Tejeros Convention
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The Tejeros Convention, also known as the Tejeros Assembly and the Tejeros Congress, was a meeting held on March 22, 1897, between Katipunan factions of Magdiwang and Magdalo in San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite (now General Trias) that resulted in the creation of a new revolutionary government that took charge of the Philippine Revolution, replacing the Katipunan.[1][2] It followed on a previous meeting now known as the Imus Assembly. Filipino historians consider the first presidential and vice presidential elections in Philippine history to have been held at this convention, although only Katipuneros (members of the Katipunan) were able to take part, and not the general populace.
Convention
Purpose
The revolutionary leaders called the convention in a friar estate residence in Tejeros, ostensibly to discuss the defense of
Amidst questioning by Severino de las Alas[
Most of the day was spent in debates, and a tumult broke out after the Magdalo side called the status quo of the revolutionaries no better than that of bandits or wild animals, which the Magdiwang on Bonifacio's side took offense to. After order was restored, some pushed for the convention to be adjourned, but Bonifacio prevailed upon them to continue. Jacinto Lumbreras of Magdiwang, who had served as chairman of the assembly and presided over the proceedings to that point, then refused to continue as chairman, since if they were to discuss replacing the Katipunan, then Bonifacio should preside as the "father of the Katipunan and the Revolution". Bonifacio was thus made chairman.[6][page needed] Despite his concern about the lack of officials and representatives from other provinces and other Katipunan councils, he bowed to the will of the majority and was obliged to proceed with the elections.[8]
Election results
Bonifacio presided over the election as chairman of the convention. He secured the unanimous approval of the assembly that the decisions would not be questioned, and the winners be respected regardless of their stations in life or educational attainment.[6][page needed]
Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Magdiwang | 30 | 11.72 | ||
Total | 256 | 100.00 | ||
Valid votes | 256 | 100.00 | ||
Invalid/blank votes | 0 | 0.00 | ||
Total votes | 256 | 100.00 | ||
Registered voters/turnout | 256 | 100.00 |
The results of the election:
Position | Name | Faction |
---|---|---|
President | Emilio Aguinaldo | Magdalo |
Vice-president | Mariano Trías | Magdiwang |
Captain-general | Artemio Ricarte | Magdiwang |
Director of war | Emiliano Riego de Dios | Magdiwang |
Director of the interior | Andrés Bonifacio | Katipunan Supreme Council, Magdiwang ally |
After Aguinaldo was elected president, Severino de las Alas of Magdiwang proposed that Bonifacio automatically be considered vice president since he had received the second highest number of votes. Nobody seconded or contested the motion, so Bonifacio as chairman ruled that the elections should continue. Mariano Trias of Magdiwang was then elected vice president over Mariano Alvarez, the president of Magdiwang, and Bonifacio. Artemio Ricarte of Magdiwang was then elected Captain-General over Santiago Alvarez (son of Mariano), also of Magdiwang. Ricarte, aka "General Vibora", tried to demur and concede to Alvarez aka "General Apoy", but Alvarez himself insisted that he accept it and vouched for him. Then Baldomero Aguinaldo, cousin of Emilio and president of Magdalo, suggested that people stand in groups to make the voting faster so they could finish before it got too dark. This was followed, and Emiliano Riego de Dios of Magdiwang was elected Director of War over Santiago Alvarez and Ariston Villanueva of Magdiwang and Daniel Tirona of Magdalo. Finally, Bonifacio was elected Director of the Interior over Mariano Alvarez.[9]
However, after Bonifacio was elected, Daniel Tirona loudly objected that the post should not be occupied by a person without a lawyer's diploma. He instead nominated a lawyer, Jose del Rosario (of Magdiwang), as qualified for the suitable position.[10] Bonifacio was greatly embarrassed, and demanded that Tirona retract the remark and apologize to the assembly. When Tirona made to leave instead, Bonifacio drew a pistol and was about to fire at Tirona, but stopped when Ricarte tried to disarm him.[10] Bonifacio then invoked his role as the chairman of the assembly and the supreme president of the Katipunan and declared all proceedings that day to be null and void, and left with his supporters.[11]
Allegations of fraud
In addition to Bonifacio's statement voiding the outcome, the probity of the election held was questioned, with allegations that many ballots distributed were already filled out and that the voters had not done this themselves.[12]
In their memoirs, Santiago Álvarez and Gregoria de Jesús both alleged that many ballots were already filled out before being distributed, and Guillermo Masangkay contended there were more ballots prepared than voters present. Álvarez writes that Bonifacio had been warned by a Cavite leader Diego Mojica of the rigged ballots before the votes were canvassed, but he had done nothing.[13]
Post-convention events
Emilio Aguinaldo was not present at the convention, but was at a military front at Pasong Santol, a barrio of
After leaving the convention, Bonifacio met on March 28 with 45 of his followers. Convinced that the election at the convention had been invalid, they drew up a document titled Acta de Tejeros giving their reasons for having rejected the convention results.[2] They then proceeded to Naik and drew up another document on April 19, sometimes referred to as the Naic Military Agreement, repudiating the insurgent government established at Tejeros.[17]
Aguinaldo did not at first fully or openly assume the office of president, though he had secretly taken the oath of office, and first managed to secure support among Magdalo and Magdiwang alike. He sent a delegation to contact the increasingly isolated Bonifacio and persuade him to cooperate. The delegation was able to contact Bonifacio, but was unable to persuade him as he resolved to move out of the province.
