Tawau

Coordinates: 04°15′30″N 117°53′40″E / 4.25833°N 117.89444°E / 4.25833; 117.89444
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For the federal constituency represented in the Dewan Rakyat, see Tawau (federal constituency).

Tawau
Tawao
Town and
Hanyu Pinyin)
 • Tamilதவாவ்
Tavāv (Transliteration)
From top, left to right:
City sign, Aerial view towards the town center, Aerial view towards Cowie Bay
Postal code
91000
Area code(s)089
Vehicle registrationET (1967-1980), ST (1980-2018), SW (2019-Present)
Websitempt.sabah.gov.my

Tawau (Malaysian: [ˈta wau]), formerly known as Tawao, is the capital of the Tawau District in Sabah, Malaysia. It is the third-largest city in Sabah, after Kota Kinabalu and Sandakan. It is located on the Semporna Peninsula in the southeast coast of the state in the administrative centre of Tawau Division, which is bordered by the Sulu Sea to the east, the Celebes Sea to the south at Cowie Bay[note 1] and shares a border with North Kalimantan, Indonesia. The town had an estimated population as of 2010, of 113,809,[2] while the whole municipality area had a population of 397,673 (including 47,466 in Kalabakan, subsequently split off to form a separate district).[2][note 2] The municipal area had a population of 372,615 at the 2020 Census.[3]

Before the founding of Tawau, the region around it was the subject of dispute between the British and Dutch spheres of influence. In 1893, the first British merchant vessel sailed into Tawau, marking the opening of the town's seaport. In 1898, the British set up a settlement in Tawau. The

Jesselton. Tawau was rebuilt after the war, and by the end of 1947, the economy was restored to its pre-war status. Tawau was also the main point of conflict during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation from 1963 to 1966. During that period, it was garrisoned by the British Special Boat Section, and guarded by Australian Destroyers and combat aircraft. In December 1963, Tawau was bombed twice by Indonesia and shootings occurred across the Tawau-Sebatik Island
international border. Indonesians were found trying to poison the town's water supply. In January 1965, a curfew was imposed to prevent Indonesian attackers from making contact with Indonesians living in the town. While in June 1965, another attempted invasion by the Indonesian forces was repelled by bombardment by an Australian destroyer. Military conflict finally ended in December 1966.

Among the tourist attractions in Tawau are: the Tawau International Cultural Festival, Tawau Bell Tower, Japanese War Cemetery, Confrontation Memorial, Teck Guan Cocoa Museum, Tawau Hills National Park, Bukit Gemok, and Tawau Tanjung Markets. The main economic activities of the town are: timber, cocoa, oil palm plantations, and prawn farming.

History

Tawau residents and their community chief with Alexander Rankin Dunlop (sitting right) in the Cowie Harbour of Tawau, circa 1885.

Like most of this part of Borneo, this area was once under the control of the

civil war in Brunei. The name Tawao was used on nautical charts by 1857,[7] and there is evidence of a settlement by 1879. The East India Company had established a trading post in Borneo, though there was no significant activity by the Dutch on the east coast.[8] In 1846, Netherlands signed a treaty with the Sultan of Bulungan, where the latter assured the Dutch control of the area.[8] When the Dutch began to operate in 1867, the Sultan married his son to the daughter of the Sultan of Tarakan. Around this time, the Dutch sphere of influence reached Tawao. They controlled the area north of Tawao, overlapping an area controlled by the Sultan of Sulu.[8]

Alexander R. Dunlop is the first British resident of Tawau.

In 1878, Sultanate of Sulu sold the southern part of his land bounded by the Sibuco River to an

colonisation continued trading with the Dutch.[10] In 1893, a British vessel S.S. Normanhurst sailed into Tawau with a cargo to trade. In 1898, the British built a settlement which later grew rapidly when the North Borneo Chartered Company (BNBC) sponsored the migration of Chinese to Tawau.[13][14]

Japanese civilians and soldiers prior to their embarkation to Jesselton, the bell tower can be seen behind.

