Ted Stevens
Ted Stevens | |
---|---|
Fred Seaton | |
Preceded by | George W. Abbott |
United States Assistant Secretary of the Interior for Legislation | |
In office June 1, 1956 – September 15, 1960 | |
President | Dwight Eisenhower |
Secretary | Douglas McKay Fred Seaton |
United States Attorney for the Fourth Division of Alaska Territory | |
In office August 31, 1953 – June 1, 1956 Acting: August 31, 1953 – March 30, 1954 | |
President | Dwight D. Eisenhower |
Preceded by | Robert McNealy |
Succeeded by | George Yeager |
Personal details | |
Born | Theodore Fulton Stevens November 18, 1923 Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. |
Died | August 9, 2010 Dillingham Census Area, Alaska, U.S. | (aged 86)
Resting place | Arlington National Cemetery |
Political party | Republican |
Spouses |
|
Children | 6, including Ben |
Education | |
Signature | |
Military service | |
Allegiance | United States |
Branch/service | United States Army |
Years of service | 1943–1946 |
Rank | First lieutenant |
Unit | United States Army Air Forces |
Battles/wars | World War II, The Hump |
Theodore Fulton Stevens Sr. (November 18, 1923 – August 9, 2010)[1][2] was an American politician and lawyer who served as a U.S. Senator from Alaska from 1968 to 2009. He was the longest-serving Republican Senator in history at the time he left office. Stevens was the president pro tempore of the United States Senate in the 108th and 109th Congresses from 2003 to 2007, and was the third U.S. Senator to hold the title of president pro tempore emeritus. He was previously Solicitor of the Interior Department from 1960 to 1961.[3][4][5] Stevens has been described as one of the most powerful members of Congress and as the most powerful member of Congress from the Northwestern United States.[6][7][8]
Stevens served for six decades in the American
After unsuccessfully running to represent Alaska in the United States Senate, Stevens was elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1964 and became House majority leader in his second term. In 1968, Stevens again unsuccessfully ran for Senate, but he was appointed to Bob Bartlett's vacant seat after Bartlett's death later that year. As a senator, Stevens played key roles in legislation that shaped Alaska's economic and social development,[9] with Alaskans describing Stevens as "the state's largest industry" and nicknaming the federal money he brought in "Stevens money".[10] This legislation included the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, the Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act, Title IX,[11] gaining him the nickname "The Father of Title IX",[12] the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, and the Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act. He was also known for his sponsorship of the Amateur Sports Act of 1978,[13] which established the United States Olympic & Paralympic Committee.
In
Early life and career
Childhood and youth
Stevens was born November 18, 1923, in Indianapolis, Indiana, the third of four children,[19][20] in a small cottage built by his paternal grandfather after the marriage of his parents, Gertrude S. Chancellor and George A. Stevens. The family later lived in Chicago, where George was an accountant before losing his job during the Great Depression.[20][21]: 220 Around this time, when Ted Stevens was six years old, his parents divorced, and Stevens and his three siblings moved back to Indianapolis so they could reside with their paternal grandparents, followed shortly thereafter by their father, who developed problems with his eyes which eventually blinded him. Stevens's mother moved to California and sent for Stevens's siblings as she could afford to, but Stevens stayed in Indianapolis helping to care for his father and a mentally disabled cousin, Patricia Acker, who also lived with the family. The only adult in the household with a job was Stevens's grandfather. Stevens helped to support the family by working as a newsboy, and would later remember selling many newspapers on March 1, 1932, when newspaper headlines blared the news of the Lindbergh kidnapping.[20]
In 1934 Stevens's grandfather punctured a lung in a fall down a tall flight of stairs, contracted
Military service
After he graduated from Redondo Union High School in 1942,
Stevens served in the
Higher education and law school
After the war, Stevens attended the
: 222While at Harvard, Stevens wrote a paper on
Early legal career
After graduating, Stevens went to work in the Washington, D.C., law offices of Northcutt Ely.
Marriage and family
Early in 1952, Stevens married Ann Mary Cherrington, a Democrat and the adopted daughter of University of Denver Chancellor Ben Mark Cherrington. She had graduated from Reed College in Portland, Oregon, and during Truman's administration had worked for the State Department.[26]
On December 4, 1978, the crash of a Learjet 25C on approach at Anchorage International Airport killed five of the seven aboard; Stevens survived, suffering a concussion and broken ribs,[29] but his wife, Ann, did not. Stevens would later state in an interview with the Anchorage Times "I can't remember anything that happened." Smiling, he added, "I'm still here. It must be my Scots blood."[30][31][32] The building which houses the Alaska chapter of the American Red Cross at 235 East Eighth Avenue in Anchorage is named in her memory; likewise a reading room at the Loussac Library.[33]
Stevens and Ann had three sons (Ben, Walter, and Ted) and two daughters (Susan and Elizabeth).[34] Democratic Governor Tony Knowles appointed Ben to the Alaska Senate in 2001, where he served as the president of the state senate until the fall of 2006.
