Taxonomy of Tulipa
The
History
While tulips were known from at least the 12th century in Persia, and appear in decorative art in Turkey in the 13th century, the first description in European botanical literature, was by
Phylogeny
The
The
Cladogram: Phylogeny and biogeography of the genera of the Liliaceae
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Phylogenetic tree reflecting relationships based on |
Subdivision
Subgenera and sections
Historically, subdivision of the genus and
The genus Tulipa was traditionally divided into two sections,
- Clusianae
- Eichleres
- subdivided into eight series
- Kopalkowskiana
- Tulipanum
- Tulipa
Subgenus Eriostemones was divided into the sections:
In 2009, two other subgenera were proposed, Clusianae and Orithyia,
Species
Historically there has been considerable disagreement about the number of species within the genus. For instance tulips often grow in remote inaccessible hills and valleys where winters are harsh and summers long and dry, and may flower for only a short period, meaning that species are often missed. Furthermore, descriptions of species were often derived from studying cultivated bulbs, and the variability of the wild population was poorly understood. Many of these species were never identified in the wild. These taxonomic difficulties are those associated with long established
The number of accepted species has varied between 50 and 114, for instance The Plant List (2013) includes 113.[16] A 2013 review lists 76, as described here.[1] This list was used as the basis for Kew Gardens monograph of that year, The Genus Tulipa.[17]
Subgenus Clusianae
- Tulipa clusiana Redouté (lady tulip) - Greece, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan, Pakistan, W Himalayas
- Tulipa harazensis Rech.f. - Iran
- Tulipa linifolia Regel (Bokhara tulip) - Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
- Tulipa montana Lindl. - Turkmenistan, Iran
Subgenus Orithyia
- Tulipa heteropetala Ledeb. - Altay Krai, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang
- Tulipa heterophylla (Regel) Baker - Kazakhstan, Xinjiang, Kyrgyzstan
- Tulipa sinkiangensis Z.M.Mao - Xinjiang
- Tulipa uniflora (L.) Besser ex Baker (Siberian tulip) - Siberia, Mongolia, Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Kazakhstan
Subgenus Tulipa
- Tulipa agenensis Redouté (eyed tulip) - Greece, Middle East
- Tulipa albanica Kit Tan & Shuka (Albanian tulip) - Albania
- Tulipa alberti Regel (Albert's tulip) - - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
- Tulipa aleppensis Boiss. ex Regel (Aleppo tulip)- Turkey, Syria, Lebanon
- Tulipa altaica Pall. ex Spreng. (Altai tulip) - Altai Krai, Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, Xinjiang
- Tulipa anisophylla Vved. - Tajikistan
- Tulipa armena Boiss. (Armenian tulip) - Turkey, Iran, South Caucasus
- Tulipa banuensis Grey-Wilson (Afghan tulip) - Afghanistan
- Tulipa borszczowiiRegel - Kazakhstan
- Tulipa botschantzevae S.N.Abramova & Zakal. - Turkmenistan, Iran
- Tulipa butkovii Botschantz. - Uzbekistan
- Tulipa carinata Vved. (Pamir tulip) - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Afghanistan
- Tulipa cypria Stapf ex Turrill (Cyprian tulip) - Cyprus
- Tulipa dubia Vved. - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan
- Tulipa eichleri Regel (Eichler's tulip) - Turkey, Iran, Caucasus, accepted by the World Flora Online as of March 2021[update] but regarded as a synonym of T. undulatifolia by others [18]
- Tulipa faribae Ghahr., Attar & Ghahrem.-Nejad - Iran
- Tulipa ferganica Vved. - Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan
- Tulipa foliosa - Turkey
- Tulipa fosteriana W.Irving - Afghanistan, Central Asia
- Tulipa × gesnerianaL. (garden tulip)
- Tulipa greigii Regel (maculate tulip) - Iran, Central Asia
- Tulipa heweri Raamsd. - Afghanistan
- Tulipa hissarica Popov & Vved. - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
- Tulipa hoogiana B.Fedtsch. - Turkmenistan, Iran
- Tulipa hungarica Borbás (Rhodope tulip) - Hungary, Serbia, Bulgaria
- Tulipa iliensis Regel - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Xinjiang