On 16 December 1941, during World War II, the

Miri, the Japanese moved along the coastline of Borneo from the oil fields of Kuching and towards Jesselton. Life in Tawau continued as usual until 24 January 1942 when the Japanese were sighted off Batu Tinagat. The district officer Cole Adams and his assistant were expecting an attack at the shipyard but were instead arrested by the Japanese.[note 4] The Allies began counterattacking the Japanese in mid-1944 with the bombing of Tawau. From 13 April 1945, six massive air strikes were made on town, concentrating on the port facilities. The last and largest of these attacks was on 1 May 1945 when 19 Liberator bombers bombed Tawau until it was completely razed to the ground.[15] After an unconditional surrender of the 37th Japanese Army under Lieutenant General Masao Baba in mid-September at Labuan, 1,100 Australian soldiers in Sandakan under the command of Lt. Col. JA England marched into the Japanese bases at Tawau. A total of 2,900 Japanese soldiers of the 370th battalion under Major Sugasaki Moriyuki were taken as prisoners of war and transferred to Jesselton.[16][17]

An aerial view of Tawau town in 1947.

At the end of the war, the town had been largely destroyed by bombing and fire; the Bell tower was the only intact pre-war structure. Tawau quickly recovered. Though almost all the shops were destroyed, a report by The British North Borneo Annual Report in 1947 wrote that "the pre-war economy was largely made towards the end of 1947". In the first six months post-war, the British rebuilt 170 shops and commercial buildings. By 1 July 1947, subsidies for the purchase of rice and flour were introduced.[18]

Indonesian confrontation

Main article: Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation
The Tawau Konfrontasi Memorial.

Due to its exposed location near the international border with Indonesia, Tawau became the main point of the conflict during the confrontation. In preparation for the impending conflict, Gurkhas were stationed in the town with other units including the "British No. 2 Special Boat Section" under Captain DW Mitchell.[19][20] Australian River-class destroyer escorts were stationed in Cowie Bay and a squadron of F-86 Sabre aircraft flew over Tawau daily from Labuan.

In October 1963, Indonesia moved their first battalion of the Korps Komando Operasi (KKO) from Surabaya to Sebatik and opened several training camps near the border in eastern Kalimantan (now North Kalimantan).[19][21] From 1 October to 16 December 1963, there were at least seven shootings along the border resulting in three Indonesians' deaths. On 7 December 1963, an Indonesian Tupolev Tu-16 bomber flew over Tawau bay and bombed the town twice.[22]

By mid-December 1963, Indonesian had sent a commando unit consisting of 128 volunteers and 35 regular soldiers to Sebatik.

grenades into the totally unprepared Malay Regiment's sleeping quarters.[20] The attack resulted in eight Malay soldiers being killed and nineteen wounded.[19] Malaysian armed police eventually drove the attackers north after a two-hour battle.[19]

In 1964, the situation remained tense in Tawau. A group of eight Indonesians were detained while trying to poison the water supply of the town. On 12 May 1964, there was a bombing attempt on the Kong Fah cinema.[23][24] At the end of January 1965, a night time curfew was imposed in Tawau to prevent attackers from contacting the approximate 16,000 Indonesians living there. By the end of February 1965, 96 of the 128 Indonesian volunteers had been killed or captured, around 20 successfully retreated to Indonesia, and 12 remained at large.[19] On 28 June 1965, an attempt by Indonesian troops to invade eastern Sebatik was repelled by a heavy bombardment by Australian destroyer HMAS Yarra.[25][26] In August 1965, an unknown assailant made an attempt to blow up a high-tension electricity pylon while in September 1965, a logging truck was destroyed by a land mine.[27] The confrontation largely ended 12 August 1966, and in December there was a complete ceasefire in Tawau.[28]

Government and international relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Malaysia

Pare-Pare, Indonesia.[31]

Tawau Municipal Council building.

There are two members of parliament (MPs) representing the two parliamentary constituencies in the district: Tawau (P.190) and Kalabakan (P.191). The area is represented by six members of the Sabah State Legislative Assembly representing the districts of: Balung; Apas; Sri Tanjung; Merotai; Tanjung Batu; and Sebatik.[32]

The town is administered by the Tawau Municipal Council (Majlis Perbandaran Tawau). As of 2021, the President of Tawau Municipal Council is Pang Pick Lim or also known as Joseph Pang.[33] The area under the jurisdiction of the Tawau District is the 2,510-hectare (25.1 km2) town area, 3,075-hectare (30.75 km2) surrounding populated area, 568,515 hectares (5,685.15 km2) of rural land and 38,406 hectares (384.06 km2) of adjacent sea area.[34]

Security

Today, Tawau is one of the six districts involved in the eastern Sabah sea curfew that has been enforced since 19 July 2014 by the Malaysian government to repel attacks from militant groups in southern Philippines.[35]

Geography

volcanic lava
in Kampung Balung Cocos

Tawau is on the south-east coast of Sabah surround by the Sulu Sea in the east, Celebes Sea to the south and shares a border with East Kalimantan (now North Kalimantan).[34][36][37] The town is approximately 1,904 kilometres from the Malaysian capital, Kuala Lumpur and is 540 kilometres south-east of Kota Kinabalu.[38] The main town area is divided into three sections named Sabindo, Fajar and Tawau Lama (Old Tawau).[39] Sabindo and Fajar are the main commercial areas while Tawau Lama is the original part of Tawau.