Ted Stevens remarried in 1980. He and his second wife, Catherine, had a daughter, Lily.
Stevens's last Alaska home was in
Prostate cancer
Stevens was a survivor of prostate cancer and had publicly disclosed his cancer.[36][37] He was nominated for the first Golden Glove Awards for Prostate Cancer by the National Prostate Cancer Coalition (NPCC). He advocated the creation of the Congressionally Directed Medical Research Program for Prostate Cancer at the Department of Defense, which has funded nearly $750 million for prostate cancer research.[38] Stevens was a recipient of the Presidential Citation by the American Urological Association for significantly promoting urology causes.[39]
Early Alaska career
In 1952, while still working for Northcutt Ely, Stevens volunteered for the presidential campaign of Dwight D. Eisenhower, writing position papers for the campaign on western water law and lands. By the time Eisenhower won the election that November, Stevens had acquired contacts who told him, "We want you to come over to Interior." Stevens left his job with Ely, but a job in the Eisenhower administration didn't come through[26] as a result of a temporary hiring freeze instituted by Eisenhower in an effort to reduce spending.[21]: 222
Instead, Stevens was offered a job with the
In Fairbanks, Stevens made contacts within the city's Republican party division. He befriended conservative newspaper publisher C.W. Snedden, who had purchased the Fairbanks Daily News-Miner in 1950. Snedden's wife, Helen, later recalled that Snedden and Stevens were "like father and son". However, she would add in 1994 that "The only problem Ted had was that he had a temper," crediting her husband with helping to steady Stevens like you would do with a son, and with teaching Stevens the art of diplomacy.[26]
U.S. Attorney
Nomination
Stevens had been with Collins & Clasby for six months when Robert J. McNealy, a Democrat appointed as
Career as U.S. Attorney
Stevens soon gained a reputation as an active prosecutor who vigorously prosecuted violations of both federal and territorial liquor, drug, and prostitution laws,
Stevens also became known for his explosive temper, which was focused particularly on a criminal defense lawyer named Warren A. Taylor[26] who would later go on to become the Alaska Legislature's first Speaker of the House in the First Alaska State Legislature.[40] "Ted would get red in the face, blow up and stalk out of the courtroom," a former court clerk later recalled of Stevens's relationship with Taylor.[26] Later on, a former colleague of Stevens would "cringe at remembering hearing Stevens through the wall of their Anchorage law office berating clients." Stevens's wife, Ann, would make her husband read self-help books to try and calm him down, although this effort was to no avail. As one observer remembered: "He would lose his temper about the dumbest things. Even when you would agree with him, he got mad at you for agreeing with him."[5]
In 1956, in a trial which received national headlines, Stevens prosecuted Jack Marler; a former
Department of the Interior
Alaska statehood
In March 1956, Stevens's friend Elmer Bennett, legislative counsel in the
Efforts to make Alaska a state had been going on since 1943, and had nearly come to fruition during the
President Eisenhower, a Republican, regarded Alaska as too large in area and with a population density too low to be economically self-sufficient as a state, and furthermore saw statehood as an obstacle to effective defense of Alaska should the Soviet Union seek to invade it.[41] Eisenhower was especially worried about the sparsely populated areas of northern and western Alaska. In March 1954, he had reportedly "drawn a line on a map" indicating his opinion of the portions of Alaska which he felt ought to remain in federal hands even if Alaska were granted statehood.[41]
Seaton and Stevens worked with Gen.
Stevens, illegally, also took part in lobbying for the statehood bill,
The Alaska Statehood Act became law with Eisenhower's signature on July 7, 1958,[43] and Alaska formally was admitted to statehood on January 3, 1959, when Eisenhower signed the Alaska Statehood Proclamation.[47]
Solicitor of Interior
On September 15, 1960, George W. Abbott resigned as Solicitor of the Interior to become Assistant Secretary, and Stevens became Solicitor. He stayed in this office until the Eisenhower administration left office on January 20, 1961.[48] In his position as the highest attorney in the Interior Department, he authored the order that created the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge in 1960.[6][49][50]
Return to Alaska and service in the Alaska House of Representatives
After returning to Alaska, Stevens managed Richard Nixon's 1960 campaign in Alaska. Nixon lost the election narrowly to John F. Kennedy, but won Alaska, which was unexpected due to Alaska's Democratic lean.[51] Shortly after, Stevens founded Stevens & Savage, a law firm in Anchorage. Stevens was then joined by H. Russel Holland, who later became a federal judge on the U.S. District Court for the District of Alaska, and the firm's name changed to Stevens, Savage & Holland.[52] Stevens became a member of Operation Rampart, a group in favor of building the Rampart Dam, a hydroelectric project on the Yukon River.[53] Elected to the Alaska House of Representatives in 1964, he became House Majority Leader in his second term.[54] In this position, he helped push through the repeal of a law that the Governor must appoint a U.S. Senator of the same party as their predecessor when filling a Senate vacancy, benefitting from this law change the next year when Bob Bartlett died.[55]
U.S. Senator
Service
Stevens's service as a United States Senator was, at first, marked with instability and controversy.
