Taxonomy of the Orchidaceae

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Illustration of "Orchideae" from Haeckel's Kunstformen der Natur[1]

The taxonomy of the Orchidaceae (

paper that Bentham read to the Royal Society in 1881.[7][8] Then it was published in 1883 in the final volume of Genera Plantarum.[9] The next great contributors were Pfitzer (1887), Schlechter (1926), Mansfeld (1937), Dressler and Dodson (1960), Garay (1960, 1972), Vermeulen (1966), again Dressler (1981).[10] and Burns-Balogh and Funk (1986).[citation needed] Dressler's 1993 book had considerable influence on later work.[11]

Genera Orchidacearum was published in 6 volumes over 15 years, from 1999 to 2014.

et alii in 2003.[13]

An update to that classification was published by Chase et alii in 2015.[14] This classification takes a different approach from Genera Orchidacearum, by consolidating many of the tribes and subtribes, and by recognizing very widely circumscribed genera. As of 2015, Orchidaceae was not yet covered in The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, though most of the vascular plant families had been covered by that time.

The number of genera recognized in the family has varied from one classification to another. In Genera Orchidacearum, many genera were consolidated, reducing their number to 765, smaller than in any previous modern classification.[8] In 2015, Chase et alii merged even more genera, reducing their number to 736.[14]

Useful resources include the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Wikispecies (Orchidaceae) closely follows this source with modifications as they become accepted. The Plant List also has lists of genera and species, but no other taxonomic information.[15]

History

The following

monophyletic
.

Cladistic analyses, especially those based on molecular

phylogeny has greatly improved in recent years, the elucidation of orchid relationships
is still ongoing.

When Dressler published his classification in 1993, the relationships of orchids to other

sister to the astelioid clade of the order Asparagales, but this result never had strong statistical support. It is now known that Orchidaceae is the most basal clade in Asparagales, with the astelioid clade diverging next.[16][17]

According to

phylogenetic classification divided Orchidaceae into five subfamilies: Apostasioideae, Vanilloideae, Cypripedioideae, Orchidoideae, and Epidendroideae.[13]
These five subfamilies were all strongly supported as monophyletic groups in subsequent studies.

In 2003, the position of Vanilloideae remained equivocal. The subfamilies Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae clearly formed a monophyletic group and Dressler believed that their closest

maximum likelihood bootstrap support.[19]

Since 2006, phylogenies of two of the subfamilies, Vanilloideae[20][21] and Epidendroideae[22] have been published. Phylogenies of several tribes and subtribes have also been published. Compared to previous classifications, more of the tribes and subtribes of Dressler were monophyletic, but not all of them were supported by subsequent studies.

In the classification that was published in 2015, the authors expressed doubt about their division of the tribes Orchideae and Vandeae into subtribes. The placement of the genera Pachites, Holothrix, and Hederorkis is especially problematic. The monophyly of the subtribe Cranichidinae is also in doubt. These authors singled out the tribe Podochileae, as well as the subtribes Oncidiinae, Goodyerinae, and Angraecinae as being in special need of phylogenetic study. The basal epidendroids, especially the tribe Gastrodieae, remain poorly sampled in phylogenetic studies.[14]

Taxonomy

The orchid family (

ICNAFP
.

The subtribes are formally divided into genera. Some of the genera are divided into subgenera, and some of the subgenera are divided into sections. All of the genera contain at least one species. A special nomenclature is used to name hybrids between different species.

About 150 species and about a dozen new genera were described each year from 2000 to 2015.[citation needed]

According to Dressler, there are 5 subfamilies, 22 tribes, 70 subtribes, and about 850 genera of orchids. When he published his classification, only about 20,000 species of orchids were known. Several thousand have been described since then.[15]

A distinction between monandrous flowers and others is especially important in the classification of orchids. A monandrous flower is one that has only a single

common ancestor of Orchidoideae and Epidendroideae. The other subfamilies, Apostasioideae and Cypripedioideae, have either three stamens or two stamens and a staminode
.

