Heckel 2020, p. 28.
- ^ Crawford 1985, pp. 220–221; Šašel Kos 2003, p. 149; Šašel Kos 2005, p. 258.
- ^ Šašel Kos 2002, p. 109
- ^ Šašel Kos 2002, p. 109; Mesihović & Šačić 2015, p. 133.
- ^ a b c Palazzo 2010, p. 285.
- ^ Dzino 2010, p. 57.
- ^ Šašel Kos 2012, pp. 94–96.
- ^ Polomé 1983, p. 537: "The old kingdom of Illyria, south of Lissos, covered the territory of several tribes who shared a common language, apparently of Indo-European stock: the Taulantii, on the coast, south of Dyrrachium; the Parthini, north of this town; the Dassaretae, inland, near Lake Lychnidos and in the Drin valley; north of them were the Penestae; in the mountains, an older group, the Enchelei, lingered on." [footnote 84:] "In the oldest sources, the term 'Illyrian' appears to be restricted to the tribes of the Illyricum regnum (PAPAZOGLU, 1965). Linguistically, it can only legitimately be applied to the southeastern part of the expanded Roman Illyricum; the Delmatae and the Pannonii to the northwest mus have constituted an ethnically and linguistically distinct group (KATIČIĆ, 1968: 367-8)."
- ^ Šašel Kos 2002, p. 117: "The Illyrian peoples, mentioned in the sources in which the events concerning the Illyrian kingdom are narrated – to name the most outstanding – are the Taulantii, Atintani, Parthini, Enchelei, Penestae, Dassaretii, Ardiaei, Labeates, and the Daorsi. All of these peoples were conceivably more or less closely related in terms of culture, institutions and language. Many of them may have had their own kings, some of whom attained great power and actively took part in the struggle for power in the Hellenistic world. The name “Illyrian” must have carried enough prestige at the time of the rise of the Ardiaean dynasty within the Illyrian kingdom that it was imposed at a later date, when the Romans conquered Illyria and the rest of the Balkans, as the official name of the future provinces of Dalmatia and Pannonia."
- ^ Haebler 2002, p. 475: "To be cautious, only that language, which was spread along the south-eastern Adriatic coast northward and southward from Dyrrhachium (today Durrës) and inland to Lake Lychnidos (today Ohrid) in the settlement area of the Illyrian tribes of the Parthini, Taulanti, Dassaretae and Penestae, must be considered as Illyrian at present."
- ^ Cabanes 2002a, p. 90.
- ^ Hammond & Griffith 1972, p. 21.
- ^ Wilkes 1992, pp. 122, 124, 336.
- ^ Cabanes 2002a, p. 51; Cabanes 2002b, p. 163.
- ^ a b Picard 2013, p. 82.
- ^ Šašel Kos 2003, p. 149
Bibliography
- Boardman, John; Sollberger, E. (1970). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 629. ISBN 978-0-521-22496-3.
- Cabanes, Pierre (2002a) [1988]. Dinko Čutura; Bruna Kuntić-Makvić (eds.). Iliri od Bardileja do Gencia (IV. – II. stoljeće prije Krista) [The Illyrians from Bardylis to Gentius (4th – 2nd century BC)] (in Croatian). Translated by Vesna Lisičić. Svitava. ISBN 953-98832-0-2.
- Cabanes, Perre (2002b). "Taulantii". In Hubert, Cancik; Schneider, Helmuth; Salazar, Christine F.; Orton, David E. (eds.). Brill's New Pauly: Sym–Tub. Vol. 14. Brill. ISBN 9004142193.
- Cabanes, Pierre (2007). "Parthini". In Hubert, Cancik; Schneider, Helmuth; Salazar, Christine F. (eds.). Brill's New Pauly: Obl–Phe. Vol. 7. Brill. ISBN 978-9004142152.
- Cabanes, Pierre (2008). "Greek Colonisation in the Adriatic". In ISBN 9789047442448.
- ISBN 0-520-05506-3.
- Dzino, Danijel (2010). Illyricum in Roman Politics, 229 BC–AD 68. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-19419-8.
- Dzino, Danijel (2014). "'Illyrians' in ancient ethnographic discourse". Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 40 (2): 45–65. .
- Eichner, Heiner (2004). "Illyrisch – die unbekannte Sprache". In Eichner, Heiner (ed.). Die Illyrer. Archäologische Funde des 1. Vorchristlichen Jahrtausends aus Albanien (in German). Museum für Urgeschichte Asparn an der Zaya. pp. 92–117. ISBN 3-85460-215-4.
- Gavoille, Élisabeth (2019). "Mémoire romaine des Balkans: les images de l'illyrie et de la Dalmatie à travers la littérature latine". Folia Linguistica et Litteraria (29). Institute for Language and Literature, Faculty of Philology, Nikšić: 5–18. .
- Gjongecaj, Shpresa (1998). "Le trésor de Kreshpan (Albanie)". Revue Numismatique. 6 (153): 81–102. .
- Greenwalt, William S. (2011). "Macedonia, Illyria and Epirus". In Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (eds.). A Companion to Ancient Macedonia. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 279–305. ISBN 978-1-4443-5163-7.
- Haebler, Claus (2002). "Palaeo-Balkanic languages". In Hubert, Cancik; Schneider, Helmuth; Salazar, Christine F.; Orton, David E. (eds.). Brill's New Pauly: Ark–Kas. Vol. 2. Brill. ISBN 9004122656.