During the inaugural meeting of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs during the 91st United States Congress, Stevens commandeered the meeting, booming: "The first priority has to be settlement of Alaska Native land claims. This committee hadn't had the guts to do it at statehood." By the end of the meeting, Stevens and Gravel had ended up in a shouting match, constantly interrupting and disrespecting each other, boiling out into the hallway, fists raised, giving statements to the press in a makeshift conference before Chairman Henry "Scoop" Jackson interrupted and broke up the fight.[5] In one incident, Stevens began lecturing Jackson, the chairman. Jackson put his foot down, stating "Now just a minute. You're new here and I want to tell you how these things are handled." Ed Weinberg would recall that Jackson treated Ted Stevens like he was a rebellious schoolboy and, as such, would make him "sit in the corner with a dunce cap on." "Jackson wasn't about to let Ted Stevens take over the hearings and the framing of this legislation."[5]
Following the 1974 campaign, where Stevens begrudgingly campaigned for the Republican nominee, leading John Birch Society member C.R. Lewis, Stevens again tried to put their rivalry aside, sending a letter inviting Gravel and his wife to a "nice dinner" with him and his wife. However, Gravel turned it down, later recalling he showed Stevens that he "didn't want to socialize with him." Gravel felt Stevens did not behave appropriately during the campaign, adding "I wanted nothing to do with him socially."[57]
On October 13, 1978, the last day of the second sitting of the 95th Congress, the Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act, an act to conserve around a third of Alaska as 'America's last huge, untouched wilderness', an act which Stevens championed after providing a compromise with Mo Udall, was killed by Gravel. One theory why was that Gravel killed the bill in an attempt to spite Stevens, but it is more widely accepted that Gravel had killed the bill as part of his 1980 re-election campaign. The day before, Gravel had written to Stevens that he 'supported Stevens' and was reconsidering his opposition of any attempt of a compromise.[58][57] On the day, the bill was granted an extension for a year by the House, but when the Senate debated the extension, Stevens did not present Gravel's objections to the Senate. In response, Gravel stood up and killed the extension, stating that astounded him how members of Congress could "meet so much on a subject" that "affected someone else's state." Gravel would then add that he "had been willing to rise above this and work on the compromise", even though he believed the bill "...was anathema to what I thought was right and in the best interests of Alaska..."[57]
Democratic New Hampshire Senator John A. Durkin rose. "The whole chamber knows what the senator is up to. He is out to torpedo this bill!" Gravel rebutted "I will not admit that!", continuing to speak until Senate Majority Leader Robert Byrd took the bill off of the floor. The Senate descended into rage, Gravel unsuccessfully trying to talk over the Senators' angry commotion. Stevens then rose and stated that "I feel like a father who has just arrived at the delivery room and found out his son has been stillborn." He accused Gravel of lying, adding Interior Secretary Cecil Andrus and President Jimmy Carter would take away 'millions of acres of Alaska from development'. Durkin then rose again; "We worked out an extension to protect Alaska, and he is torpedoing that now. I hope the press is listening, as well as every village in Alaska, so when the secretary (Andrus) invokes the Antiquities Act there will be no ticker-tape parade." Hard to hear over the anger of the Senate, Durkin then finally added that Alaskans should know that the compromise "foundered on two words, after forty-seven markups, and those two words are 'Mike Gravel.'"[57] Gravel argued that Stevens was selling out, and, in rebuttal, Stevens told the press that Gravel had broken his word, adding "Gravel is an international playboy who needs psychiatric help.", following "I'm not even sure if God could fathom his thinking."[57]
1978 plane crash
On December 4, 1978, Stevens had a meeting in Anchorage with executives of the major pro-development lobby "Citizens for the Management of Alaska's Lands". On the same day, Governor of Alaska Jay Hammond, would be sworn in for a second term in Alaska's capital, Juneau. Tony Motley, the Chair of CMAL, arranged for a friend's private plane to pick them up after the inauguration had finished, and then fly them from Juneau to Anchorage so Stevens could attend the meeting. During takeoff from Anchorage International, the plane had risen only a few feet above the runway when it was hit by a sudden, strong gust of wind, which flipped the plane around and pointed it straight up in the air. In an attempt to re-orient the plane, the pilot pulled back the throttle, but the plane stalled and crashed violently into the ground. Out of the seven people on board, including the pilot, only Stevens and Motley survived the crash. The other five passengers, a group which included Ann Stevens, who was Stevens' wife of 2+1⁄2 decades, died on impact.[57]