- Tulipa ingens (Tubergen's tulip) - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
- Tulipa julia K.Koch (Julia tulip) - Turkey, South Caucasus, Syria, Lebanon
- Tulipa kaufmanniana Regel (waterlily tulip) - Central Asia
- Tulipa kolpakowskiana Regel (sun tulip)[19] - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Xinjiang, Afghanistan
- Tulipa korolkowii Regel - Central Asia
- Tulipa kosovarica Kit Tan, Shuka & Krasniqi - Kosovo
- Tulipa kuschkensis B.Fedtsch. - Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, Iran
- Tulipa lanata Regel - Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Pakistan, W Himalayas
- Tulipa lehmanniana Merckl. (Lehmann's tulip) - Afghanistan, Iran, Central Asia
- Tulipa lemmersii - Kazakhstan
- Tulipa ostrowskiana Regel - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
- Tulipa persica (Lindl.) Sweet (Persian tulip) - Iran
- Tulipa platystemon Vved. - Kyrgyzstan
- Tulipa praestans H.B.May (multiflowered tulip) - Tajikistan
- Tulipa scardica Bornm. (Balkan tulip) - Kosovo, Greece
- Tulipa scharipovii Tojibaev - Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan
- Tulipa schmidtii Fomin - Iran, South Caucasus
- Tulipa serbica Tatic & Krivošej - Kosovo, Serbia
- Tulipa sosnowskyi Achv. & Mirzoeva - South Caucasus
- Tulipa schrenkii) Roth (scented or Crimean tulip, Schrenck's tulip) - Ukraine, Crimea, Russia and south of Siberia, Caucasus, Iran, Kazakhastan
- Tulipa subquinquefolia Vved. - Tajikistan, Uzbekistan
- Tulipa systola Stapf - Middle East
- Tulipa talassica Lazkov - Kyrgyzstan
- Tulipa tetraphylla Regel - Xinjiang, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan
- Tulipa × tschimganica Botschantz. - Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan
- Tulipa ulophylla Wendelbo - Iran
- Tulipa undulatifolia Boiss. - Greece, Balkans, Caucasus, Middle East, Iran, Central Asia
- Tulipa uzbekistanica Botschantz. & Sharipov - Uzbekistan
- Tulipa vvedenskyi Botschantz. - Tajikistan
Subgenus Eriostemones
- Tulipa biflora Pall. (two-flowered tulip) - Macedonia, Egypt, Crimea, Russia, Asia from Saudi Arabia to Xinjiang + Western Siberia
- Tulipa bifloriformis Vved. - Central Asia
- Tulipa cinnabarina K.Perss. - Turkey
- Tulipa cretica Boiss. & Heldr. (Cretan tulip) - Crete
- Tulipa dasystemon (Regel) Regel - Central Asia, Xinjiang
- Tulipa humilis Herb. (rainbow tulip) - Caucasus, Middle East[a]
- Zonn.- Kazakhstan
- Tulipa koyuncui Eker & Babaç - Turkey
- Tulipa orithyioides Vved. - Central Asia
- syn.T. hageri) (green or orange wild tulip) - Greece, Bulgaria, Turkey
- Tulipa regelii Krassn. (plicate or Regel's tulip) - Kazakhstan
- syn.T. bakeri) (rock tulip) - Greece, Turkey
- Tulipa subbiflora Vved.
- Tulipa sprengeri Baker - Turkey
- Tulipa sintenisiiBaker - Turkey
- Tulipa sylvestris L. (wild tulip) - Eurasia from Portugal to Xinjiang
- Tulipa turkestanica (Regel) Regel - Central Asia, Xinjiang
- Tulipa urumiensis Stapf (tarda tulip) - Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Iran
Unplaced
- The horned tulip is often offered in the trade as "Tulipa acuminata", but is in fact a cultivar, unknown from the wild, and should be distributed under its correct cultivar name: Tulipa 'Cornuta'.[1]
- Tulipa boettgeri Regel – Central Asia; accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families as of May 2015[update],[20] but regarded as unplaced by Christenhusz et al.[1]
Species reclassified to other genera
These species were classified as Tulipa but are now placed in other genera
- Tulipa anhuiensis X.S.Shen, now: Amana anhuiensis (X.S.Shen) Christenh.
- Tulipa breyniana L., now: Moraea collina Thunb. (Iridaceae).
- Tulipa edulis (Miq.) Baker, now: Amana edulis (Miq.) Honda.
- Tulipa erythronioides Baker, now: Amana erythronioides (Baker) D.Y.Tan & D.Y.Hong.
- Tulipa graminifolia Baker ex S.Moore, now: Amana edulis (Miq.) Honda.
- Tulipa latifolia (Makino) Makino, now: Amanaerythronioides (Baker) D.Y.Tan & D.Y.Hong
- Tulipa ornithogaloides Fisch. ex Besser, now: Gagea triflora (Ledeb.) Schult. & Schult.f.
- Tulipa pudica (Pursh) Raf., now: Fritillaria pudica (Pursh) Spreng.
- Tulipa sibthorpiana Sm., now: Fritillaria sibthorpiana (Sm.) Baker.
