Telecommunications in Mongolia
Telecommunications in
Mobile phones are common, with
Telecommunications infrastructure
Telecommunications network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas. A fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services.[1]
- 7 satellite earth station:
- International overland: Europe-Russia-Mongolia-China (ERMC) cable system.
Telephones
- 385,000 fixed lines in use, 102nd in the world (2019 estimate).[1]
- 4.3 million mobile-cellular lines in use, 127th in the world (2019 estimate).[1]
- International dialing code: +976.[1]
There are two landline telephone companies in Mongolia:
Mobile phones are very popular in the city as well as the countryside with 1.5 million active mobile social users in January 2017.
- Mobile operators
- Unitel (GSM)- The No.1 ICT group in Mongolia who have the first and nationwide 3G/4G/5G network.
- G-Mobile (CDMA) – Established in 2007, it is focusing on development in rural areas
- Mobicom Corporation (GSM) – The first mobile operator.[2]
- Skytel (CDMA)[11]
- ONDO 5th Competitor in telecommunications
service resembling that of landlines, but uses technology similar to mobile phones. There are currently five licensed WLL providers, though there only appear to be three companies actually offering service.
- WLL providers
- Mongolia Telecom Company: WLL project a joint venture with LG Electronics Company of South Korea, 8,768 users, covers Darkhan, Erdenet, Nalaikh, Choibalsan, and Ulanbaatar. It also provides 450 MHz coverage in the following aimags: Orkhon, Darkhan Uul, Dornod, Arkhangai, Bayan-Ulgii, Bulgan, Hovd, Huvsgul, Zavkhan, and Uvs.
- Mobicom: Covers Ulaanbaatar and areas near the city, 13,400 users.
- Skytel: Covers Ulaanbaatar and rural Mongolia (area not specified), and has 22,000 users.[4]
Radio
As of 2008[update], more than 100 radio stations, including some 20 via repeaters for the public broadcaster as well as transmissions by multiple international broadcasters were available.[1] As of 1997[update], there were 360,000 radios.
Television
Mongolian TV Broadcasting started on 27 September 1967 with the start of Mongolian National Television.
- Television sets: 118,000 (1997)
Television providers
- Stations/Channels
- Mongolian National Broadcaster, the official, state-funded television channel in Mongolia.
- Premier Sports Network(PSN, dominant subscription television sports brand in Mongolia.)
- C1
- Channel 25
- Eagle TV
- Edutainment TV (Боловсрол суваг)
- ETV
- Mongol TV, first HD TV, New Mongol TV
- NTV
- SBN
- TV5
- TV8
- TV9
- Ulaanbaatar Broadcasting System(UBS)
- Satellite television
- Ku-BandSatellite. For that service it is necessary to have a dish and special box.
- Mongolsat
- Cable television
- DDishTV LLC
- MNBC CaTV
- Sansar CaTV – Space
- Internet Protocol television (IPTV)
- Univision IPTV
- LookTV IPTV
- Homemedia IPTV
- Skymedia IPTV
- VOO IPTV
Internet
The Internet, established in 1995 in Mongolia,
- Internet users: 2,233,000 users; 68.1% of the population (2020).[14][13]
- Fixed broadband: 115,561 subscriptions, 98th in the world; 3.6% of the population, 114th in the world (2012).[19]
- Mobile broadband: 848,391 subscriptions, 75th in the world; 26.7% of the population, 61st in the world (2012).[20]
- Internet hosts: 20,084 hosts, 118th in the world (2012).[1]
- The
Internet service providers (ISPs)
- Wholesale providers
- Information Communications Network LLC /NETCOM/
- Gemnet LLC
- Mobicom Networks LLC
- MT Networks
- Unitel
- Skytel
- Retail providers
- Mongolia Telecom Company
- Univision[MCSCom]
- Boldsoft
- Digicom (FTTB)
- Mobinet
- Magicnet
- Micom
- Bodicom
- Skymedia[SkyC&C]
- Yokozunanet
- Citinet
- HOMENET
- G-mobilenet
- Satellite providers
- VSATInternet connections, especially in rural area of Mongolia.
- Incomnet LLC,satellite Internetservices in remote areas since its establishment in 2001.
- Isatcom LLC,VSATInternet connections, VPN network for organizations in rural areas of Mongolia, since its establishment in 2004. Also involved in the sale of solar energy equipment.
Internet initiatives
Citizens Information Service Centers (CISC) have been established in Ulaanbataar and six Aimags that are equipped to allow nomadic rural populations to receive internet access.[23]
Many
The Asian Development Bank has an initiative to develop ICT technologies to "boost access to high-quality education for disadvantaged and remote populations in Mongolia, through a grant assistance approved for US$1 million."[24] The goal is to take advantage of newer technologies to improve access to information for about 10,000 students at 36 schools.