Stevens's wife's death hit him very hard. On the day of the crash Gravel was on a trip to Saudi Arabia, but he flew back to attend Ann's funeral. Afterwards, Gravel asked a Stevens aide if he could express his condolences personally, but he was informed that Stevens didn't want to see him. Upon Stevens' return, he seemed "bitter and in terrible emotional pain", hinting in both Alaska and D.C. that he believed that the only reason he made the flight was that he had to rebuild the effort for a land bill back together, and that thus the primary reason was Mike Gravel killing the bill. Most of his remarks were not printed by reporters, who saw them as statements of someone "half-crazy with grief".[57]
However, on February 6, 1979, Stevens spoke to the House Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs, which Udall chaired, which had just begun to debate the new edition of the lands bill, and he brought up the plane crash. "It was on that trip to Alaska to reconstitute the efforts for the coming year that I and Tony Motley, who passed away ... were involved in an accident", he said, the fact that Motley had survived seemingly lapsing his mind. "The trip was neither spur-of-the-moment nor stopgap. It was and is to me the beginning of this year's effort to achieve an acceptable D2 lands bill. As I am sure you realize, and many of you can imagine, the solution of the issue means even more to me than it did before." He shortly talked about the bill, before finally adding: "I think if that bill had passed, I might have a wife sitting and waiting when I get home tonight, too."[57][59]
In 1979, Stevens began to recruit primary challengers for the Democratic nomination to Gravel for his re-election campaign the following year. After some courting, Stevens decided to back Clark Gruening, the grandson of Ernest Gruening, who Gravel had defeated in the primary 12 years prior. Stevens had also reportedly (and unsuccessfully) attempted to court Tony Motley, the other survivor of the 1978 crash to run as the Republican nominee, but Motley stated he had only briefly touched upon entering the race with Stevens and that he was not a candidate.[57] The junior Gruening would defeat Gravel in the primary by a margin of 11 points.[60] Gruening would then lose the election to banker Frank Murkowski by 7 points.[61]
Early legislative achievements
Stevens's fiery attitude greatly assisted him in pushing the highly controversial nomination of Alaska Governor
Pork barrel spending
Throughout his career, Stevens would bring in billions of dollars of pork barrel funding for Alaska, something which Stevens was unapologetic for, once stating "I'm guilty of asking for pork, and I'm proud of the Senate for giving it to me."[63] Stevens was nicknamed the "King of Pork" by CBS News[64] & NBC News.[65] In 2007, Texas received approximately $98 per person in federal appropriations, with a similar share accorded New York, while Alaska came in a far first place, receiving $4,300 per person. In his final year in the Senate, Stevens secured $469 million for Alaskan projects. Citizens Against Government Waste stated that Stevens had secured over a billion dollars in federal funding for Alaska from 1991 to 2000.[66][67]
Elections
After practicing private law for a year, Stevens ran for the
In a special election in 1970, Stevens won the right to finish the remainder of Bartlett's term. He won the seat in his own right in 1972, and was reelected in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996 and 2002 elections. His final term expired in January 2009. Since his first election to a full term in 1972, Stevens never received less than 66% of the vote before his 2008 defeat for re-election.[70]
When asked if he would hypothetically accept the 2008 Republican vice presidential nomination if offered, Stevens replied "No. I've got too many things that I still want to do as a senator. Plus, I don't like the idea of a job where you sit around and wait for someone to die."[71]
Stevens lost his
Stevens, who would have been 90 years old on election day, had filed to run for a rematch against Begich in the
Committees and leadership positions
Stevens served as the Assistant Republican Leader (
After
Stevens chaired the Senate Appropriations Committee from 1997 to 2005, except for the 18 months when Democrats controlled the chamber. The chairmanship gave Stevens considerable influence among fellow Senators, who relied on him for home-state project funds. Even before becoming chairman of the Appropriations Committee, Stevens secured large sums of federal money for the State of Alaska.[79] Due to Republican Party rules that limited committee chairmanships to six years, Stevens gave up the Appropriations gavel at the start of the 109th Congress, in January 2005. He was succeeded by Thad Cochran of Mississippi.[80][81][82]
Stevens chaired the
At various times, Stevens also served as chairman of the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee, the Senate Ethics Committee, the Arms Control Observer Group, and the Joint Committee on the Library of Congress.