Etymology
The word tulip, first mentioned in western Europe in or around 1554 and seemingly derived from the "Turkish Letters" of diplomat
Notes
- ^ T. humilis has been considered by some to include the following species, although the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families does not:[20]
- Tulipa aucheriana Baker – E. Turkey to Afghanistan
- Tulipa kurdica Wendelbo – N. Iraq
- Tulipa pulchella (Regel) Baker – S. & S.E. Turkey to N. Iran
- Tulipa violacea Boiss. & Buhse – S.E. Transcaucasus
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Christenhusz et al 2013.
- ^ Clennett et al 2012.
- ^ Patterson & Givnish 2002.
- ^ Vinnersten & Bremer 2001.
- ^ Peruzzi, Leitch & Caparelli 2009.
- ^ Leitch et al. 2007.
- ^ Meerow 2012.
- ^ Stevens 2015, Liliales.
- ^ Kim et al 2013a.
- ^ Kim et al 2013b.
- ^ Southern 1967.
- ^ Zonneveld 2009.
- ^ a b Grey-Wilson & Matthews 1980.
- ^ Hall 1940.
- ^ Eker et al 2014.
- ^ The Plant List 2013.
- ^ Everett 2013.
- ^ "Tulipa eichleri Regel | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 3 April 2021.
- ^ Paghat 2017.
- ^ a b c WCSP 2017.
- ^ Harper 2017.
- ^ Christenhusz et al (2013)
Bibliography
Books
- Everett, Diana (2013). The Genus Tulipa: Tulips of the World. ISBN 978-1-84246-481-6.
- Grey-Wilson, C.; Matthews, V. A. (1964). Tulipa L. Cambridge University Press. pp. 28–34. ISBN 9780521201087., In Tutin et al (1980)
- Hall, A. Daniel (1940). The genus Tulipa. London: Royal Horticultural Society.
- Kamenetsky, Rina; Okubo, Hiroshi, eds. (2012). Ornamental Geophytes: From Basic Science to Sustainable Production. ISBN 978-1-4398-4924-8.
- Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Tulipa". Species Plantarum vol. 1. Vol. 1. pp. 305–306. see also Species Plantarum
- Meerow, A.W. (2012-09-17). Taxonomy and Phylogeny: Liliaceae. CRC Press. pp. 17–55. ISBN 9781439849248. In Kamenetsky & Okubo (2012)
- Tutin, T. G.; et al., eds. (1980). Flora Europaea. Volume 5, Alismataceae to Orchidaceae (monocotyledones). Cambridge, England: ISBN 978-0521201087. Retrieved 4 October 2014.
Articles
- .
- Clennett, John C. B.; .
- Eker, İsmail; Babaç, Mehmet Tekin; Koyuncu, Mehmet (29 January 2014). "Revision of the genus Tulipa L. (Liliaceae) in Turkey". Phytotaxa. 157 (1): 001. .
- Kim, Jung Sung; Hong, Jeong-Ki; Chase, Mark W.; Fay, Michael F.; Kim, Joo-Hwan (May 2013). "Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci: matK, rbcL, atpB and atpF-H". .
- Kim, Jung Sung; Kim, Joo-Hwan; Robinson-Rechavi, Marc (14 June 2013). "Comparative Genome Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationship of Order Liliales Insight from the Complete Plastid Genome Sequences of Two Lilies (Lilium longiflorum and Alstroemeria aurea)". PMID 23950788.
- Leitch, I. J.; Beaulieu, JM; Cheung, K; Hanson, L; Lysak, MA; S2CID 25766640. Retrieved 26 January 2014.
- Patterson, T. B.; Givnish, T. J. (2002). "Phylogeny, concerted convergence, and phylogenetic niche conservatism in the core Liliales: insights from rbcL and ndhF sequence data". S2CID 39420833.
- Peruzzi, L.; Leitch, I.J.; Caparelli, K.F. (2009). "Chromosome diversity and evolution in Liliaceae". PMID 19033282.
- Southern, David I. (1967). "Species relationships in the genus Tulipa". Chromosoma. 23: 80–94. S2CID 41231383.
- Vinnersten, A.; Bremer, K. (September 2001). "Age and biogeography of major clades in Liliales". PMID 21669704.
- .
Websites
- Stevens, P.F. (2015) [2001], Angiosperm Phylogeny Website, Missouri Botanical Garden, retrieved 13 April 2015, see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
- "Tulipa". The Plant List (2013). Version 1.1. 2013. Retrieved 30 August 2017.
- "Tulipa". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 22 September 2017.
- "Kolpakowski Tulip, aka Sun Tulip". Paghat's Garden. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
- Harper, Douglas (2017). "Tulip". Online etymology dictionary. Retrieved 23 September 2017.
- Grout, James. "Conrad Gessner". Encyclopaedia Romana. University of Chicago. Retrieved 28 September 2017.