Several complaints against Bonifacio, notably from Severino de las Alas and Jose Coronel, were then presented to Aguinaldo. He then ordered Bonifacio's arrest before he could leave Cavite, and dispatched a force to Bonifacio's camp at Limbon,
Finalized government
Tejeros Revolutionary Government: Philippine Republic (March 1897) Republic of the Philippines (April 1897) Government of All Tagalogs (May 1897) | |
---|---|
Pamahalaang Panghimagsikan ng Tejeros: Republica Filipina (March 1897) Republica de Filipinas (April 1897) Pamahalaan ng Sangkatagalugan (May 1897) | |
Philippines | |
Leader | President |
Main organ | Cabinet |
Headquarters | San Francisco de Malabon, Cavite |
Position | Name | Term | Political Faction |
---|---|---|---|
President | Emilio Aguinaldo | April 24, 1897 [ oath of office taken March 23 ] - November 1, 1897 | Magdalo |
Vice-president | Mariano Trías | April 24, 1897 [ oath of office taken March 23 ] - November 1, 1897 | Magdiwang |
Captain-General | Artemio Ricarte | April 24, 1897 [ oath of office taken March 23 ] - November 1, 1897 | Magdiwang |
Director of War | Emiliano Riego de Dios | April 24, 1897 [ oath of office taken March 23 ] - November 1, 1897 | Magdiwang |
Director of State | Jacinto Lumbreras | April 24, 1897 - November 1, 1897 | Magdiwang |
Director of Finance | Baldomero Aguinaldo | April 24, 1897 - November 1, 1897 | Magdalo |
Director of Welfare | Mariano Alvarez |
April 24, 1897 - November 1, 1897 | Magdiwang |
Director of Justice | Severino de las Alas | April 24, 1897 - November 1, 1897 | Magdiwang |
Director of the Interior | Pascual Alvarez |
April 24, 1897 - November 1, 1897 | Magdiwang |
The finalized revolutionary government lasted from April 24, 1897, to November 1 of the same year, when it was replaced by the "Republic of the Philippines" (Republica de Filipinas), commonly known today as the "Republic of Biak-na-Bato", which was led by some of the same people including Aguinaldo as president. During its tenure, the whole of Cavite fell under Spanish control again and Aguinaldo retreated to Bulacan.
While today Aguinaldo is considered by the Philippine government and conventional Philippine historiography to be the first President of the Philippines, this is not based on his office established at Tejeros but upon his being the president of the later "First Philippine Republic" or "Malolos Republic" in 1899.[24]
Unlike the aforementioned later governments, Filipino historians do not have a standardized name for the earliest revolutionary government headed by Aguinaldo, the Tejeros government. During the elections, the name Republica Filipina
References
- ^ a b c "Andres Bonifacio and the Katipunan". nhcp.gov.ph. National Historical Commission of the Philippines. September 4, 2012. Retrieved February 28, 2020.
- ^ a b "Tejeros Convention". Presidential Museum and Library, Malacañan Palace.
- ^ a b Chua, Michael Charleston B. (November 30, 2018). "Bonifacio did not call himself Supremo". ABS-CBN News. ABS-CBN. Retrieved June 26, 2021.
- ^ Constantino 1975, p. 184
- ^ "Katipunan". Library of Congress. Retrieved December 10, 2019.
It operated as an alternative Filipino government complete with a president and cabinet.
- ^ a b c d e Álvarez 1992.
- ^ Agoncillo 1998, p. 194.
- ^ Constantino 1975, pp. 185–186
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 107.
- ^ a b Alvarez 1992, p. 108.
- ^ a b Agoncillo 1990, p. 178.
- ^ Ambeth Ocampo, Election fraud at the Tejeros Convention Archived 2010-06-30 at the Wayback Machine (November 5, 2007), Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ Guerrero 1998, p. 192.
- ISBN 978-971-27-3610-0.
- ^ Alvarez 1992, p. 109.
- ^ Artemio Ricarte Declaration dated March 24, 1897. "Katipunan". Archived from the original on August 19, 2011. Retrieved May 22, 2011.
- ^ "Andres Bonifacio and others, Declaration, c. April 19, 1897 (The "Naik Military Agreement")". Katipunan: Documents and Studies. December 11, 2018.
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 178–179.
- ^ "Andres Bonifacio and others, Declaration, c. April 19, 1897 (The "Naik Military Agreement") - Katipunan: Documents and Studies". www.kasaysayan-kkk.info.
- ^ "Artemio Ricarte on the Arrest and Execution of Bonifacio - Presidential Museum and Library".
- ^ Agoncillo 1990, pp. 179–181.
- ^ Guerrero 1998.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Agoncillo, Teodor A. (1990). History of the Filipino people (8th ed.). Quezon City: Garotech. ISBN 978-9718711064.
was invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Guerrero 1998.
- ^ Guerrero 1998.
Bibliography
- The Tejeros Assembly of 1897 MSC Computer Training Center
- Katipunan and the Acto de Tejeros, March 23, 1897, Documents of the Katipunan, Katipunan : Documents and studies
- ISBN 971-8711-06-6.
- Alvarez, Santiago V. (1992). Recalling the revolution: memoirs of a Filipino general. University of Wisconsin, Center for Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-1-881261-05-6.
- ISBN 971-8958-00-2.
- Guerrero, Milagros; Schumacher, S.J., John (1998). Reform and Revolution. Kasaysayan: The History of the Filipino People. Vol. 5. Asia Publishing Company Limited. ISBN 962-258-228-1.