Taxonomy of Banksia integrifolia
Banksia integrifolia | |
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Banksia integrifolia subsp. integrifolia | |
Scientific classification | |
Kingdom: | Plantae |
Clade: | Tracheophytes |
Clade: | Angiosperms |
Clade: | Eudicots |
Order: | Proteales |
Family: | Proteaceae |
Genus: | Banksia |
Subgenus: | Banksia subg. Banksia |
Section: | Banksia sect. Banksia |
Series: | Banksia ser. Salicinae |
Species: | B. integrifolia
|
Binomial name | |
Banksia integrifolia L.f. | |
Subspecies | |
Synonyms | |
The taxonomy of Banksia integrifolia has a long and complex history, the result of confusion caused by the species' great variability, and similarities with some closely related species. The existence of hybrids between B. integrifolia and related species as well as early attempts to classify the species based on dried specimen material have also contributed to the confusion.
The species is divided into three subspecies: B. i. subsp. compar, B. i. subsp. integrifolia, and B. i. subsp. monticola. Recent molecular studies support this division.
Until recently, B. integrifolia's taxonomic placement within the genus was largely settled, with the species placed in Banksia subg. Banksia sect. Banksia ser. Salicinae. DNA analyses have now cast doubt upon this arrangement and the publication of a new arrangement based on phylogenetic considerations has been foreshadowed.
Background
Banksia integrifolia, commonly known as the Coast Banksia, is one of the most widely distributed have dark green upper surfaces and white undersides, a contrast that can be striking on windy days.
A hardy and versatile Australian native plant, B. integrifolia is widely planted in domestic gardens. Within its natural distribution it is a popular choice in parks, streetscapes, bush revegetation and stabilisation of dunes. Its hardiness has prompted research into its suitability for use as a rootstock in the cut flower trade, but has also caused concerns about its potential to become a weed outside of its natural habitat.
Discovery
The first botanical collection of B. integrifolia was made by
Every specimen collected during the Endeavour voyage was sketched by Banks'
Early taxonomic history
The genus Banksia was eventually described by
Then followed by two centuries of variations to the taxonomic limits of B. integrifolia. The first sign of confusion was in 1788, when Joseph Gaertner published B. spicata.[5] Gaertner did not specify his type material for the taxon, but contemporary material labelled as such clearly belongs to what is now known as B. i. subsp. integrifolia.[6] In 1810, Robert Brown relegated the name to synonymy with B. integrifolia,[7] and it remained so until 1981 when Alex George refined it to a synonym of the autonym B. i. var. integrifolia.[6]
In 1800, Antonio José Cavanilles published a number of new Banksia species based on specimens collected at Port Jackson, New South Wales in 1797 by Luis Née, botanist to the Alejandro Malaspina expedition. These included B. oblongifolia, B. oleifolia and B. glauca. The last two of these were declared synonyms of B. integrifolia by Robert Brown in 1810,[7] and refined to synonyms of B. i. subsp. integrifolia by George in 1999.[8] The first was ascribed to B. i. var. oblongifolia by Karel Domin in 1930, but this was overturned by George in 1981,[6] and B. oblongifolia remains a current species name.[9]
In 1810, Robert Brown described 31 known species of Banksia in his Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. He split the genus into two subgenera, placing B. integrifolia in subgenus Banksia verae, the "True Banksias".[7] New species described by Brown included B. compar, which is now considered a subspecies of B. integrifolia,[10] and B. paludosa, a close relative of B. integrifolia which was for a time considered a variety of it.[11]
By the time Carl Meissner published his 1856 arrangement of the genus, there were 58 described Banksia species. Meissner divided Brown's Banksia verae, which had been renamed Eubanksia by Stephan Endlicher in 1847,[6] into four series based on leaf properties. He placed B. integrifolia in series Salicinae, and further divided it into three varieties: B. i. var. minor for specimens with small, entire leaves; B. i. var. major for specimens with larger, somewhat dentate leaves; and B. integrifola var dentata for specimens with very large dentate leaves.[12] However, the second of these varieties was based upon a specimen of B. integrifolia with juvenile leaves, and the last was B. robur. All three were overturned by George in 1981.[6]
In 1870,
In 1891,
20th century
In 1913, Frederick Bailey promoted Brown's B. compar, which had been declared a synonym of B. integrifolia by Bentham in 1870, to variety rank as B. i. var. compar. This would be the first infraspecific taxon of B. integrifolia to achieve widespread acceptance.[18] The variety was promoted to subspecies rank by Kevin Thiele in 1994,[19] and B. i. subsp. compar remains a current taxon to date.[10] Under modern botanical nomenclature rules, the publication of subspecies B. i. subsp. compar automatically created the autonym B. i. subsp. integrifolia, to encompass the type material.