Due to Stevens's long tenure and that of the state's sole congressman, Don Young, Alaska was considered to have clout in national politics well beyond its small population (the state was long the smallest in population and is currently 48th, ahead of only Wyoming and Vermont).[84]
Stevens was strongly considered for
Political positions
Stevens was long considered a Rockefeller Republican and described as a liberal or moderate Republican,[85] managing Nelson Rockefeller's 1964 campaign in Alaska.[86] By one measure of all members of Congress from 1937 to 2002, Stevens, with a score of 0.183, usually voted to the left of the average Republican (who scored an average of 0.271 in the Senate and 0.300 in the House), and to the left of notable liberal & moderate Republicans such as Illinois Representative & 1980 presidential candidate John B. Anderson, with a score of 0.185,[87] Virginia Senator John Warner, with a score of 0.251,[88] & even Democrats such as Ohio Senator Frank Lausche, with a score of 0.200.[89] In 1977, the American Conservative Union gave Ted Stevens a ranking of less than 50%, indicating that Stevens had voted more liberally than he had conservatively.[90] In 1974, Stevens was given a 25% year-round rating, his lowest rating that year, putting him to the left of noted liberal Republicans Mark Hatfield,[91] Bob Packwood,[92] Charles Percy,[93] liberal Democratic leader Frank Church,[94] and even his Democratic colleague from Alaska, Mike Gravel.[95] In 1974, Stevens's lifetime rating was 43%. By the end of his career, Stevens had a 64.78% lifetime rating,[96] over 15% short of the required rating to be considered sufficiently conservative by the organization.[97]
Internet and net neutrality
On June 28, 2006, the Senate Commerce Committee was in the final day of three days of hearings,[98] during which the Committee members considered more than two hundred amendments to an omnibus telecommunications bill. Stevens authored the bill, S. 2686,[99] the Communications, Consumer's Choice, and Broadband Deployment Act of 2006.
Senators
Logging
Stevens was a long-standing proponent of logging and championed a plan that would allow 2,400,000 acres (9,700 km2) of roadless
Abortion
According to
However, as a former member of the moderate
Global warming
Stevens was long an avowed
In early 2007, he acknowledged that humans were changing the climate, and began supporting legislation to combat climate change. "Global climate change is a very serious problem for us, becoming more so every day," he said at a Senate hearing in February 2007, adding that he was "concerned about the human impacts on our climate". He then spoke to the St. Petersburg Times, stating "We've got global climate change, and it's coming about partly naturally and part of it may be, I believe, caused by the accumulation of the activities of man."[109] But in September 2007, he claimed, "We're at the end of a long term of warming.", adding "700 to 900 years of increased temperature," and then "If we're close to the end of that, that means that we'll starting getting cooler gradually, not very rapidly, but cooler once again and stability might come to this region for a period of another 900 years."[50][107]
Civil rights
Stevens voted in favor of the
LGBT+ rights
Stevens voted in favor of an amendment to classify abuse based on sexual orientation a hate crime in 2000, though he voted against a similar amendment in 2002.[113] Stevens voted in favor of the Defense of Marriage Act.[114] The Human Rights Campaign rated Stevens 0% in 2006, indicating an anti-gay rights stance.[113]
U.S. Supreme Court
Stevens voted in favor of the nominations of Robert Bork[115] and Clarence Thomas[116] to the U.S. Supreme Court.
Criticism of political positions and actions
During his tenure as Senator, Stevens was subject to frequent criticism that included:
- Citizens Against Government Waste accused Stevens of pork barrel politics and kept a list of his pet projects.[117]
- In 2005, Stevens strongly supported federal transportation funds to build the Bridge to Nowhere. Stevens threatened to quit the Senate if the funds were diverted.[118]
- Additionally, he received criticism for introducing a bill in January 2007 that would heavily restrict access to
- In 2007, Stevens added $3.5 million into a Senate omnibus bill to help finance an airport which serves a remote Alaskan island.Charles Bundrant, was a longtime supporter of the elder Stevens, and Bundrant with his family donated $17,300 in a time period spanning since 1995 to Stevens's political campaigns and another $10,800 to his leadership PAC, while also donating $55,000 to the National Republican Senatorial Campaign Committee.[122]
Controversies
In December 2003, the Los Angeles Times reported that Stevens had taken advantage of lax Senate rules to use his political influence to obtain a large amount of his personal wealth.[123] According to the article, while Stevens was already a millionaire "thanks to investments with businessmen who received government contracts or other benefits with his help," the lawmaker who was in charge of $800 billion a year, writes "preferences he wrote into law," from which he then benefits.[123]
Home remodeling and VECO
On May 29, 2007, the
In June, the Anchorage Daily News reported that a federal grand jury in Washington, D.C., heard evidence in May about the expansion of Stevens's Girdwood home and other matters connecting Stevens to VECO.
Former aide
The Justice Department also examined whether federal funds that Stevens steered to the Alaska SeaLife Center may have illegally benefited an aide.[135] However, no charges were ever filed.