The following subfamilies are recognized:

  • Subfamily
    anthers, or two fertile anthers and a filamentous staminode
    .
  • Subfamily Cypripedioideae: monophyletic - two fertile diandrous anthers, a shield-shaped staminode and a saccate (= pouch-like) lip.
  • Subfamily Orchidoideae: monophyletic - one fertile, monandrous, basitonic anther.
    • (Subfamily Spiranthoideae): now accepted as nested within a more broadly defined Orchidoideae as the sub-tribe Spiranthinae of the tribe Cranichideae.
  • Subfamily Epidendroideae: monophyletic - includes almost 80% of the orchid species; orchids with an incumbent to suberect (= ascending towards the edges) anther.
    • (Subfamily Higher Epidendroideae (formerly Vandoideae): specialised clade within a more broadly defined Epidendroideae
  • Subfamily Vanilloideae: monophyletic - an ancient clade now recognized as a distinct subfamily. Their phylogenetic position had long been controversial.

Cladistically, the interrelationships of these subfamilies can be shown in a phylogenetic tree as follows:

Asparagales

Other families in the Asparagales

Orchidaceae

Subfamily Apostasioideae

The subfamily Apostasioideae belongs to the orchid family (Orchidaceae). All well-sampled molecular phylogenetic studies have produced strong

sister to a clade consisting of the other orchid subfamilies. Bootstraping is a method of resampling for quantifying the statistical support for nodes in a phylogenetic tree (= a treelike diagram showing the evolutionary diversification of organisms
).

The apostasioid orchids are the most

sheathing bases, elongated staminode and labellum
similar to the petals.

These primitive features make them, according to some authorities, not true orchids but rather

stem group
of apostasioid orchids.

Wall.
Neuwiedia Blume

Subfamily Cypripedioideae

6 genera with about 115 species, mostly terrestrials or lithophytes:

Tribe Cypripedieae

Cypripedium pubescens
)

Subtribe

Cypripediinae

Raf.

Subtribe

Paphiopedilinae

Raf.

Tribe
Mexipedieae

Subtribe

Mexipediinae

M.W.Chase

Tribe
Phragmipedieae

Subtribe

Phragmipediinae

Uropedium Lindl.

Tribe
Selenipedieae

Subtribe

Selenipediinae

Selenipedium Rchb.f.

Others

× Phragmipaphium hort.

Subfamily Epidendroideae

This is the largest subfamily, comprising more than 10,000 species in about 90 to 100 genera. Most are

distichous
or spiraling

Tribe Arethuseae

Over 500 species.

Arethusa bulbosa
)

Subtribe Arethusinae

Arethusa L.
× Elearethusa
× Elecalthusa
Eleorchis F.Maek.
× Elepogon

Subtribe Bletiinae

Ancistrochilus Rolfe
Wall. ex Lindl.
Cephalantheropsis Guillaumin
Eriodes Rolfe, included Neotainiopsis Bennet & Raizada, Tainiopsis Schltr.
Hancockia Rolfe
Raf.
Ipsea Lindl.
orth. var.
)
Nephelaphyllum Blume
Pachystoma Blume, included Apaturia Lindl., Pachychilus Blume and Pachystylis Blume
Arundina graminifolia
)
Alliance Arundina
Arundina Rich.
Tuberous grasspink (Calopogon tuberosus var. tuberosus)
Alliance Calopogon
R.Br., included Cathea Salisb., Helleborine Kuntze
Alliance Calanthe
orth. var.
)
Barb. Rodr., Thiebautia Colla
Lour. ex Gomes
A.Rich. & Galeotti, Limatodes Blume, Paracalanthe Kudô, Preptanthe Rchb.f., Styloglossum Breda, Sylvalismis Thouars
Raf., Pachyne Salisb., Pesomeria Lindl., Tankervillia Link
Spathoglottis Blume, included Paxtonia Lindl.
Alliance Coelia
Lem.
Alliance Chysis
Liebm.
Alliance Plocoglottis
Plocoglottis Blume
Alliance Tainia
Ridl., Mitopetalum Blume

Subtribe Sobraliinae

C.Schweinf.

Subtribe

Thuniinae

Thunia Rchb.f.

Tribe
Calypsoeae

Cranefly orchid (Tipularia discolor)
Torr.
Wahlenb., Orchidium Sw.
Raf.
Wullschlaegelia Rchb.f.

Tribe
Cryptarrheneae

A.Rich. & Galeotti

Tribe
Coelogyneae

Over 400 species

Subtribe Adrorhizinae

Hook.f.

Subtribe Coelogyninae

Coelogyne Lindl., included Bolborchis Lindl., Hologyne Pfitzer, Ptychogyne Pfitzer
Meyen, Platyclinis Benth.
D.Don

Tribe Epidendreae

Cosmopolitan; largest tribe of this subfamily, with over 8,000 species

Subtribe Glomerinae

Agrostophyllum Blume
Earina Lindl.
Glomera Blume, included Ischnocentrum Schltr.,Sepalosiphon Schltr.