The most recent classical taxonomic treatment of Banksia first appeared in Alex George's 1981 monograph The genus Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae). In addition to revising the existing nomenclature, George published a number of new species and subspecies, including a new variety of B. integrifolia, namely B. i. var. aquilonia.[6] This was promoted to subspecific rank by Thiele in 1994,[19] and in 1996 George promoted it to specific rank as Banksia aquilonia.[20]
A third subspecific taxon of B. integrifolia has its roots in Gwen Harden's 1991 publication
In 1996, Kevin Thiele and Pauline Ladiges published a new arrangement for Banksia after cladistic analyses yielded a cladogram significantly different from George's arrangement. Thiele and Ladiges' arrangement retained B. integrifolia in series Salicinae, but divided the series into two subseries: B. subser. Integrifoliae and B. subser. Acclives. The seven members of subseries Integrifoliae all appear to be closely related, and natural hybrids have been recorded between members where they co-occur.[22] This arrangement stood until 1999, when George effectively reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series. He argued that there was insufficient evidence for the division, and that "B. dentata is clearly allied to B. integrifolia, not to the very distinctive B. robur".[8]
George's arrangement
Until recently, the accepted
B. integrifolia's placement within George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia may be summarised as follows:
- Genus Banksia
- Subgenus Isostylis
- Subgenus Banksia
- Section Oncostylis
- Section Coccinea
- Section Banksia
- Series Grandes
- Series Banksia
- Series Crocinae
- Series Prostratae
- Series Cyrtostylis
- Series Tetragonae
- Series Bauerinae
- Series Quercinae
- Series Salicinae
- B. dentata - B. aquilonia - B. integrifolia - B. plagiocarpa - B. oblongifolia - B. robur - B. conferta - B. paludosa - B. marginata - B. canei - B. saxicola
21st century
Since 1998,
Subspecies and hybrids
B. integrifolia is a highly variable species. Some of this variation can be attributed to environmental factors, but much appears to be genetic: George writes that it "gives the impression that it is actively speciating to fill the many ecological niches through its range".[6] Three subspecies are currently recognised: B. i. subsp. integrifolia, B. i. subsp. compar, and B. i. subsp. monticola. More recent work by Evans has supported this classification, with monticola more closely allied with the nominate subspecies than with compar.[27]
Hybrids have been reported between B. integrifolia and other members of series Salicinae, specifically B. paludosa
References
- ^ Cook, James (1893). William J. L. Wharton (ed.). . London: E. Stock.
- Victorian Naturalist. 98 (2).
- Carolus Linnaeus the Younger (1782). Supplementum Plantarum. Brunsvigae: Orphanotrophei.
- ^ "Banksia integrifolia L.f." Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ Gaertner, Joseph. De Fructibus et Seminibus Plantarum. Stutgard: Sumtibus auctoris, typis academiae carolinae.
- ^ ISSN 0085-4417.
- ^ a b c Brown, Robert (1810). Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. London: Richard Taylor and Company.
- ^ ISBN 0-643-06454-0. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
- ^ "Banksia oblongifolia Cav". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ a b "Banksia integrifolia subsp. compar (R.Br.) K.R.Thiele". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ a b Bentham, George (1870). . . Vol. 5: Myoporineae to Proteaceae. London: L. Reeve & Co. pp. 541–562.
- A. P. de Candolle (ed.). Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis, Pars Decima Quarta. Paris: Sumptibus Victoris Masson.
- ^ "Banksia paludosa R.Br". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ Kuntze, Otto (1891). Revisio generum plantarum. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Arthur Felix. pp. 581–582.
- ^ Britten, James (1905). Banks, Joseph; Solander, Daniel C. (eds.). Illustrations of Australian plants collected in 1770 during Captain Cook's voyage round the world. Vol. 3. London, United Kingdom: Printed by order of the Trustees of the British Museum. p. 84.
- JSTOR 4107078.
- JSTOR 4111642.
- ^ "Banksia integrifolia var. compar (R.Br.) F.M.Bailey". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- ^ .
- ^ George, Alex S. (1996). "Notes on Banksia L.f. (Proteaceae)". Nuytsia. 11 (1): 21–24.
- ^ "Banksia integrifolia subsp. A". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
- .
- doi:10.1071/SB97026.
- PMID 21665734.
- doi:10.1071/SB04015.
- doi:10.1071/SB06016.
- doi:10.1071/SB01013.
- ^ Liber, C. (2005). "Banksia paludosa paludosa in the Jervis Bay Area" (PDF). Banksia Study Group Newsletter. 6 (2): 4–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
- ^ Salkin, Alf I. (1979). Variation in Banksia in eastern Australia (thesis). Monash University.
- ^ Liber, C. (2004). "Banksia integrifolia × paludosa hybrids at Green Cape" (PDF). Banksia Study Group Newsletter. 6: 8–9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2007. Retrieved 31 October 2006.
- ISSN 0728-2893.
- ^ "Banksia marginata Cav". Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.
External links
- "Banksia integrifolia L.f." Flora of Australia Online. Department of the Environment and Heritage, Australian Government.
- "Banksia integrifolia L.f." Australian Plant Name Index (APNI), IBIS database. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, Australian Government.