Bob Penney
In September 2007, The Hill reported that Stevens had "steered millions of federal dollars to a sportfishing industry group founded by Bob Penney, a longtime friend". In 1998, Stevens invested $15,000 in a Utah land deal managed by Penney; in 2004, Stevens sold his share of the property for $150,000.[136]
Trial, conviction, and reversal
Indictment
On July 29, 2008, Stevens was indicted by a federal grand jury on seven counts of failing to properly report gifts,[137] a felony, and found guilty at trial three months later (October 27, 2008).[138] The charges related to renovations to his home and alleged gifts from VECO Corporation, claimed to be worth more than $250,000.[139][140] The charges were associated with those exposed in what became known as "Operation Polar Pen". The indictment followed a lengthy investigation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) for possible corruption by Alaskan politicians and was based in part on Stevens's extensive relationship with Bill Allen. Allen owned racehorses, including a partnership in the stud-horse So Long Birdie, which included Stevens and eight others, and which was managed by Bob Persons.[141] The FBI not only had calls between Allen and Stevens (made after Allen became a cooperating witness), they had thousands of wiretapped conversations involving the phones of both Allen and VECO Vice President Rick Smith. They had also videotaped meetings between Allen and state legislators at VECO's hotel suite in Juneau, the state capitol. Allen had testified that he bribed Ted's son Ben, the former Alaska Senate president. A former VECO employee said he did campaign fundraising work for Stevens while on VECO's payroll, a violation of federal law.[142] Allen, then an oil service company executive, had earlier pleaded guilty (sentence suspended pending his cooperation in gathering evidence and giving testimony in other trials) to bribing several Alaskan state legislators. Stevens declared, "I'm innocent," and pleaded not guilty to the charges in a federal district court on July 31, 2008. Stevens asserted his right to a speedy trial so he could have the opportunity to clear his name promptly and requested that the trial be held before the 2008 election.[143][144]
The case was prosecuted by Principal Deputy Chief Brenda K. Morris, Trial Attorneys Nicholas A. Marsh and Edward P. Sullivan of the Criminal Division's Public Integrity Section, headed by Chief William M. Welch II; and Assistant U.S. Attorneys Joseph W. Bottini and James A. Goeke from the District of Alaska.
Guilty verdict and repercussions
On October 27, 2008, Stevens was found guilty of all seven counts of making false statements. Stevens was only the fifth sitting senator to be convicted by a jury in U.S. history,[147] and the first since Senator Harrison A. Williams (D-NJ) in 1981[148] (although Senator David Durenberger (R-MN) pleaded guilty to a felony more recently, in 1995). Stevens faced a maximum penalty of five years per charge.[149] His sentencing hearing was originally arranged February 25, but his attorneys told Judge Sullivan they would file applications to dispute the verdict by early December.[150] However, it was thought unlikely that Stevens would spend significant time in prison.[151]
Within a few days of his conviction, Stevens faced bipartisan calls for his resignation. Both parties' presidential candidates,
Nonetheless, during a debate with his opponent, Anchorage, Alaska Mayor Mark Begich, days after his conviction, Stevens continued to claim innocence. "I have not been convicted. I have a case pending against me, and probably the worst case of prosecutorial misconduct by the prosecutors that is known." Stevens also cited plans to appeal.[157] On November 4, 2008, eight days after his conviction, Begich went on to defeat Stevens by 3,724 votes, a 1.3% margin. Stevens was the longest-serving U.S. Senator in history to have ever lost a bid for re-election, beating out Warren Magnuson's record in 1980.[158] Had Stevens won his re-election bid, and then been expelled, a special election would have been held to fill his seat through the remainder of the term, until January 2015.[159] No sitting U.S. senator has ever been expelled since the Civil War.
On November 13, Senator
Government concealment of evidence
In February 2009, FBI agent Chad Joy filed a whistleblower affidavit, alleging that prosecutors and FBI agents conspired to withhold and conceal evidence that could have resulted in acquittal.
As a result of Joy's affidavit and claims by the defense that prosecutorial misconduct had caused an unfair trial, Judge Sullivan ordered a hearing to be held on February 13, 2009, to determine whether a new trial should be ordered.[168] At the February 13 hearing, Judge Sullivan held the prosecutors in contempt for having failed to deliver documents to Stevens's legal counsel.[169]
Convictions voided and indictment dismissed
On April 1, 2009, on behalf of U.S. Attorney General Eric Holder, Paul O'Brien submitted a "Motion of The United States To Set Aside The Verdict And Dismiss The Indictment With Prejudice" in connection with case No. 08-231. Federal judge Emmet G. Sullivan soon signed the order. During the trial, Sullivan had expressed anger after Allen, the prosecution's witness, recounted a note Stevens sent him insisting that a bill for work Veco had done be sent to Stevens. Allen said that Persons subsequently told him that Stevens was just "covering his ass".[170] Holder, who had taken office only three months earlier, stated that it was "in the interest of justice" not to hold a new trial,[171] adding that he was "horrified".[172] After Sullivan held the prosecutors in contempt, Holder replaced the entire trial team, including top officials in the public integrity section. The discovery of a previously undocumented interview with Allen raised the possibility prosecutors had knowingly allowed Allen to perjure himself. Allen said the fair market value of the repairs to the Stevenses' house was around $80,000, considerably less than the $250,000 he said it cost at trial.[173] More seriously, Allen said in the interview that he didn't recall talking to Persons, a friend of Stevens, regarding the repair bill for the Stevenses' house. Even without the notes, Stevens's attorneys claimed Allen was lying about the conversation.[170]
Later that day, Stevens's attorney, Brendan Sullivan, said Holder's decision was forced by "extraordinary evidence of government corruption". He also claimed that prosecutors not only withheld evidence but "created false testimony that they gave us and actually presented false testimony in the courtroom".[174]
On April 7, 2009, Judge Sullivan formally accepted Holder's motion to set aside the verdict and throw out the indictment, declaring, "There was never a judgment of conviction in this case. The jury's verdict is being set aside and has no legal effect," and calling it the worst case of prosecutorial misconduct he'd ever seen.[175] He also initiated a criminal contempt investigation of six members of the prosecution. Although an internal investigation by the Office of Professional Responsibility was already underway, Sullivan said he was not willing to trust it due to the "shocking and disturbing" nature of the misconduct.[176]
In 2012, the Special Counsel report on the case was released. It said,[177]
The investigation and prosecution of U.S. Senator Ted Stevens were permeated by the systematic concealment of significant exculpatory evidence which would have independently corroborated Senator Stevens's defense and his testimony, and seriously damaged the testimony and credibility of the government's key witness.