Subtribe Laeliinae: over 1400 species, mostly tropical American epiphytes, in 43 genera. It contains more than 25% (136) of all hybrid genera.

Alliance Isochilus
Hexisea Lindl., included Costaricaea Schltr., Euothonaea Rchb.f.
,
R.Br.
Alliance Cattleya
Raf.
Lem., Laeliopsis Lindl. & Paxton
Dumort.
Raf.
Laelia Lindl., included Amalia Rchb.
Myrmecophila Rolfe
Rhyncholaelia Schltr.
Schomburgkia Lindl.
Raf., Sophronia Lindl.
Guarianthe Dressler & W.E. Higgins (2003)
Alliance Barkeria
Westc.
Raf., included Diacrium (Lindl.) Benth.
Alliance Epidendrum
Raf.
Alliance Leptotes
Leptotes Lindl.
Alliance Neocogniauxia
Neocogniauxia Schltr.
Raf.
Tomzanonia Nir
Alliance hybrids
× Brassocattleya hort.
× Brassoepidendrum hort.
× Brassolaeliocattleya hort.
× Cattleytonia hort.
× Cattlianthe J.M.H.Shaw
× Epicattleya hort.
× Epilaeliocattleya hort.
× Hawkinsara hort.
× Laeliocatarthron J.M.H.Shaw
× Laeliocatonia hort.
× Laeliocattleya Rolfe
× Otaara hort.
× Potinara hort.
× Rhyncholaeliocattleya H.G.Jones
× Schombocattleya hort.
× Sophrocattleya
Rolfe
× Sophrolaelia
hort.
× Sophrolaeliocattleya hort.

Subtribe

Meiracyllinae

Meiracyllium Rchb.f.

Subtribe

ovary
, deciduous from the pedicel.

Tribe Epipogieae

Tribe Gastrodieae

Tribe Malaxideae

Over 900 species

Tribe Neottieae

About 100 species

Tribe Podochileae

  • Subtribe
    Bulbophyllinae
    (according to Garay & al. 1994)
    • Genera:
      Vesicisepalum
       Garay, Hamer & Siegerist
Dendrobium nobile

Tribe Triphoreae

A primitive tribe consisting of three genera and twenty species recently assigned to Epidendroideae.

Tribe Tropidieae

Formerly placed in the subfamily Spiranthoideae

Tribe
Xerorchideae

Subfamily Higher Epidendroideae

Formerly called Vandoideae, this is the second largest subfamily with over 300 genera in more than 5,000 species. They are mostly epiphytes, but include some terrestrials and myco-heterotrophs, all occurring in most tropical areas. The main stem grows in a single direction. Many of the species develop pseudobulbs (i.e. a bulge at the base of a stem), that are normally shorter and sturdier than those in the epidendroids. The striking characteristics of the vandoids are a cellular pollinium stalk (= stipe), superposed pollinia and the unique development of the incumbent anther, that bends early in development.

Tribe Cymbidieae

About 1,800 species in 100 to 130 genera. Species are either terrestrial or epiphytic, and range throughout global tropical regions. All species have, as a unique feature, a sympodial growth habit and two pollinia.

Tribe Vandeae

Over 1,700 species in more than 130 genera; occurs in tropical Asia,

Pacific Islands
, tropical America, Australia, and Africa.

Tribe
Maxillarieae

70 to 80 genera with about 1,000 species; most grow in tropical America as terrestrials or epiphytes, a few are myco-heterotrophs. Most show pseudobulbs, but a few have reedlike stems or thick underground stems. Blooms have four pollinia.

Subfamily Orchidoideae

Tribe
Diceratosteleae

Tribe
Codonorchideae

Tribe Cranichideae

The former subfamily Spiranthoideae is now embedded in the clade Orchidoideae as the tribe Cranichideae (Dressler, 1993). It includes 95 genera and about 1100 species. Species of this polyphyletic tribe occur in all continents (except Antarctica), but mainly in North and South America and tropical Asia. All subtribes are monophyletic.