Almost 70% of the area surrounding Tawau is either high hills or mountainous.[40] Among the major peaks surrounding the Tawau includes Mount Maria (1,067 metres), Mount Magdalena (1,310 metres) and Mount Lucia (1,201 metres).

The town is bordered by Cowie Bay towards the south. The bay is recorded as a home for several species of dolphin, including Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin and Irrawaddy dolphin.[41]

The only volcano in Malaysia is located in Tawau. The Bombalai Volcano contains a 300 meter crater that straddles to the south.[42]

Climate

Tawau has a tropical rainforest climate under the Köppen climate classification. The climate is relatively hot and wet with average shade temperature about 26 °C (79 °F), with 29 °C (84 °F) at noon and falling to around 23 °C (73 °F) at night. The town sees precipitation throughout the year, with a tendency for November, December and January to be the wettest months, while February and March are the driest months. Tawau's mean rainfall varies from 1800 mm to 2500 mm.[43][44]

Climate data for Tawau (1991–2020 normals)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 34.4
(93.9) 		35.1
(95.2) 		35.5
(95.9) 		35.2
(95.4) 		35.2
(95.4) 		34.4
(93.9) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.9
(93.0) 		34.4
(93.9) 		34.5
(94.1) 		34.8
(94.6) 		35.4
(95.7) 		35.5
(95.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.1
(88.0) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.9
(89.4) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.5
(88.7)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.4
(79.5) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.9
(80.4) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.3
(81.1) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.9
(80.4) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.8
(80.2) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.8
(80.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.1
(73.6) 		23.1
(73.6) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.7
(74.7) 		23.9
(75.0) 		23.6
(74.5) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.3
(73.9) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.5
(74.3) 		23.4
(74.1) 		23.4
(74.1)
Record low °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		18.7
(65.7) 		20.2
(68.4) 		21.8
(71.2) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.9
(69.6) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.0
(69.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		19.9
(67.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		18.2
(64.8) 		18.2
(64.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 143.2
(5.64) 		106.0
(4.17) 		126.6
(4.98) 		123.4
(4.86) 		164.0
(6.46) 		174.9
(6.89) 		192.1
(7.56) 		209.6
(8.25) 		135.4
(5.33) 		169.8
(6.69) 		172.1
(6.78) 		213.5
(8.41) 		1,930.6
(76.01)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 11.3 9.0 10.3 9.4 11.5 12.4 12.5 11.4 10.4 12.7 13.2 14.8 138.9
Mean monthly sunshine hours 182.5 183.8 216.5 222.6 231.1 191.6 216.2 218.9 198.3 198.1 193.3 194.0 2,446.9
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[45]
Source 2: NOAA[46]

Demography

Ethnicity and religion

Traditional Bugis-headgear (Songkok Recca) in Tawau. The Bugis in Sabah predominantly concentrated in the eastern corridor of the state, with its main population center located in Tawau[47]

The Malaysian Census 2010 Report indicates that the whole Tawau municipality area has a total population of 397,673, although this included 57,466 in Kalabakan District, now split off from the municipality.

ethnicities, intermarriage between various ethnic groups and nationalities are also prevalent. At the 2020 census, the Tawau District recorded a population of 372,615.[48]

Non-Malaysian citizens form the majority of the town population with 164,729 people. Malaysian citizens in the area were consist of

Indian (833) and others (6,153).[2] The largest ethnolinguistic group in Tawau is the Bugis, with an estimation of up to 60% of the district's population having Bugis ancestry. However in the Malaysian Census, the Sabahan-Bugis would be classified under other Bumiputera, Malay or Non-Malaysian based on personal self-identification and national origin.[47]

Non-Malaysian citizens are mostly from Indonesia and Philippines, arriving from

Philippines
.

Most of the Bumiputera populations in Tawau are

Animists
, and secularists in the town.