— Special Counsel Report[178]
Upon the release of the Special Counsel report, the Stevens defense team released an analysis of its own, which said, "The meticulous detail paints a picture of the government's shocking conduct in which prosecutors repeatedly ignored the law. The Report shows how prosecutors abandoned their oath of office and the ethical standards of their profession. They abandoned all decency and sound judgment when they indicted and prosecuted an 84-year old man who served his country in World War II combat, and who served with distinction for 40 years in the U.S. Senate."[179]
A statement issued by Stevens's widow Catherine said, "I can say that the Stevens family continues to be shocked by the depth and breadth of the government's misconduct."[180]
Mark Bonner, associate professor of law at Ave Maria School of Law, has argued that the court acted improperly by appointing a special prosecutor, claiming that, among other things, the "trial court had no lawful authority to hold the prosecutors in contempt for Brady violations..."[181]
Achievements and honors
Stevens was voted Alaskan of the Century in 2000 by the Alaskan of the Year Committee. In the same year, the Alaska Legislature renamed the Anchorage airport, the largest in the state, to the Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport.[182]
The Ted Stevens Foundation is a charity established to "assist in educating and informing the public about the career of Senator Ted Stevens". The chairman is Tim McKeever, a lobbyist who was treasurer of Stevens's 2004 campaign. In May 2006, McKeever said the charity was "nonpartisan and nonpolitical", and that Stevens does not raise money for the foundation, although he has attended some fund-raisers.[183]
November 18, 2003, the senator's 80th birthday, was declared Senator Ted Stevens Appreciation Day by
When discussing issues that were especially important to him (such as opening up the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge to oil drilling), Stevens wore a necktie with The Incredible Hulk on it to show his seriousness.[185] Marvel Comics has sent him free Hulk paraphernalia and has thrown a Hulk party for him.[186] On December 21, 2005, Stevens said the vote to block drilling in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge "has been the saddest day of my life".[187]
On December 30, 2006, Stevens delivered a eulogy of
Death and legacy
On August 9, 2010, Stevens and seven other passengers including former
As Stevens's death was confirmed, Alaskan and national political figures from all sides of the political spectrum spoke highly of the man many Alaskans knew as "Uncle Ted".[193][194] Senator Lisa Murkowski said of Stevens: "His entire life was dedicated to public service – from his days as a pilot in World War II to his four decades of service in the United States Senate. He truly was the greatest of the 'Greatest Generation.'"[195] Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell stated "In the history of our country, no one man has done more for one state than Ted Stevens. His commitment to the people of Alaska and his nation spanned decades, and he left a lasting mark on both." Senator Mary Landrieu also spoke "Ted always said, 'To hell with politics. Do what is best for Alaska.' He never apologized for fighting for his state, and Alaska is better for it today."[196]
The
Memorial services
Hundreds of Alaskans attended a memorial
USS Ted Stevens
In January 2019, the
Electoral history
See also
- Alaska political corruption probe
- List of fatalities from aviation accidents
- Mount Stevens
- List of federal political scandals in the United States
Notes and references
^ This office is now known as the Solicitor of the Interior. When Stevens held this role, it was the 2nd highest position, behind Secretary. After 1995, it became the 3rd highest role, behind Secretary and Deputy Secretary.
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- ^ "Holder urges Ted Stevens' conviction reversed". ABC News. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ "The Strong Message Attorney General Eric Holder Sent to All Federal Prosecutors When He Dismissed the Indictment Against Senator Ted Stevens, and the Apparent Basis for the Dismissal". Findlaw. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ "DOJ Wants Charges Against Ted Stevens Dismissed". The BLT: The Blog of Legal Times. Archived from the original on May 28, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ "Lawyer says prosecutors' request has 'cleared' Stevens". CNN. April 1, 2009. Archived from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved April 1, 2009.