- Hammond, Nicholas Geoffrey Lemprière; Griffith, Guy Thompson (1972). A history of Macedonia. Vol. 2. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780198148142.
- Hammond, N. G. L. (1982). "Illyris, Epirus and Macedonia". In John Boardman; N. G. L. Hammond (eds.). The Cambridge Ancient History: The Expansion of the Greek World, Eighth to Sixth Centuries B.C. Vol. III (part 3) (2 ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521234476.
- Hammond, N. G. L. (1994). "Illyrians and North-west Greeks". The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC. Cambridge University Press: 422–443. ISBN 9780521233484.
- Heckel, Waldemar (2020). In the Path of Conquest: Resistance to Alexander the Great. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190076702.
- Jaupaj, Lavdosh (2019). Etudes des interactions culturelles en aire Illyro-épirote du VII au III siècle av. J.-C (Thesis). Université de Lyon; Instituti i Arkeologjisë (Albanie).
- Katičić, Radoslav (1976). Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Mouton. p. 158.
- Lafe, Genc (2022). "I rapporti tra toponimi e voci ereditate dell'albanese sulla base dell'analisi della loro evoluzione fonetica". In Shaban Sinani; Francesco Altimari; Matteo Mandalà (eds.). Albanologu i arvanitëve "Atje kam u shpirtin tim...". ISBN 978-9928-339-74-4.
- Matzinger, Joachim (2018). "The lexicon of Albanian". In Klein, Jared; Joseph, Brian; Fritz, Matthias (eds.). Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1788–1800. ISBN 978-3-11-054243-1.
- Lippert, Andreas; Matzinger, Joachim (2021). Die Illyrer: Geschichte, Archäologie und Sprache. Kohlhammer Verlag. ISBN 9783170377103.
- ISBN 978-9958-0311-0-6.
- ISBN 978-9958-600-65-4.
- Palazzo, Silvia (2010). "Ethne e poleis lungo il primo tratto della via Egnatia: la prospettiva di una fonte". In Antonietti, Claudia (ed.). Lo spazio ionico e le comunitàdella Grecia nord-occidentale: Territorio, società, istituzioni (in Italian). Edizioni ETS. pp. 273–290. ISBN 978-884672849-4.
- ISBN 9789025607937.
- .
- ISBN 3110847035.
- Šašel Kos, Marjeta (1993). "Cadmus and Harmonia in Illyria". Arheološki Vestnik. 44: 113–136.
- Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2002). "Pyrrhus and Illyrian Kingdom(s?)". Greek Influence Along the East Adriatic Coast. Knjiga Mediterana. 26: 101–119. ISBN 9531631549.
- Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2004). "Mythological stories concerning Illyria and its name". In P. Cabanes; J.-L. Lamboley (eds.). L'Illyrie méridionale et l'Epire dans l'Antiquité. Vol. 4. pp. 493–504.
- Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2003). "The Roman conquest of Dalmatia in the light of Appian's Illyrike". In Urso, Gianpaolo (ed.). Dall'Adriatico al Danubio: l'Illirico nell'età greca e romana : atti del convegno internazionale, Cividale del Friuli, 25-27 settembre 2003. I convegni della Fondazione Niccolò Canussio. ETS. pp. 141–166. ISBN 884671069X.
- Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2005). Appian and Illyricum. Narodni muzej Slovenije. ISBN 961616936X.
- Šašel Kos, Marjeta (2012). "The role of the navy in Octavian's Illyrian war". Histria Antiqua. 21: 93–104.
- Sassi, Barbara (2018). "Sulle faglie il mito fondativo: i terremoti a Durrës (Durazzo, Albania) dall'Antichità al Medioevo" (PDF). In Marco Cavalieri; Cristina Boschetti (eds.). Multa per aequora. Il polisemico significato della moderna ricerca archeologica. Omaggio a Sara Santoro. Fervet Opus 4 (in Italian). Vol. 2, part VII: Archeologia dei Balcani. Presses Universitaires de Louvain, with the support of Centre d’étude des Mondes antiques (CEMA) of the Université catholique de Louvain. ISBN 978-2-87558-692-6.
- Shpuza, Saimir (2017). Dyczek, Piotr (ed.). "Scodra and the Labeates. Cities, rural fortifications and territorial defense in the Hellenistic period". Novensia. 28. Warszawa: Ośrodek Badań nad Antykiem Europy Południowo-Wschodniej: 41–64. ISSN 0860-5777.
- Stallo, Jennifer (2007). Isotopic Study of Migration: Differentiating Locals and Non-Locals in Tumulus Burials from Apollonia, Albania (Thesis). University of Cincinnati.
- Stipčević, Aleksandar (1974). The Illyrians: history and culture (1977 ed.). Noyes Press. ISBN 978-0815550525.
- ISBN 9788603991062.
- Stocker, Sharon R. (2009). Illyrian Apollonia: Toward a New Ktisis and Developmental History of the Colony.
- Vujčić, Nemanja (2021). "The City of Pelion and the Illyrian War of Alexander". Greek, Roman, and Byzantine Studies. 61.
- ISBN 0-631-19807-5.
- Winnifrith, Tom (2020). Nobody's Kingdom: A History of Northern Albania. Signal Books. ISBN 9781909930919.
- Zimi, Eleni (2006). "Illyrians". In Wilson, Nigel (ed.). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Routledge. pp. 376–377. ISBN 9781136787997.