The majority of non-citizens are Muslims, though there are also large numbers of Christian

illegal immigrants in the town with their own unlawful settlement.[53][51]

  • Al-Kauthar Mosque, the largest mosque in Sabah.[54]
    Al-Kauthar Mosque, the largest mosque in Sabah.[54]
  • St. Patrick's, the Anglican Church of Tawau
    St. Patrick's, the Anglican Church of Tawau
  • The Holy Trinity Church, a Catholic church in Tawau.
    The Holy Trinity Church, a
    Catholic
    church in Tawau.
  • Pu Zhao Temple, a Buddhist lodge temple in Tawau.
    Pu Zhao Temple, a
    temple
    in Tawau.
  • Thirumurugan Temple, a Hindu temple in Tawau.
    Thirumurugan Temple, a Hindu temple in Tawau.
  • Gurdwara Sahib Tawau, a Sikh temple in Tawau.
    Gurdwara Sahib Tawau, a Sikh temple in Tawau.

Languages

The people of Tawau mainly speak

Sabahan creole.[55] The Tawau creole shared many similarities with East Coast Sabahan Dialect and Bahasa Indonesia spoken in North Kalimantan across the border.[56][53] Amongst the younger generations, as in the case in most of Sabah, a visible language shift
from their ancestral language towards Sabahan Malay language is also prevalent.

As most Tawau Chinese are Hakka Chinese,

Bugis language spoken in the town being the Bone, followed closely by Enrekang-Duri
and other Bugis dialects.

Economy

A lorry carrying timber.
Eastern Plaza in Tawau

As of 1993, there were 40 timber-processing plants and a number of

Madai Caves by the Ida'an community.[62][63] Tawau is one of the top cocoa producers in Malaysia, and the world together with Ivory Coast, Ghana and Indonesia.[64] The town is the cocoa capital for both in Sabah and Malaysia.[65] Cocoa production is mostly concentrated in the interior, north of the town, while palm oil production is concentrated along the roads to Merotai, Brantian, Semporna and Kunak.[40] Both cocoa and palm oil are part of the large agriculture sector that has become the main income producer for the town.[66][67]

Like in Sandakan, people in Tawau have always relied on the sea for their sustenance. Every day, hundreds of deep sea trawlers and tuckboats can be seen at the Cowie Bay. Barter trade also happens in the sea area around Tawau.

crustaceans were found in abundance in the sea and waterways around Tawau.[13] Prawn farming has become largest sea economic source for the district. The oldest and largest prawn farm were located in this area together with six frozen shrimp processing plants.[69][70] Additionally, the residential median price in the area stands at RM 370,000 with a price per square foot (PSF) of RM 182.63, based on 250 transactions.[71] Similarly, the commercial properties boast a median price of RM 865,000 with a PSF of RM 598.49, derived from 32 transactions,[72] sourced from NAPIC, reflecting the past subsale transaction data available over the latest 12 months.[73]

Transportation

The new Tawau Airport.

Land

Most of the town's roads are

Pan Borneo Highway)[75]

Regular bus services and

taxis operate in the town. The town has long-distance, short-distance and local bus stations. The long-distance services connect Tawau to Lahad Datu, Sandakan, Telupid, Ranau, Simpang Sapi, Kundasang, Kota Kinabalu, Sipitang, Beaufort, Papar and Simpang Ranau.[76] The short-distance services connect to destinations including as Sandakan and Semporna.[77]

Air

Tarakan, Indonesia by MASWings; and RB Link to Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei, albeit both destinations have been suspended as of 2022. The airport opened in 2001 and as of 2018 handled 1.64 million passengers annually.[78]

Before 2001, Tawau was served by the old airport located in North Street (Jalan Utara). The first flight was commenced in September 1953. By the 1960s, the airport was used for small aircraft such as the

Fokker 27.[79] The runway was widened in the 1980s, allowing it to operate Boeing 737s. In the early 1970s, the airport received scheduled international flights operated by Bouraq Indonesia Airlines to Tarakan and Balikpapan, Indonesia.[80] By mid-90s, the international destinations of the airport was expanded to include Makassar by Merpati Nusantara Airlines. There was a fatal accident in 1995 when Malaysia Airlines Flight 2133, a Fokker 50, crashed due to pilot error on landing, leading to 34 fatalities. A Cessna 208 Caravan crashed on takeoff in 1995 and MAS Boeing 737-400 skidded off the runway in 2001, neither causing fatalities. The airport was closed when the new Tawau airport opened.[81]

Sea

There are multiple daily passenger ferry service to the town's sea port, linking the town directly to

Nunukan and Tarakan in North Kalimantan, Indonesia as well as to Bongao, Tawi-Tawi in the Philippines.[82]

The maritime route has also being used for smuggling

goods from the town to certain parts in Indonesia, especially southern Sebatik, by Indonesian smugglers as this area is highly dependent on Tawau.[83][84] Many Indonesians near the international border choose to seek medical treatment in the town due to the lower cost and better facilities, compared to other Indonesian towns.[84]

Public services

Tawau's court complex is on Dunlop Street.