- ^ United States of America v. Theodore F. Stevens No. 1:08-cr-00231-EGS Document 324 Filed 04/01/2009 @ "District of Columbia live database". Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 1, 2010.
- U.S. Representative, who formerly represented Louisiana's 2nd congressional district before being ousted by Anh "Joseph" Cao in 2008, could likewise avert conviction. James Gill, Jefferson's friends an optimistic bunch, Archived January 4, 2013, at archive.todayTimes-Picayune, April 12, 2009, Saint Tammany Edition, p. B5.
- ^ Charlie Savage; Michael S Schmidt (March 15, 2012). "Report Details Inner Workings of Troubled Ethics Trial of Senator". New York Times.
- ^ "Court report on Stevens" (PDF). documentcloud.org. March 15, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 24, 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ "GOVERNMENT CORRUPTION CONFIRMED BY COURT-ORDERED INVESTIGATION" (PDF). March 15, 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 25, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
- ^ "Schuelke-Shields Report: Statement from Catherine Stevens". March 15, 2012. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved March 17, 2012.
- from the original on April 20, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
- ^ "Stevens biographical timeline" Archived September 18, 2008, at the Wayback Machine, Anchorage Daily News, July 29, 2008.
- ^ Michael Kranish, "Limits urged on political charities: Watchdogs target funds legislators helped create" Archived March 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Boston Globe, May 7, 2006.
- ^ "Sinking in the West: Ted Stevens's last hurrah? | National Review | Find Articles at BNET". December 10, 2008. Archived from the original on December 10, 2008. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- ^ "Senate to vote today on ANWR". Adn.com. Archived from the original on January 23, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- ^ Liz Ruskin. "Anger management: Stevens meets the Hulk". Anchorage Daily News. Peninsula Clarion. Archived from the original on July 13, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
- ^ Carl Hulse (December 22, 2005). "Senate Rejects Bid for Drilling in Arctic Area". The New York Times. Archived from the original on March 9, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2008.
- ^ "CNN transcripts". transcript. CNN. December 30, 2006. Archived from the original on October 13, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2008.
- ^ Tributes to Hon Ted Stevens Archived September 5, 2022, at the Wayback Machine govinfo.gov
- ^ "Bad weather hampers crash rescuers: Western Alaska". Anchorage Daily News. adn.com. August 9, 2010. Archived from the original on August 13, 2016. Retrieved July 13, 2016.
- ^ "Plane Crash in Alaska Kills Former Alaska Senator Ted Stevens". Chicago Tribune. Associated Press. August 10, 2010. Archived from the original on August 11, 2010.
- ^ Bohrer, Becky. "Crews trying to reach downed plane near Dillingham: Alaska News". Associated Press. Archived from the original on August 22, 2010. Retrieved August 10, 2010.
- ^ "44 – Ted Stevens's death: Washington reacts". Washington Post. April 13, 2010. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved August 12, 2010.
- ^ "Our View: Sen. Ted Stevens: ADN Editorial". ADN. August 10, 2010. Archived from the original on June 10, 2011. Retrieved August 13, 2010.
- ^ Spack, Kristin (August 10, 2010). "Murkowski: Alaska Loses Hero". Alaska Public Media. Archived from the original on May 10, 2023. Retrieved May 10, 2023.
- Christian Science Monitor. Archivedfrom the original on May 6, 2023. Retrieved May 6, 2023.
- ^ Begich: Stevens One of Alaska's "Greatest Statesmen" Archived May 24, 2023, at the Wayback Machine APM. August 10, 2010.
- ^ President Bush: Stevens Loved Alaska Archived May 24, 2023, at the Wayback Machine APM. August 10, 2010.
- ^ "Ted Stevens Memorial Brings Dignitaries to Alaska". The Mudflats. August 17, 2010. Archived from the original on August 21, 2010.
- Alaska Public Radio Network
- ^ U.S. Navy will name destroyer after Ted Stevens Archived January 7, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, James Brooks, Anchorage Daily News, 2019-01-04
External links
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Records: The Vault - Ted Stevens
- Timeline: Ted Stevens from the Anchorage Daily News
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
- Ted Stevens News from The New York Times
- Obituary from BBC News
- Memorial Addresses and Other Tributes Held in the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States Together With Memorial Services in Honor of Ted Stevens, Late a Senator from Alaska, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, Second Session
- Ted Stevens Paper Projects Archived 2020-08-08 at the Wayback Machine from Alaska and Polar Regions Collections of Elmer E. Rasmuson and BioSciences Libraries
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Ted Stevens at 100 Years of Alaska's Legislature
- President Bush: Stevens Loved Alaska APRN. Aug 10, 2010.
- Ted Stevens at the Team USA Hall of Fame