Nodding ladies' tresses (Spiranthes cernua)
  • Subtribe Spiranthinae: about 30 genera; largely terrestrial; widespread, but absent in sub-Saharan Africa; fascicled roots, dorsal erect anther, inconspicuous staminodia, resupinate flowers.
    • Genera:
      Wallnoeferia
  • Subtribe
    Stenorrhynchidinae
  • Subtribe
    Cyclopogoninae

Tribe Diseae

Tribe Diurideae

About 550 species in 39 genera; mainly Australasia.

Tribe Orchideae

This is the largest tribe, containing more than 1,700 species. It has been divided into two subtribes,

Habenariinae. However, the generic boundaries are unclear, and phylogenetic studies show that many genera are paraphyletic or even polyphyletic,[23]
so a clear assignment of genera to subtribes is currently not possible.

Prairie white fringed orchid (Platanthera leucophaea)

Subfamily Vanilloideae

Tribe Pogonieae

Tribe Vanilleae

References

  1. ^ Haeckel, Ernst (1899). Kunstformen der Natur. Leipzig and Vienna: Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts. p. 74. Retrieved 18 July 2021.
  2. ^ Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné). 1753. Species Plantarum, 1st edition, vol. 2, pages 939-954. Holmiae: Impensis Laurentii Salvii (Lars Salvius). (A facsimile with an introduction by William T. Stearn was published by the Ray Society in 1957). (See External links below).
  3. ^ Antoine Laurent de Jussieu. 1789. "ORCHIDEAE" pages 64-66. In: Genera plantarum: secundum ordines naturales disposita (See External links below).
  4. ^ Olof Swartz. 1800. "Afhandling om Orchidernes Slägter och deras Systematiska indelning". Kongliga vetenskaps academiens nya handlingar 21:115-139. (See External links below).
  5. ^ Louis Claude Richard. 1817. De Orchideis Europaeis annotationes. Parisiis, ex typographia A. Belin.
  6. ^ John Lindley. 1830-1840. The Genera and Species of Orchidaceous Plants. Ridgeways, Piccadilly: London, UK.
  7. ^ George Bentham. 1881. page 288. In: "Notes on Orchideae". The Journal of the Linnean Society. Botany. 18(110):281-367. (See External links below).
  8. ^
    ISBN 978-0-19-964651-7
    (volume 6)
  9. ^ George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker. 1883. Genera Plantarum (Bentham & Hooker, 1883) volume 3, part 2, pages 460-488. L.Reeve & Co.; Williams & Norgate: London, UK. (See External links below).
  10. ISBN 978-0-674-87525-8
    . (See External links below).
  11. ISBN 978-0-521-45058-4
    . 314 pages
  12. ^ Kenneth M. Cameron, Mark W. Chase, W. Mark Whitten, Paul J. Kores, David C. Jarrell, Victor A. Albert, Tomohisa Yukawa, Harold G. Hills and Douglas H. Goldman. 1999. "A phylogenetic analysis of the Orchidaceae: evidence from rbcL nucleotide sequences". American Journal of Botany 86 (2): 208-224. (See External links below).
  13. ^
    ISBN 978-983-812-078-4
    . (See External links below).
  14. ^ a b c Mark W. Chase, Kenneth M. Cameron, John V. Freudenstein, Alec M. Pridgeon, Gerardo A. Salazar, Cássio van den Berg, and André Schuiteman. 2015. "An updated classification of Orchidaceae". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 177 (2): 151-174. (See External links below).
  15. ^ a b "The Plant List: Orchidaceae". 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2018. (Also see External links below).
  16. hdl:10654/18083
     (See External links below).
  17. ^ Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). "Orchidaceae" At: Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. At: Missouri Botanical Garden Website. (see External links below)
  18. ^ Kenneth M. Cameron. 2006. "A comparison and combination of plastid atpB and rbcL gene sequences for inferring phylogenetic relationships within Orchidaceae". pages 447-464. In: J. Travis Columbus, Elizabeth A. Friar, J. Mark Porter, Linda M. Prince, and Michael G. Simpson (editors). Aliso 22 (Monocots: Comparative Biology and Evolution). 735 pages. Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden. printed by Allen Press: USA.
  19. PMID 26311671
    .
  20. ^ Kenneth M. Cameron. 2011. "Vanilloid Orchids: Systematics and Evolution". pages 1-14. In: Eric Odoux and Michel Grisoni (editors). Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Industrial Profiles. CRC Press: Boca Raton FL, USA.
  21. PMID 19251715
    .
  22. PMID 25578379
    .
  23. PMID 24747003
    .

Bibliography

External links

External links

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