High Court, Sessions Court, and the Magistrate Court.[86] Syariah Court is located at Abaca Street.[87] The district police headquarters is on Tanjung Batu Street,[88] and other police station are sited throughout the district including Wallace Bay, Bombalai, Bergosong, Kalabakan, Seri Indah and LTB Tawau.[89] Police substations (Pondok Polis) are found in Tass Bt. 17, Apas Parit, Merotai, Quin Hill, Balung Kokos, Titingan, Kinabutan and Burmas areas,[89] and the Tawau Prison is in the town centre.[90]

Tawau has one

Central Sterile Services Department (CSSD), new wards and operation theatres.[94] Tawau Specialist Hospital is the only private hospital in the town.[95] The Tawau Regional Library is one of three regional libraries in Sabah, the others are at Keningau and Sandakan. These libraries are operated by the Sabah State Library department.[96] Some schools, colleges, or universities have private libraries.[91]

There are many government or state

A-Level education centres in the state of Sabah—the Institute of Science and Management (ISM) and Maktab Rendah Sains Mara Tawau.[98][99] A teacher-training college called Tawau Teacher Training Institute is found in the town. For tertiary education the town has the Tawau Community College[100] and GIATMARA Tawau,[101] and campuses of two universities, Universiti Teknologi MARA[102] and Open University Malaysia
.

See also: List of schools in Sabah
  • The Tawau Regional Library, one of the three regional libraries in Sabah.
    The Tawau Regional Library, one of the three regional libraries in Sabah.
  • The Tawau Court.
    The Tawau Court.
  • Universiti Teknologi MARA campus in Tawau.
    Universiti Teknologi MARA campus in Tawau.

Culture and leisure

The Tawau International Cultural Festival is an annual event, first held in 2011, that has been promoted for its potential to attract tourists.[103] The Tawau Bell Tower in the town's park was built by the Japanese in 1921 shortly after World War I to mark the close allied relations between Japan and Great Britain.[13] Other historical attractions include the Japanese War Cemetery, Confrontation Memorial, the Public Service Memorial and the Twin Town Memorial. Tawau is one of the top cocoa production centres in Malaysia. The Teck Guan Cocoa Museum has become one of the important historical attractions for the town since it was founded in the 1970s by Datuk Seri Panglima Hong Teck Guan.[104] Varieties of cocoa products including chocolate jam and hot cocoa beverages are sold in the museum.[105]

Tawau has nearby conservation areas and areas set aside for leisure. The

Tarakan and Nunukan
.

The main shopping area in Tawau is the Eastern Plaza located at Mile 1 on Kuhara Street. It was built in 2005, completed in 2008 and opened in May 2009. The complex has three levels of car parking with 476 covered and 49 surface parking bays.

market that runs alongside Dunlop Street.[112] The Tawau Tanjung Market was established in 1999. Since then, it has expanded to house 6,000 stalls and is known as the largest indoor market in Malaysia.[113][114]

The town has a sport complex with badminton,

Nunukan in Indonesia. It has been proposed to be repeated annually to strengthen ties between the towns.[117]

Notable residents

Political
Entertainment
Sports

Notes

  1. ^ Cowie Bay in the early 19th century was known as Kalabakong Bay. It is also known as Sibuco Bay.
  2. ^ a b Above the official figures of the 2010 Census, there are a large number of illegal immigrants from Indonesia and the Philippines.(Goodlet, page 248 and page 299)
  3. ^ The final contractual limit was indeed confirmed in 1912 by the joint boundary commission, and on 17 February 1913 by Dutch and British negotiators.
  4. ^ Cole Adams spent 44 months in Japanese POW camps – first on the Berhala Island in Sandakan, later in Batu Lintang camp near Kuching – and died on the day of his liberation by the 9th Division of the Australian armed forces in September 1945.

References

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Literature

  • Ken Goodlet: Tawau – The Making of a Tropical Community, Opus Publications, 2010
    ISBN 978-983-3987-38-2

External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tawau.

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