Internet censorship and surveillance
There are no government restrictions on access to the Internet. The criminal code and constitution prohibit arbitrary interference with privacy, family, home, or correspondence, however, there are reports of government
Censorship of public information is banned under the 1998 Media Freedom Law, but a 1995 state secrets law severely limits access to government information. After an eight-year campaign by activists, the parliament passed the Law on Information Transparency and Right to Information in June 2011, with the legislation taking effect in December 2011. Internet users remain concerned about a February 2011 regulation, the "General Conditions and Requirements on Digital Content", by the Communications Regulatory Commission (CRC) that restricts obscene and inappropriate content without explicitly defining it and requires popular websites to make their users' IP addresses publicly visible. The production, sale, or display of all pornography is illegal and carries a penalty of up to three months in prison.[26][16]
While there is no official censorship by the government, journalists frequently complain of harassment and intimidation.[26]
Post
Mongol Post is the state-owned postal service of Mongolia.
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Mongolia Communications". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ a b Pûrevsambuu (2006), p. 95.
- ^ Pûrevsambuu (2006), p. 94.
- ^ a b Information and Communications Technology Development in Mongolia (Report). InTeC Co.Ltd and MIDAS. 2006. Archived from the original (White paper) on 7 June 2008. Retrieved 20 April 2008.
- ^ "Social and economic situation of Mongolia (as of February 2017)". National Statistics Office of Mongolia. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^ "Phone Plan to Connect Remote Populations". UB Post. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012.
- ^ The Report: Mongolia 2014. Oxford Business Group. 2014. p. 172.
- ^ Vernooy, Ronnie; Ykhanbai, Hijaba; Tsogt, Jamba (January 2013). "Mongolia's Nomadic Weather Readers". The Solutions Journal. 4 (1): 30–33. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^ "4G-LTE service in Mongolia". Communications Regulatory Commission of Mongolia. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^ Reyes, Hannah (16 October 2014). "Mongolia: Nomads in Transition". The Diplomat. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^ Pûrevsambuu (2006), p. 96.
- ^ "Mongolia: Basic Data". Press Reference. Retrieved 2 March 2018.
- ^ a b "Asia Internet Usage Stats Facebook and 2020 Population Statistics". www.internetworldstats.com. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ a b "Digital 2020: Mongolia". DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. Retrieved 21 October 2020.
- ^ United Nations Population Division (12 October 1999). "The World at Six Billion" (PDF). United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Retrieved 16 June 2008.
- ^ a b c "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2012: Mongolia". Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor, U.S. Department of State. 15 August 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ISBN 978-981-4136-10-5.
- ^ Cashen, Emily (22 February 2017). "Mongolia's digital detox". Business Destinations.com. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^ "Fixed (wired)-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012". International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ "Active mobile-broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants 2012". International Telecommunication Union. Retrieved 29 June 2013.
- ^ "Incomnet". Information Communication Networks. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- ^ "Visit our website". Isatcom.
- ^ Bayasgalan. "Surfing the Internet from a 'Ger'?". IT4Dev.net. Archived from the original on 4 July 2008. Retrieved 19 June 2008.
- ^ "Using ICT to Improve Rural Education in Mongolia". Asian Development Bank. 14 July 2004. Archived from the original on 22 November 2008. Retrieved 6 July 2008.
- New York Observer. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
- ^ a b "Mongolia: Freedom of the Press". Freedom House. 2013. Retrieved 31 October 2013.
- Bibliography
- Pûrevsambuu, Givaandondogijn (2006). Mongolia. Ulanbaatar: Montsame News Agency. ISBN 99929-0-627-8.
Further reading
- Dorjderem, Amarbayasgalan (2005). "Public Access to Information, Mongolia's Situation Analysis" (PDF). Science, Communication & Information Section Mongolian National Commission for UNESCO.
- Hishigsuren, Gaamaa (February 2006). "Information and Communication Technology and Microfinance: Options for Mongolia" (PDF). ADB Institute Discussion Paper No. 42.
- "Concept of Information and Communication Technology Development of Mongolia by Year 2010". Mongolia Development Gateway. 2003.
- Park, Daniel H. (2003). "Telecommunication Infrastructure and Regulation". Information Technology Landscape in Mongolia. American University. Archived from the original on 7 April 2008.
- Odkhuu Tsolmondelger (2020). Research Report on ICT infrastructure Co-deployment with Transport and Energy Infrastructures in Mongolia. ESCAP Information and Communications Technology and Disaster Risk Reduction Division.
External links
- Telecom Mongolia, the national telecommunications company.
- Information Communications Network LLC, national fiber optic backbone network provider.
- Incomnet LLC, the national satellite communications company.